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Penamaan Marga Dan Gelar Adat Etnik Minangkabau Di Provinsi Sumatera Barat: Kajian Etnolinguistik

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Penamaan Marga Dan Gelar Adat Etnik Minangkabau Di Provinsi Sumatera Barat: Kajian Etnolinguistik Jurnal Kebudayaan, Volume 12, Nomor 2, Desember 2017 PENAMAAN MARGA DAN GELAR ADAT ETNIK MINANGKABAU DI PROVINSI SUMATERA BARAT: KAJIAN ETNOLINGUISTIK NAMELY CLAN AND CUSTOMARY TITLE OF MINANGKABAU ETHNIC IN WEST SUMATERA PROVINCE: STUDY OF ETHNOLINGUISTICS PERCEPTION Rahmat Muhidin Kantor Bahasa Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Jalan Letkol. Saleh Ode No. 412, Bukit Merapin, Pangkalpinang, Bangka Belitung, Indonesia Email: [email protected] Naskah diterima: 10 Juli 2017; direvisi: 21 Agustus 2017; disetujui: 14 September 2017 Abstract This study aims to describe namely clan and customary title of Minangkabau ethnic in West Sumatera Province relates to the study of ethnolinguistics. Object of this study are namely clan and customary title of Minangkabau ethnic based on character and usage in this society. The issues that are raised in this paper, i.e.: (1) What are the names of clans and titles in the Minangkabau ethnic group in West Sumatra Province? (2) What are the functions and meanings of names of clans and titles? The data source in this sudy is library study and oral data from from native speaker of Minangkabau Language. This study use descriptive qualitative method. Based on analysis can be describe: (1) namely clan of Minangkabau ethnic refer to Tambo that is Datuak Ketumanggungan and Datuak Perpatih Nan Sabatang. Using clan name is taken from place and tribe of Minangkabau ethnic; (2) namely of customary title in Minangkabau ethnic based on character and the usage Gala Mudo (Gelar Muda), Gala Sako (Gelar Pusaka Kaum), and Gala Sangsako (Gelar Kehormatan). Keyword: clan, title, datuk, Minangkabau Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan penamaan nama marga dan nama gelar adat etnik Minangkabau di Sumatera Barat yang berhubungan dengan kajian etnolinguistik. Objek penelitian ini adalah penamaan nama marga dan nama gelar adat pada etnik Minangkabau berdasarkan pada penggunaannya. Adapun permasalah yang diangkat adalah: (1) Apa sajakah nama marga dan nama gelar dalam etnik Minangkabau di Provinsi Sumatera Barat? ; (2) Apa sajakah fungsi dan makna pemberian nama marga dan nama gelar tersebut? Data penelitian ini bersumber pada data kepustakaan dan data lisan dari penutur bahasa Minangkabau. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data dapat dideskripsikan sebagai berikut. Pertama, penamaan nama marga dalam etnis Minangkabau merujuk pada tambo, yakni Datuk Ketumanggungan dan Datuk Perpatih Nan Sebatang. Penggunaan nama marga diambil dari nama tempat dan suku. Kedua, penamaan nama gelar adat dalam etnik Minangkabau berdasarkan pada sifat dan penggunaannya, yakni gala mudo (gelar muda), gala sako (gelar pusaka kaum), dan gala sangsako (gelar kehormatan). Kata Kunci: marga, gelar, datuk, Minangkabau A. PENDAHULUAN ragam. Keanekaragaman tersebut disebabkan Nama marga dan nama gelar adat di oleh perbedaan ras asal, perbedaan lingkungan Indonesia merupakan kekayaan yang tidak geografis, perbedaan latar belakang sejarah, ternilai harganya karena merupakan wujud perkembangan daerah, perbedaan agama dan kearifan lokal masyarakat pendukungnya dalam kepercayaan, dan kemampuan adaptasi dan menjaga ciri khas sukubangsa yang beraneka menyesuaikan diri. Beberapa suku tertentu 120 Rahmat Muhidin, Penamaan Marga dan Gelar Adat Etnik Minangkabau di Provinsi Sumatera Barat: Kajian Etnolinguistik memiliki nama marga yang diturunkan dari orang merupakan produk budaya kolektif dalam sistem tua kepada anaknya, beberapa suku lain tidak kekerabatan masyarakat. Pada etnis tertentu di mengenal nama keluarga, misalnya budaya Jawa Indonesia, misalnya orang Jawa dan Sunda tidak yang umumnya hanya memiliki satu nama, yaitu lazim menggunakan nama marga. Tetapi pada nama pemberian atau nama diri. golongan tertentu menggunakan gelar adat atau Nama marga dan nama gelar adat pada etnik gelar kebangsawanan. tidak terlepas dari asal-usul dan tempat asal serta Marga sering juga dihubungkan dengan kebudayaannya. Kelompok etnik merupakan klan. Klan sering juga disebut kerabat luas suatu populasi yang memiliki identitas kelompok atau keluarga besar. Klan merupakan kesatuan berdasarkan kebudayaan tertentu dan biasanya keturunan (genealogis). Kesatuan kepercayaan memiliki leluhur yang sama. Kelompok etnis (religiomagis) dan kesatuan adat (tradisi). Klan dibedakan oleh karak teristik budaya yang dimiliki adalah sistem sosial yang berdasarkan ikatan darah oleh para anggotanya, meliputi agama, bahasa, atau keturunan yang sama umumnya terjadi pada dan wilayah. masyarakat unilateral, baik melalui garis ayah Nama orang Indonesia memiliki karakteristik (patrilineal) maupun ibu (matrilineal). Klan atas yang bervariasi