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University Microfilms, a XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan 73-26,921 STROMBERG, Paul Charles, 1945- THE LIFE HISTORY AND POPULATION ECOLOGY OF CAMALLANUS OXYCEPHALUS WARD AND MAGATH, 1916 (NEMATODA:CAMALLANIDAE), IN FISHES OF WESTERN LAKE ERIE. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1973 Zoology University Microfilms, AXEROX Company , Ann Arbor, Michigan THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED THE LIFE HISTORY AND POPULATION ECOLOGY OF CAMALLANUS OXYCEPHALUS WARD AND MAGATH, 1916 (NEMATODA: CAMALLANIDAE), IN FISHES OF WESTERN LAKE ERIE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Paul Charles Stromberg, B.Sc. The Ohio State University 1973 Reading Committee: Approved by Paul A. Colinvaux Richard A. Tubb John L. Crite ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am profoundly grateful to my adviser, Professor John L. Crites, not only for all his advise and help with this study, but for directing my interest and enthusiasm in parasitology during the last 10 years. His kindness, criticism, encouragement, fairness and above all patience, have been of inestimable value to me. I am also grateful to Professor Paul A. Colinvaux and Professor Rodger D. Mitchell who, knowingly or un­ knowingly, have stimulated me to think about host-parasite systems as an ecologist. Dr. Richard A. Tubb and the staff of the Ohio Cooperative Fisheries Unit and Dr. Loren S. Putnam and the Franz Theodore Stone Laboratory were of great help in providing assistance, facilities and services for this research. Mr. Russell Scholl and the Ohio Division of Wildlife helped in the collection and aging of fish. I would also “like to thank the commercial fishermen of Lake Erie, especially Mr. Thomas Smith of the Cold Creek Fish Company, without whose help this study would not have been possible. I would also express appreciation to Dr. C. E. Herdendorf of the Center for Lake Erie Area Research, Mr. Delmar Hanley and the Federal Fish Restoration Act, Project F-48-R-1, administered by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife. In addition, I am thankful for the help and support I received from several of my graduate student associates; in particular, Mr. Clifford Swanson for his help in the field and laboratory and with the photography; Mr. Richard Wehnes for his help collecting fishes; Dr. Charles Barans, for his help collecting and maintaining live fish; Mr. Robert Ashmead, for autopsying fishes; and finally, to Dr. John E. Zapotosky and Dr. Norton Rubinstein for their ideas and enthusiasm. I would also like to express special thanks to Mr. Aaron Supowit, Ms. Patricia Saunders, Mr. Thomas Whitney and the Ohio State University Instruction and Research Computer Center for all their time and assistance with the handling, programming and analysis of the data. VITA June 9, 1945............. Born - Morristown, New Jersey 1965-1967 ............... Research Assistant, Ohio Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit; Ohio State University June, 1967............... B.Sc. with distinction, The Ohio State University June, 1968-Sept.,1968 . Ohio Cooperative Fisheries Unit Fellow - Eastern Fish Disease Laboratory, Leetown, West Virginia 1967-19 72 ............... Teaching Associate, Department of Zoology, The Ohio State University June, 19 70............... Married, Joan Shaw; Worthington, Ohio 1972-1973 ............... Staff Research Biologist, the Center for Lake Erie Area Research PUBLICATIONS 1970. DDT residues associated with cestodes from Mallard and Lesser Scaup ducks. Bull. Environ. Cont. Tox. 5<1):13-15. 1970. Aspidobothrean trematodes from Ohio mussels. Ohio J. Sci. 70(6):335-341. 19 72. A new nematode Dichelyne bullocki sp. n. (Cucullani- dae) from Fundulus heteroclitus (L.) Proc. Helm. Soc. Wash. 39(1):131-134. 197 3. A description of the male and redescription of the female of Carnallanus oxycephalus Ward and Magath, 1916 (Nematoda:Camallanidae). Proc. Helm. Soc. Wash. 40(2): iv FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Zoology Studies in Helminthology. Prof. John L. Crites Studies in Invertebrate Zoology. Prof. John L. Crites Studies in Ecology. Prof. Rodger D. Mitchell Studies in Fish Disease. Dr. Glenn L. Hoffman Y TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..................................... ii VITA ................................................ iv LIST OF TABLES ..................................... viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.............................. x INTRODUCTION ....................................... 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS.............................. 4 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND.............................. 7 Systematics and Taxonomy...................... 7 Geographical Distribution .................... 12 Review of Previous Life History Information................................. 