DOCSLIB.ORG

South African Archaeological Society

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
South African Archaeological Society South African Archaeological Society Paleoenvironmental and Cultural Implications of Late Holocene Archaeological Faunas from the Orange Free State and North-Central Cape Province, South Africa Author(s): Richard G. Klein Source: The South African Archaeological Bulletin, Vol. 34, No. 129 (Jun., 1979), pp. 34-49 Published by: South African Archaeological Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3888169 Accessed: 20-05-2015 19:27 UTC REFERENCES Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3888169?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents You may need to log in to JSTOR to access the linked references. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. South African Archaeological Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The South African Archaeological Bulletin. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 196.21.233.72 on Wed, 20 May 2015 19:27:12 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions PALEOENVIRONMENTALAND CULTURALIMPLICATIONS OF LATE HOLOCENE ARCHAEOLOGICALFAUNAS FROM THE ORANGE FREE STATE AND NORTH-CENTRALCAPE PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA* RICHARD G. KLEIN Departmentof Anthropology,University of Chicago,1126 East 59th St., Chicago,R. 60637 Introduction:the sites The available descriptionsindicate that the assem- This paper reports on small faunal samples I have blagesare characterizedoverall by formal stone tools, analysed from thirteen late Holocene archaeological especiallytypes of scrapersand backedelements, that sites in the OrangeFree State and north-centralCape are characteristicof the Wilton/SmithfieldIndustrial Province. Six of the sites-Powerhouse Cave, Lime- Complex of southern Africa (see J. Deacon 1974). rock Shelters1 and 2, Dikbosch Shelters1 and 2, and If the assemblageshad to be fitted within the classic Burchell'sShelter-were excavatedbetween 1973 and Later Stone Age classification scheme of Goodwin 1976 by A. J. B. Humphreys; four others-Blyde- and Van Riet Lowe (1929), they would probably be fontein Shelter, Riversmead Shelter, Glen Elliott placedvariously in the 'SmithfieldB' or the 'Smithfield Shelter, and Ventershoek Shelter-were excavated C', though these units were definedalmost exclusively between 1965 and 1967 by C. G. Sampson; and the from surface samples which are not directly com- remainingthree-Tienfontein Shelters2, 4A, and 7- parable to the excavated ones. were excavated in 1973 by M. Brooker. Figure 1 Sampson has divided the materials he excavated shows the approximatelocations of these sites and of among a series of successiveLater Stone Age phases, other fossiliferous late Holocene localities in the initially referred to simply by numbers (Sampson same region. 1970, 1972) and subsequently by names (Sampson Figures 2 and 3 and their captions present some 1974). His scheme is set out here in Table 1. importantculture-stratigraphic information, 14C dates, Humphreys (1973a, see also 1972) has already and sources of backgroundinformation on the sites. suggestedthat this scheme may requiremodification, From the figures,it is obvious that none of the sites and his analysis of the materials he has excavated, contains more than 1,40 m of deposit and most of in combination with his reanalysis of Sampson's them contain substantiallyless. With the exceptionof materials,will probablyresult in a somewhatdifferent Dikbosch 1, none of the sites contains deposits cultural framework.Working with similar materials clearly older than about 4000 years, while at some of from roughly the same time interval(c. 4500 B.P. to the sites the deposits probably span no more than near present) from the Highlands Shelter in the the last few decades or centuries.Dikbosch 1 is less Karoo-Cape Midlands to the south of the area of an exception than it might appear at first glance focused on here, H. J. Deacon (1976) has recognized (Fig. 3), since it apparentlycontains a major deposi- only a single cultural entity, albeit one marked by tional non-sequence spanning the interval between some interestingand importantchange in stone tool perhaps13 000 and 3000 years ago, and the overwhel- size and shape through time. ming majority of the artefacts and bones probably At present,one of the more curious aspects of the come fromabove the non-sequence(Humphreys 1974). prehistory of the Orange Free State and northern At nearlyall the sites, well-definedstratigraphy was Cape, and indeed of virtuallythe entire South African absent, and the excavators were forced to dig in interior,is that sites with culturalremains older than arbitraryor semi-arbitrarylayers or 'spits'. In com- 4500 years and younger than 9500 years are all but bination with the fact that the samples of charcoal unknown (J. Deacon 1974). The only exception to used to obtain dates at the sites excavatedby Sampson this generalization is Rose Cottage Cave in the were usually composed of individualpieces dispersed easternmostOrange Free State (Malan 1952; Vogel throughouta spit, the fact that spits may sometimes 1970; Vogel & Marais 1971), where the pertinent have crosscut natural stratigraphy and important archaeological materials have yet to be described. depositional breaks probably accounts for some What this means is that it is impossible to say what apparentinconsistencies (inversions) in 