selaras dengan bervariasi sejarah dasar garis keturunan ayah (patrilineal) antara lain dan budaya sukubangsa di Indonesia. Variasi nama adalah etnik Batak. Contohnya: Siregar, Ginting, Indonesia mencakup sejumlah aspek termasuk Batubara, Anakampun, Damanik, Nababan, dan dalam sifat, jenis, jumlah kata, atau jumlah unsur/ sebagainya, Etnik Minahasa menyebutnya dengan bagian yang digunakan serta cara penulisannya. sebutan nama marga atau fam. Contohnya: Lasut, Contoh variasi tersebut adalah adanya sebagian Pangerego, Supit, Waworuntu, dan lain-lain. pengarang Indonesia yang secara tradisional Masyarakat Ambon menyebutnya fam, contohnya: memiliki dan menggunakan nama marga. Pattinasarani, Latuconsina, dan sebagainya. Sedangkan sebagian lain ada yang memiliki atau Etnik Flores menyebut marga dengan nama menggunakan gelar adat/ kebangsawanan. fam, contohnya: Da Costa, Leimena, Kleden, De Nama marga atau nama keluarga adalah Rosari, Parreira, dan lain-lain. Klan berdasarkan nama yang menunjukkan ciri sebagai pengenal patrilineal tidak akan dibahas lebih lanjut dalam seseorang yang menunjukkan asal-usul keluarga kajian ini. dan biasanya diletakkan di belakang nama Klan atas dasar garis keturunan ibu diri, misalnya: Anwar Nasution dan Riris K. (matrilineal) antara lain terdapat pada masyarakat Sarumpaet. Marga ini menjadi identitas dalam Minangkabau dan Flores. Pada masyarakat masyarakat dan adat. Marga diturunkan dari ayah Minangkabau (klannya disebut suku) merupakan kepada anak-anaknya (patriarkat), yang merujuk gabungan dari kampuang-kampuang. Nama- kepada nama keluarga dan umumnya marga nama klan di Minangkabau, antara lain: dicantumkan pada bagian belakang nama setelah Chaniago, Dalimo, Kampai, Koto, Melayu, nama diri. Nama marga lazimnya digunakan Piliang, Sikumbang, Solok, dan sebagainya.1 secara kolektif oleh suatu kelompok masyarakat Pada masyarakat di Flores, yaitu suku Ngada juga yang terikat dalam suatu sistem kekerabatan menggunakan sistem Matrilineal. Pembahasan dan atau kekeluargaan secara turun-temurun dan nama marga dan nama gelar hanya difokuskan merupakan ciri pengenal garis keturunan umum pada etnik Minangkabau (Anonim. 2012). atau kolektif bagi seluruh anggota marga tersebut. Berdasarkan paparan latar belakang tersebut Nama marga di Indonesia meskipun berfungsi yang menjadi pokok permasalahan dalam sebagai ciri pengenal kolektif, namun memiliki penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut: perbedaan secara etnik, seperti hal masyarakat 1 Suku-suku di Minangkabau. http://www.lanteraminang. di Batak, Minahasa, dan Indonesia bagian timur net/index.php?/ 20110218506/Suku-suku-di- tanpa menyandang status sosial. Nama marga Minangkabau-bag.-2.html. diunduh tanggal 10 Juni 2015. 121 Jurnal Kebudayaan, Volume 12, Nomor 2, Desember 2017 1. Apa sajakah nama marga dan nama gelar is a field of study which concerned primarily dalam etnik Minangkabau di Provinsi with the description and analysis of culture, Sumatera Barat? and linguistics is a field concerned, among 2. Apa sajakah fungsi dan makna pemberian other things, with the description and analysis nama marga dan nama gelar dalam etnik of language code.” Pendapat lain mengenai Minangkabau di Provinsi Sumatera Barat? Etnolinguistik juga dikemukakan oleh Duranti. Tujuan yang diharapkan dalam peneliti- Dikemukakan oleh Duranti (1997: 2) bahwa: an ini adalah sebagai berikut. Pertama, “Etnolinguistik adalah kajian bahasa dan mendeskripsikan pemberian nama marga budaya yang merupakan subbidang utama dan nama gelar dalam etnik Minangkabau dari antropologi (ethnolinguistics is part of di Provinsi Sumatera Barat. Kedua, men- a conscious attempt at consolidating and deskripsikan fungsi dan makna pemberian redefining the studi of language and culture as nama marga dan nama gelar dalam etnik one of the major subfield of anthropology)”. Minangkabau di Provinsi Sumatera Barat. Lebih lanjut dijelaskan bahwa etnolinguistics Adapun hasil yang akan dicapai dalam is the study. of speech and language within the penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan context of anthropology. nama-nama marga dan nama gelar yang terdapat Berdasarkan pengertian di atas dapat dalam etnik Minangkabau. Lebih lanjut, capaian disimpulkan bahwa etnolinguistik merupakan yang diharapkan dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk studi linguistik yang menyelidiki bahasa kaitannya mendeskripsikan fungsi dan nama pemberian dengan budaya suku bangsa di manapun berada. nama gelar dalam etnik Minangkabau baik yang Kajian etnolinguistik tidak terbatas pada suku tersurat dan tersirat melalui berbagai kaidah bangsa yang tidak mempunyai tulisan tetapi normatif etnik Minangkabau di perantauan. yang sudah mempunyai tulisan pun dapat dikaji. Spradley (dalam Lanza, 1997: 140) berpendapat B. KAJIAN LITERATUR bahwa setiap bahasa mempunyai banyak istilah B.1. Etnolinguistik tentang Marga dan Gelar penduduk asli yang
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