14 DESCRIPTION OF CAMALLANUS OXYCEPHALUS............. 20 THE LIFE HISTORY OF CAMALLANUS OXYCEPHALUS .... 26 Description of Larval Stages and Development................................. 26 Discussion of the Life History............... 39 STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE 1ST STAGE LARVAE . 47 Survivorship................... 47 Infection of Copepods ..... ............. 48 Activity 5 3 Discussion..................... 55 ECOLOGICAL STUDIES OF CAMALLANUS OXYCEPHALUS IN WESTERN LAKE ERIE.......................... 6 5 Western Lake Erie Ecosystem ................. 65 History of C. oxycephalus in western Lake E r i e ....................................... 66 Discussion of the History in western Lake E r i e .................................. 77 vi Page Population Structure of C. oxycephalus.......... 83 Growth and Development in the Natural P o p u l a t i o n ................................... 86 DISTRIBUTION IN WESTERN LAKE ERIE FISH....... 95 Relationship to Fish Sex........................ 95 Relationship to Fish S i z e ...................... 9 5 Changes in the Infection........................ 106 THE LAKE ERIE-CAMALLANUS SYSTEM...................... 12U SUMMARY................................................ 133 PLATES ................................................ 138 APPENDIX A ............................................1H8 APPENDIX B ............................................159 REFERENCES CITED . .................................16 2 vix• • LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Distribution of the Species of Camallanids in host groups............... 10 2. Experimental Determination of Inter­ mediate Host 2 7 3. Determination of the Releaser for Escape Activity .......................... 32 4. Observed Molting Sequence of Some Other Camallanids.............................. 42 5. Life Table for C. oxycephalus 1st Stage Larvae at 20^C............................ 49 6. Life Table for C. oxycephalus 1st Stage Larvae at 25°C............................ 50 7. Infection of Copepods by 1st Stage Larvae..................................... 51 8. Potential Production of 3d Stage Larvae from L^ Survivorship at 25 C . 59 9. Potential Production of 3d Stage Larvae from L^ Survivorship at 20 C . 60 10. Comparison of Frequency of C. oxycephalus in Lake Erie 1927-57-71-72 ............... 71 11. Seasonal Structure of C. oxycephalus Population in Lake Erie . -............. 85 12. Turnover of Adult C. oxycephalus Population................................. 86 13. Relationship Between Female Length, Volume and 1st Stage Larvae Production. 9 2 14. Frequency of Food Organisms Found in Some Fish Stomachs.......................... ICO viii Table Page 15. Frequency Distribution of C. oxycephalus in Centrarchids............................... 105 16. Frequency Distribution of C . oxycephalus in Young of the Year Gizzard Shad........... 108 17. Frequency Distribution of C. oxycephalus in Young of the Year White Bass............. 109 18. Frequency Distribution of C. oxycephalus in Young of the Year Freshwater Drum . 110 19. Seasonal Changes in the Infection of Adult White Bass in Lake Erie............... 112 20. Seasonal Changes in the Infection of Young of the Year White Bass in Lake E r i e ..........................................112 21. Seasonal Changes in the Infection of Adult Yellow Perch in Lake Erie............. 113 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Text Figure Page 1. Growth of C. oxycephalus in White Bass at 26 C ............................ 37 2. Survivorship Curve of 1st Stage Larvae at 20 and 2 5 C ................. 52 3. Penetration Efficiency and Age of the 1st Stage Larva ............ 54 4. Basal and Excititory Activity Rates of 1st Stage Larvae at 25 C ............... 54 5. Effect of Temperature on the Development of the Larvae within the Copepod. 56 6. Relationship Between L-. Activity and Consumption by Cyclopoid Copepod. 64 7. Map of Lake E r i e .......................... 6 7 8. Western Basin of Lake Erie with Collection Sites........................ 6 7 9. Frequency Changes of C. oxycephalus in Lake Erie Fish.......................... 69 10. Frequency Changes of C. oxycephalus in Lake Erie Fish.......................... 69 11. Frequency Changes of C. oxycephalus in Lake Erie Fish.......................... 70 12. Frequency Changes of C. oxycephalus in Lake Erie Fish..................... 70 13. Host Species Importance Curves for Lake Erie Fish Community 19 27-57-71-72 . 76 14. General Host-Parasite Population Interaction Model ...................... 79 x Text Figure Page 15. Systems Model of C. oxycephalus in Lake Erie................................. 81 16. Growth Cruve of C. oxycephalus in the Natural Population ...................... 88 17. Relationship Between Dispersal Period of C. oxycephalus and the Seasonal Copepod Density.........................
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