14Cdates. The sorts of culturalmaterials immediatel precedethose excavation method probably also accounts in part known from the sites of interest here. The reasons for the lack of consistency in the dates for the first for a general gap in the record between c. 9500 B.P. appearanceof pottery or of Iron Age objects in the and c. 4500 B.P. are not entirely clear, but it is sites, though differencesin site location and small probably due in part to the shallow, ephemeral sample sizes (sampling error) may also be partly nature of rock shelters in the area, so that most of responsible. those which existed prior to 4500 B.P. may no longer exist. It may also be due in part to unfavorable The place of the sites in SouthernAfrican prehistory climatic conditions. Particularly between roughly The artefacts from the various sites have been 6500 and 4500 B.P., climatemay have been simplytoo described in the referencescited in the captions to dry to support human populations with substantial Figures 2 and 3, and with the exception of the archaeologicalvisibility (Butzer, Stuckenrathet al. Tienfontein materials, will be further analysed in a 1978). comprehensive, comparative study by Humphreys. It is probable that the last people to make stone tools and other objects of the kinds found in the * Received June 1978, revised January 1979. sites discussedhere werethe San or 'Bushmen'hunter- 34 1979. S. Afr. archaeol.Bull. 34: 34-49. This content downloaded from 196.21.233.72 on Wed, 20 May 2015 19:27:12 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions gathererswhom earlyEuropean travellers encountered Elphick (1977) is correct in suggestingthat the first in variousparts of the north-centralCape and Orange herders to enter South Africa passed through the Free State in the late eighteenthand early nineteenth region, then herders should have been present there centuries (Stow 1905; Wilson 1969; Elphick 1977). at least as early as in the southernCape coastal region In 1811, WilliamBurchell observed a hunter-gatherer and its hinterland, where sheep and possibly also band in the shelter named for him that has provided cattle are well documented at or shortly after the some of the faunal remainsdiscussed below, and it is time of Christ (Schweitzer& Scott 1973; Schweitzer possible, perhaps even probable, that some of the 1974, 1975; Avery 1975; H. J. Deacon & Brooker animal bones and the stone artefactsthat accompany 1976; H. J. Deacon, J. Deacon et al. 1978; Klein & them were left behind by the very people whom Inskeep unpub.; Parkington 1976). However, none Burchell met (Humphreys 1975). of the sites consideredhere has providedunquestion- At the time of Europeancontact, hunter-gatherers able remains of domestic animals in a context where in some parts of the northernCape and OrangeFree the remains are demonstrably more than a few State were in contact with Hottentot-speakingpas- decades or centuriesold, and it remainspossible that toralists and with Tswana- and Sotho-speakingIron the initial appearanceof stock in the South African Age farmers(Fig. 1). Iron Age peoples were restricted interiorwas in fact relativelylate, perhapscoinciding to the northern and eastern peripheriesof the area, more closely with the advent of Iron Age peoples probablyby the climatic conditions necessaryfor the than with the much earlierappearance of Stone Age success of their mixed farming economies (Maggs herders along the west and south coasts. 1971; Humphreys1976). Although it is now clear that In the southern Cape, the appearanceof domestic Iron Age peopleswere present in the Transvaal,Natal, stock seems to have coincided closely with the first and perhaps even the south-easternCape from the appearanceof pottery, suggestinga linkage between early centuries of the Christianera (Maggs
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Classification
    Biology Classification Zebras have a distinctive striped pattern that makes them easily recognizable to most people, but they also display features common to many other animals. So how can we easily compare animals? This is a print version of an interactive online lesson. To sign up for the real thing or for curriculum details about the lesson go to www.cosmoslessons.com Introduction: Classication Why do zebras have stripes? It’s a question that scientists have been asking for more than 100 years but now new research may nally have an answer. Most animal species have developed distinctive colours and patterns to help disguise them in their natural environment. Like a soldier’s camouage, the colouring and patterns look like the background, so it's hard to tell the dierence between the animal and its surroundings. But zebras live on brown grassy plains and their stripes make them stand out, not disappear. They may as well be holding signs for the lions saying, “come and eat me”. Now we may have the answer. By studying where most zebras live, scientists have found that the animals share their home with lots of nasty biting tsetse ies and horse ies. They also discovered that these ies don’t like striped patterns and will stay away from them. So, it’s likely that the zebras developed stripes to act as an insect repellent. That may sound crazy – to make yourself a target for lions just to keep away the ies. But these aren’t ordinary irritating ies. Tsetse ies carry diseases that can kill, while horse ies tear the animals’ skins leaving them at risk of infections.
