MONGOLIZATION OF HAN CHINESE AND MANCHU SETTLERS IN QING MONGOLIA, 1700–1911 Wei-chieh Tsai Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Central Eurasian Studies, Indiana University June 2017 ProQuest Number:10283459 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ProQuest 10283459 Published by ProQuest LLC ( 2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106 - 1346 Accepted by the Graduate Faculty, Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Doctoral Committee _____________________________________ Christopher P. Atwood, Ph.D. _____________________________________ György Kara, Ph.D. _____________________________________ Jonathan Schlesinger, Ph.D. _____________________________________ Ron Sela, Ph.D. May 1, 2017 ii Copyright © 2017 Wei-chieh Tsai iii Dedicated to Huang Hsueh-o iv Acknowledgments This dissertation is the culmination of my years of study and research in the US, Mongolia, China, and Taiwan. During this period, I have had the privilege and honor to work with many wonderful and erudite mentors, colleagues, and friends. This work would not have been completed without their support. During my graduate years in the Department of Central Eurasian Studies, I was fortunate to study and work with a group of top scholars in the field of Inner Asian studies. First of all, I want to thank Professor Christopher P. Atwood. He has been a great mentor and inspiring soul in my academic career. Even after leaving Indiana University, he was able to serve as co-chair of my committee and was always very supportive of me in the whole dissertation writing process. Professor György Kara first served as my advisor of the MA program and later served as the co- chair of my dissertation committee. He is gentle and in-the-know. Every time I bring a question to his office, he always speaks softly and gives me a detailed and satisfying answer, even though he may modestly say that he is not the specialist of that field. Professor Elliot Sperling and Christopher Beckwith taught me Tibetan language and history. It is a great loss and pity that I am able not to have Professor Sperling on my committee as he passed away four months before my oral defense. Professor Ron Sela and Edward Lazzerini introduced Central Asian and the frontier history of imperial Russia to me. I am also fortunate to have Professor Sela as my committee member as he shared his broad knowledge in Central Asian history with me. I also want to thank Mongolian bagsh L. Tserenchunt, Tibetan rGen-lags Gedun Rabsal, and other European language instructors for their excellent language training. I am also grateful for the administrative assistance of April, Karen, and Jackie. v In the Department of History, I first studied the history and historiography of nineteenth and twentieth Century China with Professor Klaus Mühlhahn. Later on, Professor Kevin Martin taught me how to integrate socio-cultural theories in writing history through Middle East historiography, and Professor Kuromiya Hiroaki 黒宮広昭 guided me in the field of Soviet history. I am also fortunate to have Professor Jonathan Schlesinger as my committee member; he shared his knowledge of late imperial China and his experience of working on the Mongolian archives. Professor Lynn Struve also kindly helped me at the very beginning of my time at IU. I am grateful to all of them. In Mongolia, I want to thank my sponsor Professor P. Delgerjargal at National University of Mongolia (NUM). He helped me go through the whole process of accessing the National Central Archives of Mongolia. P. Lkham first introduced me to the materials about the descendants of Han Chinese settlers in the Great Shabi. S. Chuluun and E. Jigmeddorj introduced me to the researchers and resources of the Institute of History (now the Institute of History and Archaeology) Mongolian Academy of Sciences. I also want to thank J. Urangua and O. Oyunjargal (NUM), and L. Altanzaya and J. Gerelbadrakh (Mongolian National University of Education), D. Ulziibaatar (National Central Archives of Mongolia), Marc Tasse (American Center for Mongolian Studies) for their generous help in Mongolia. In China, I also want to thank Professor Luo Xin 羅新 for inviting me to the History Department of Peking University. At Peking University, I am also grateful to Professor Dang Baohai 党寶海 and Zan Tao 昝濤 for hosting me and helping me settle down. While researching in China, I am indebted to B. Oyunbilig (Renmin University of China), Yuan Jian 袁劍 and Sarangerel (Minzu University of China), Ding Yizhuang 定宜莊, Li Jinxiu 李錦繡, and Zhang Jian 張建 (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences), Xiao