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Bureaucratic Absolutism 12N52, 226 Academia Sinica INDEX absolutism 4, 7, 12, 102; bureaucratic Bawang 巴旺 (native kingdom) 186 absolutism 12n52, 226 Baxian 巴縣 (modern Chongqing 重慶) Academia Sinica (Zhongyang yanjiu yuan 70, 78, 192, 211–212 中央研究院) 25 Bayansan 巴顏三 144–146 accounting 18, 25, 32, 37–41, 58, 61, 68, Baya’r 巴雅爾 (Bayar) 60 81–84, 106, 121, 123, 125–127, 135, 142, Beijing 北京 20, 25, 44–45, 47, 49, 51–52, 148–149, 158, 181, 205, 211, 218, 226; 56, 63, 73–75, 79–81, 105, 108, 124, 137, accountants 64, 66; procedures 28, 140, 154, 157, 159, 160, 164–167, 170–171, 34–36, 42, 58, 67–70, 73–78, 80, 86–96, 176–177, 180, 183, 187–194, 214–216, 219 111–112; wrong 34, 42, 54, 68, 83–85, Bi Yuan 畢沅 188 92–96, 217 Blenheim, battle of (1704) 9 Agui 阿桂 (Agūi) 20, 60, 62, 206, 212 Bon school (Bön, branch of Tibetan Aksu 21 Buddhism) 19 Alašan, Prince of 177 Albazin 29, 31 Cang Dejun 倉德均 115 Altai Range 171 casualties 45–46, 93–94; compensation Amida 阿彌達 81 for 57–60 Amursana (Amursanaa) 19 Celeng 策楞 (Tsereng) 88 Anhui 安徽 (province) 32, 95, 102–103, Censorate ( yushitai 御史臺) 61, 224 107, 122, 128, 130–131, 135, 138 Chahar 察哈爾 177 Annam campaign (1788) 21, 33, 89, 103, Chaimen Pass 柴門 192 153 Chang, Michael G. 221, 223, 225 Antweiler, Christoph 12 Changlu 長蘆 (salt administration zone) A’rtai 阿爾泰 (Artai) 20, 60–61, 116, 140, 103, 109, 116, 119–120, 122, 143–144 147, 184, 206, 217–18 Changshou 長壽 (district in Sichuan) 96 Austria 4, 9 Changtang 昌塘 (place in Sichuan) 212 Chen Feng 陳鋒 24–25, 29, 31, 32, 34, 51, Badi 巴底 (native kingdom) 186 104, 106, 108, 111, 113, 116–117 baggage pay (xingzhuang yin 行裝銀) Chen Huizu 陳輝祖 189, 214 28, 31, 38, 40, 42, 47–53, 57, 61, 63, 67, Chen Yushang 陳于上 96 73, 93–94, 96, 112, 121, 125–126, 139, 170; Chen Zongbao 陳宗寶 153, 180 for civilian officials 61, 63; for civilian Chengdu 成都 (capital of Sichuan) 13 labourers 67 (map), 40, 42, 45, 47, 53, 56, 61, 70, Bank of England, and war finance 5, 102 72, 74, 90–91, 120, 121n75, 121n77, 137, bankers, in Italy 5; in Shanxi 116, 144, 165–166, 183, 185, 188–189, 191–192, 194, 146 195 (map), 196, 198, 199 (map), 200–202, Banner troops 20, 44–47, 49, 51–52, 205–206, 208 (map), 210–211, 215–217, 56–60, 69n129, 72–74, 78–80, 90, 94, 101, 220–221 117, 120, 139, 154, 156–157, 159, 161n24, Chengguo 成果 187n107 164, 166, 170, 172, 177, 179–180, 182–192, Chosgyab 綽斯甲布 (native kingdom) 13 201–202, 215; rations of 56, 58–60, 66, (map), 186, 193, 197 72–74, 79–80, 138, 157, 164 Ch’ü, T’ung-tsu 110 Barköl (modern Balikun 巴里坤, Xinjiang) civilian officials 11, 18, 23–24, 28, 38–39, 43, 172, 175 46, 49, 55, 59–65, 67–68, 85–86, 90–94, Barthorp, Michael 3 101, 112, 114, 150–152, 156, 158, 161–162, Baqi tongzhi 八旗通志 (Comprehensive 168–169, 174–175, 178, 188, 192n126, treatises on the Eight Banners) 58 196–197, 211, 224–225; pay and rations Batang 巴塘 (native kingdom) 186 for 55, 59, 61–63; see also logistics 258 index contributions 3, 6–7, 22, 31, 34, 41, De’rsenbao 德爾森保 (Dersenboo) 99–100, 106, 113–121, 142–150, 216–217; 186n107 in Europe 3, 6, 106; by merchant desertion, of troops 3, 8, 46; of labourers associations 6, 21–22, 35, 99, 104, 111, 93, 168, 174, 203, 