    [Show full text]
  • Pleistocene Palaeoart of Africa
    Arts 2013, 2, 6-34; doi:10.3390/arts2010006 OPEN ACCESS arts ISSN 2076-0752 www.mdpi.com/journal/arts Review Pleistocene Palaeoart of Africa Robert G. Bednarik International Federation of Rock Art Organizations (IFRAO), P.O. Box 216, Caulfield South, VIC 3162, Australia; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-3-95230549; Fax: +61-3-95230549 Received: 22 December 2012; in revised form: 22 January 2013 / Accepted: 23 January 2013 / Published: 8 February 2013 Abstract: This comprehensive review of all currently known Pleistocene rock art of Africa shows that the majority of sites are located in the continent’s south, but that the petroglyphs at some of them are of exceptionally great antiquity. Much the same applies to portable palaeoart of Africa. The current record is clearly one of paucity of evidence, in contrast to some other continents. Nevertheless, an initial synthesis is attempted, and some preliminary comparisons with the other continents are attempted. Certain parallels with the existing record of southern Asia are defined. Keywords: rock art; portable palaeoart; Pleistocene; figurine; bead; engraving; Africa 1. Introduction Although palaeoart of the Pleistocene occurs in at least five continents (Bednarik 1992a, 2003a) [38,49], most people tend to think of Europe first when the topic is mentioned. This is rather odd, considering that this form of evidence is significantly more common elsewhere, and very probably even older there. For instance there are far less than 10,000 motifs in the much-studied corpus of European rock art of the Ice Age, which are outnumbered by the number of publications about them.
    [Show full text]
  • General Observations About the Free State Provincial Government
    A Better Life for All? Fifteen Year Review of the Free State Provincial Government Prepared for the Free State Provincial Government by the Democracy and Governance Programme (D&G) of the Human Sciences Research Council. Ivor Chipkin Joseph M Kivilu Peliwe Mnguni Geoffrey Modisha Vino Naidoo Mcebisi Ndletyana Susan Sedumedi Table of Contents General Observations about the Free State Provincial Government........................................4 Methodological Approach..........................................................................................................9 Research Limitations..........................................................................................................10 Generic Methodological Observations...............................................................................10 Understanding of the Mandate...........................................................................................10 Social attitudes survey............................................................................................................12 Sampling............................................................................................................................12 Development of Questionnaire...........................................................................................12 Data collection....................................................................................................................12 Description of the realised sample.....................................................................................12
    [Show full text]
  • Wildlife and Wild Places in Mozambique K
    Wildlife and Wild Places in Mozambique K. L Tinley, A. J. Rosinha, Jose L. P. Lobao Tello and T. P. Dutton This account of the national parks, reserves and other places worthy of pro- tection in Mozambique gives some idea of the wealth of wildlife in this newly independent country. One special reserve has 25,000 buffaloes—the largest concentration in the world. Protected conservation areas in Mozambique fall into six categories: 1. Parques nacionais - national parks; 2. Reservas especiais - special game reserves; 3. Reservas parciais - partial reserves; 4. Regimen de vigilancia - fauna protection zones; 5. Coutadas - hunting and photographic safari areas, normally run on a private concession basis; 6. Reservas florestais - forest reserves. Some unique areas are still outside this system but have been recommended for inclusion, together with other ecosystems worthy of inclusion in the future. Game farming or ranching is attracting considerable interest; one private and one government scheme have been proposed. NATIONAL PARKS 1.* Parque Nacional da Gorongosa (c. 3770 sq km). Situated at the southern limit of the great rift valley with an extensive flood plain and associated lakes, this park includes Brachystegia woodland Acacia and Combretum savanna. Sharply rising inselbergs (volcanic protrusions) are also a feature. The ungulates are typical floodplain species, including elephant (abundant), buffalo, wildebeest, waterbuck, zebra, reedbuck, impala and oribi; on the elevated woodland and savanna habitat there are black rhino, eland, Lichten- stein's hartebeest, sable, kudu, nyala, Sharpe's grysbok, suni, blue and grey duiker, and klipspringer are common on rock outcrops; lion, leopard and hippopotamus are abundant. Both land and water birds are prolific and diverse, and crocodiles are very common.