Chun 曉春 (Beijing Academy of Social vi Sciences), Yu Yong 于永 and Zhang Jinhai 張晉海 (Inner Mongolia Normal University), Sodbilig and Tian Mi 田宓 (Inner Mongolia University), U. Temur (Nanjing University). Without their help, my trip to China would not have been as fruitful as I expected. In Taiwan, I want to thank Professor Chen Hsi-yuan 陳熙遠 who warmly hosted me at the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica. I also benefitted from the Reading Group on Chinese and Western Archives organized by Professor Lai Hui-min 賴惠敏 at the Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica. Part of this dissertation had been presented at the panels of AAS-in-Asia (2016) and AAS (2017) annual conferences. I want to thank all the panelists including Professor Helen F. Siu 蕭 鳳霞 and Michael Szonyi as panel chairs, Onuma Takahiro 小沼孝博 and Jodi Weinstein as discussants, and all panelists: Professor Qiu Yuanyuan 邱源媛, Eric Schluessel, Hung Li-wan 洪 麗完, and Kung Ling-wei 孔令偉, Chen Boyi 陳博翼, and Lu Cheng-Heng 盧正恆. I also want to thank Profesor Gray Tuttle for organizing the workshop: Road and Belt Networking among Modern China, Inner and Southeast Asia (2016) and for letting me share my research with other prominent scholars. I have benefitted from their insightful comments and discussions. I began to study Manchu and Mongolian languages and history at National Chengchi University in Taipei and was fortunate to work with Professor Chuang Chi-fa 莊吉發 and Lan Mei-hua 藍美華. In the time before I went to the US, I worked as an adjunct assistant for Academician and Professor Wang Ming-ke 王明珂 at the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica. I am ever grateful for their help and inspiration during the beginning of my academic career. vii Having stayed in the US, Mongolia, China, and Taiwan, many friends and colleagues also contributed to this project in different ways. They are Benjamin Hahn, Leland L. Rogers, Kip Grosvenor Hutchins, Susan Powell, Shim Hosung 沈昊成, Hinggan Taiji, Mönggensang, Borjigin Nahiya, Teresa Nichols, Emma Hite, Aybike Şeyma Tezel, Kenny Linden, Samuel Bass, Huang Bo 黃勃, Christopher Balsirow, Jia Jianfei 賈建飛, and Li Xuan 勵軒, Jarkyn Tursun, Funada Yoshiyuki 舩田善之, Altangadas, Sara Conrad, Lee Jiyoung 李智英, Eveline Yang, Tenzin Tsepak, Tim Grose, Wang Fei-hsien 王飛仙, Hsia Ke-chin 夏克勤, Tachibana Makoto 橘誠, Sato Noriyuki 佐藤憲行, Duranzul, Sermoon, Tamir, Lin Shih-hsuan 林士鉉, Lee Dian-jung 李典蓉, Hu Chi-jui 胡其瑞, Joern Grundmann, Rens Krijgsman, Wu Kuo-sheng 吳國 聖, Wang Peng-hui 王鵬惠, Tommaso Previato, Li Ren-yuan 李仁淵, Hsu Fu-hsiang 許富翔, Huang Li-chun 黃麗君, Tsai Ming-che 蔡名哲, Tsai Sung-ying 蔡松穎, Lu Chih-chun 鹿智鈞, Li Hwa-yen 李華彥, Tseng Mei-fang 曾美芳, Xie Ren-yen 謝仁晏, Wang Shih-ming 王士銘, Tsai Chung-yueh 蔡仲岳, Hsieh I-yi 謝一誼, Li Zhiguo 李治國, Bae Sookhee 裴淑姬, David Brophy, Yu Wen 于文, and Lin Chi-Lynn 林頎玲. I have to stop here before this list goes on too long, but I know this list can be extended. I cordially thank you all for your support and help. I also want to thank Keren Mastaki for editing my dissertation. This work would not exist without the great collections of these archives and libraries: the Herman B. Wells Library of Indiana University, the National Central Archives of Mongolia, the First Historical Archives of China, the Inner Mongolia University Library, the Inner Mongolia Academy of Social Science Library, the National Palace Museum Library, the Fu Ssu- viii nien Library and Kuo Ting-yi Library of Academia Sinica, and the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission, Taiwan. I want to thank those librarians for their assistance. I also want to thank the College of Arts and Sciences, Indiana University and the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica for their generous financial support. Last but not least, I want to thank my family, especially my mother Huang Hsueh-o 黃雪 娥. Without your support and sacrifice, I would not have gone this far. Here I dedicate this dissertation to my family. ix Wei-chieh Tsai MONGOLIZATION OF HAN CHINESE AND MANCHU SETTLERS IN QING MONGOLIA, 1700–1911 Inspired by the recent approaches of the New Qing History school centering on ethnicity and empire and the South Chinese Studies school focusing on local societies, this dissertation probes into Han Chinese and Manchu becoming Mongols in Qing Mongolia using the Qing archives in Mongolian, Manchu, and Chinese preserved in Mongolia, China and Taiwan. This research focuses on two case studies: 1) Descendants of Han Chinese settlers in Outer Mongolia; 2) Offspring of Manchu bondservants as human dowry in Inner Mongolia.