209–210 116–120, 122, 127–128, 134, 142–149, 163, di Cosmo, Nicola 10, 79 167, 216, 224; by private officials 22, Directorate of Astronomy (qintianjian 31, 34–35, 42, 95, 103, 111, 114–120, 146, 欽天監) 61–62, 224 148–150, 167, 179–180, 216, 224; by Directorate of Education (guozijian native allies 119–120, 144, 177; 國子監) 61, 108, 113, 148, 224 contribution campaigns 99–100, 111, discipline of troops 155, 159 114–118, 122, 132, 146–147, 149, 163–164, Djandui 瞻對 (modern Garzê, native 167, 216, rules for 114–116, 119; prices kingdom), war against (1745) 13 of offices 114; contribution bureaus (map), 14, 17, 37, 88, 152 ( juannaju 捐納局) 119, 145; juanna Djanggu 章谷 (native kingdom) 13 捐納 definition 113; juanshu 捐輸 (map), 65, 205 definition 113–11; as a tax surrogate Djoktsai 卓克采 (native kingdom) 186 99, 146; see also sale of offices, war Du Chaozhen 杜潮珍 203 finance Dunstan, Helen 101 corruption and embezzlement 18, 27, 34, Dzagu 雜谷 (Dzagunao 雜谷腦, native 118, 147, 150, 157, 167, 170, 172, 202–203, kingdom) 13 (map), 14, 152, 186n103, 223–225 194, 195 (map), 196, 199 (map), 200, 201, courier service 36, 112, 132, 138–139, 194, 210, 217 198; courier horses 37, 73, 76, 162, Dzungars 19, 29n9, 226; wars against 197–198; courier stations ( yizhan 驛站) (‘western campaigns’) 19, 25n77, 23, 35, 37–39, 66, 68, 73–74, 76, 90, 29–33, 37, 42, 46n40, 52, 54n72, 56, 110, 125, 155, 160, 162, 188, 191–192, 194, 60, 63, 72–74, 80, 88–90, 101, 103, 108, 197–198, 216; tallies (kanhe 勘合) 112–113, 115–117, 119, 125, 142, 151–153, 191–193 158, 161, 169–179, 186n102, 187, 220, 222; genocide of 21; Dzungar troops serving Da-Qing huidian 大清會典 (Collected the Qing in other wars 52, 172, 186 statutes of the Great Qing) 133 Dadu River 大渡河 13 (map), 14, 195 Eastern Tibet 2, 13 (map), 14, 90, 101, 113, (map), 196, 199 (map), 200, 208 (map) 152, 165, 179; see also Jinchuan, Qinghai, Daghurs 172, 186n104 Kham Dai Yingcong 1, 59, 96, 133 Eastern Turkestan or Western Damba 丹巴 or 丹壩 (native kingdom) Territories 1, 4, 14, 21, 25n77, 37, 44, 186 152–153, 163, 171, 178, 187, 223 Damba Wodzar 丹巴沃雜爾 123n79 Ebao 鄂寳 (Oboo) 62, 91 Dangga 當噶 212 E’rtai 額爾泰 (Ortai) 118 Danshui 淡水 (modern Xinzhu 新竹, equipment 3–4, 25, 42, 47, 52, 77–87, Taiwan) 179, 181–182 89–90, 101, 112, 125–126, 145, 154–155, Dartsedo (Dajianlu 打箭爐, Xilu 西瀘, 159, 163–165, 170, 179, 183; transport modern Kangding 康定, Sichuan) 13 of 38–39, 68, 73–75, 87, 96–97, 104, (map), 14, 40, 53, 65, 70–71, 121–122, 152, 125, 145, 154–161, 168, 192–193, 200; cost 195 (map), 199 (map), 201, 211–212 of 26, 85, 92, 101, 126; origin of 84, Daxing 大興 (district near Beijing) 215 163–164, 220; uniforms 22, 48, 84, 112, Dazhu 大竹 (district in Sichuan) 199 164, 179; clothes 7n34, 39, 42, 66, 69, (map), 200 84–85, 110, 112, 125, 148, 164–165; leather debt, government debt 7, 12, 99, 139; clothing pay (piyi yin 皮衣銀) 51, private debt 22, 35, 94, 143, 148, 170, 63; boots and shoes 39, 48, 63, 84, 223 112, 164; tents 66, 75, 84–85, 92, 112, Defu 德福 184 154, 156, 158, 164, 166, 173, 177; cooking Derget 德爾格忒 (native kingdom) 13 utensils 75, 81, 84, 92, 106, 112, 164, (map), 186, 189 166; tools (hammers, axes) 7n34, 27, .
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