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The Inequality of Secuity in Rio De Janeiro

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The Inequality of Secuity in Rio De Janeiro INEQUALITY OF SECURITY: EXPLORING VIOLENT PLURALISM AND TERRITORY IN SIX NEIGHBOURHOODS IN RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL By Verena Barbara Brähler THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Institute of the Americas Faculty of Social & Historical Sciences University College London 2014 Complexo do Alemão, Rio de Janeiro 2 ORIGINALITY STATEMENT ‘I, Verena Barbara Brähler, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis.’ Signed: Date: 20 October 2014 3 DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this thesis to my late grandmother, Ingrid Brähler (1932 – 2012). 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to my supervisor Dr Par Engstrom for his continuous support, motivation, and guidance throughout the past four years, and for helping me to grow as a researcher and as a person. I would also like to thank my secondary supervisors, Professor Fiona Macaulay and Professor Kevin Middlebrook, who provided me with encouraging and constructive feedback. My sincere thanks also go to the other faculty members and research students at UCL’s Institute of the Americas and the UCL Americas Research Network, as well as my colleagues from the Researching Security Network. I am deeply thankful to Professor Silvia Ramos, Professor Julita Lemgruber and Leonardo Paris from my partner university in Rio de Janeiro, the Centro de Estudos de Segurança e Cidadania (CESeC), and I would also like to thank the Society for Latin American Studies, the Institute for the Study of the Americas and the UCL Graduate School for their field research and conference grants. I am extremely indebted to my research assistants and research participants in Rio de Janeiro whose names unfortunately cannot be disclosed for security reasons. Each one of them has made an exceptional contribution to this thesis and I sincerely hope that one day, not too far into the future, they can voice their opinions freely and without fear. I would not have succeeded with my PhD degree without the support and encouragement of my parents, Irmgard and Johannes Brähler, for which I will be forever grateful. Finally, I would like to thank Claudia Brähler, Johannes Rainer Brähler, Barbara Brähler-Kayali, Georg Hoogendijk, Julia Mehlich, Jessica Springfeld, Raphael Schöttler, Susanne Ax, Lea Kaminski, Svenja Wolf, Ulrike Schuster, Lisa Pfadenhauer, Maximilian Pfadenhauer, Florian Kiener, Paulina Ziaja, Samantha Aidoo, Fabrizio Pellizzetti, Manuela Ruggiero, Ariane Büscher, Janna Miletzki, Anja Eickelberg, Arthur Johannik, Corinne Cattekwaad and Jackson Sousa dos Santos, each of them will know why. VERENA BRÄHLER 5 ABSTRACT Security is a universal human right and a highly valued societal good. It is crucial for the preservation of human life and is of inestimable value for our societies. However, in Latin America, the right to security is far from being universally established. The aim of this sequential, exploratory mixed methods study is to explore the logic of security provision in six neighbourhoods in Rio de Janeiro (Vidigal, Santíssimo, Complexo do Alemão, Tabuleiro*, Botafogo and Novo Leblon) and assess its implications for citizens’ right to security. The findings from the research show that, on a city level, Rio de Janeiro’s security network can best be understood as an oligopoly because different security providers (police, municipal guards, military, private security companies, militias and drug trafficking factions) are connected through cooperative, neutral or conflictual relationships and need to consider the actions and reactions of other groups when taking strategic decisions. On a neighbourhood level, the preferred option for security providers are monopolistic-type constellations, characterised by relative peace and stability. However, all actors are willing to engage in violence if the perceived political and/or economic benefits are great enough. The thesis shows that the relative power and influence of the security providers are primarily determined by the way they are perceived by the local communities and by their capacity to use violence effectively. Despite its appearance as chaotic, violence is therefore an instrument which is negotiated and managed quite carefully. The thesis concludes that insecurity and violence in Rio de Janeiro are primarily fuelled by the struggle for territorial control between conflicting security providers within the oligopoly. The oligopolistic constellation of security providers leads to an inequality of security, defined as a condition in which the right to security is not enjoyed by all residents to the same extent. KEYWORDS Rio de Janeiro / security / inequality / violent pluralism / oligopoly 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS ORIGINALITY STATEMENT ........................................................................................... 3 DEDICATION .................................................................................................................. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ 5 ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................... 7 LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... 11 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ 12 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS.............................................................. 13 NOTE ON LANGUAGE AND TERMINOLOGY .............................................................. 16 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 The research problem and purpose statement ............................................... 17 1.2 Literature review ................................................................................................ 20 1.2.1 Inequality, security and violence ................................................................. 20 1.2.2 Democratisation and neoliberalism ............................................................. 26 1.2.3 Violent pluralism ......................................................................................... 28 1.2.4 Oligopoly of violence .................................................................................. 31 1.3 Research question ............................................................................................ 39 1.4 Methodology ...................................................................................................... 40 1.4.1 Mixed methods approach ........................................................................... 41 1.4.2 Neighbourhood case studies ...................................................................... 46 1.5 Ethical considerations ...................................................................................... 49 1.5.1 Data collection ............................................................................................ 49 1.5.2 Research assistants ................................................................................... 51 1.5.3 Data storage and data analysis .................................................................. 51 1.6 Outline of the thesis .......................................................................................... 52 CHAPTER TWO: PUBLIC SECURITY IN RIO DE JANEIRO 2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 56 2.2 Personal (physical) and political security........................................................ 57 2.2.1 What does ‘security’ mean to interviewees in Rio de Janeiro? .................... 57 2.2.2 Violent crime data ....................................................................................... 61 2.2.3 The role of firearms .................................................................................... 65 2.3 History of crime, violence and public security ................................................ 68 7 2.3.1 From the abolition of slavery to the expansion of the drug trade (1888 – 1984) ................................................................................................................... 68 2.3.2 Public security crises after the return to democracy (1985 – 2006) ............. 70 2.3.3 Pacification under Sérgio Cabral (2007 – 2014) ......................................... 75 2.4 Chapter conclusion ........................................................................................... 76 CHAPTER THREE: INEQUALITY OF SECURITY 3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 80 3.2 Brief introduction of the six neighbourhoods ................................................. 83 3.2.1 Vidigal ........................................................................................................ 84 3.2.2 Botafogo ..................................................................................................... 86 3.2.3 Complexo do Alemão ................................................................................. 87 3.2.4 Tabuleiro* ..................................................................................................
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