    [Show full text]
  • The Free State, South Africa
    Higher Education in Regional and City Development Higher Education in Regional and City Higher Education in Regional and City Development Development THE FREE STATE, SOUTH AFRICA The third largest of South Africa’s nine provinces, the Free State suffers from The Free State, unemployment, poverty and low skills. Only one-third of its working age adults are employed. 150 000 unemployed youth are outside of training and education. South Africa Centrally located and landlocked, the Free State lacks obvious regional assets and features a declining economy. Jaana Puukka, Patrick Dubarle, Holly McKiernan, How can the Free State develop a more inclusive labour market and education Jairam Reddy and Philip Wade. system? How can it address the long-term challenges of poverty, inequity and poor health? How can it turn the potential of its universities and FET-colleges into an active asset for regional development? This publication explores a range of helpful policy measures and institutional reforms to mobilise higher education for regional development. It is part of the series of the OECD reviews of Higher Education in Regional and City Development. These reviews help mobilise higher education institutions for economic, social and cultural development of cities and regions. They analyse how the higher education system T impacts upon regional and local development and bring together universities, other he Free State, South Africa higher education institutions and public and private agencies to identify strategic goals and to work towards them. CONTENTS Chapter 1. The Free State in context Chapter 2. Human capital and skills development in the Free State Chapter 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytosociology of the Upper Orange River Valley, South Africa
    PHYTOSOCIOLOGY OF THE UPPER ORANGE RIVER VALLEY, SOUTH AFRICA A SYNTAXONOMICAL AND SYNECOLOGICAL STUDY M.J.A.WERGER PROMOTOR: Prof. Dr. V. WESTHOFF PHYTOSOCIOLOGY OF THE UPPER ORANGE RIVER VALLEY, SOUTH AFRICA A SYNTAXONOMICAL AND SYNECOLOGICAL STUDY PROEFSCHRIFT TER VERKRUGING VAN DE GRAAD VAN DOCTOR IN DE WISKUNDE EN NATUURWETENSCHAPPEN AAN DE KATHOLIEKE UNIVERSITEIT TE NIJMEGEN, OP GEZAG VAN DE RECTOR MAGNIFICUS PROF. MR. F J.F.M. DUYNSTEE VOLGENS BESLUIT VAN HET COLLEGE VAN DECANEN IN HET OPENBAAR TE VERDEDIGEN OP 10 MEI 1973 DES NAMIDDAGS TE 4.00 UUR. DOOR MARINUS JOHANNES ANTONIUS WERGER GEBOREN TE ENSCHEDE 1973 V&R PRETORIA aan mijn ouders Frontiepieae: Panorama drawn by R.J. GORDON when he discovered the Orange River at "De Fraaye Schoot" near the present Bethulie, probably on the 23rd December 1777. I. INTRODUCTION When the government of the Republic of South Africa in the early sixties decided to initiate a comprehensive water development scheme of its largest single water resource, the Orange River, this gave rise to a wide range of basic and applied scientific sur­ veys of that area. The reasons for these surveys were threefold: (1) The huge capital investment on such a water scheme can only be justified economically on a long term basis. Basic to this is that the waterworks be protected, over a long period of time, against inefficiency caused by for example silting. Therefore, management reports of the catchment area should.be produced. (2) In order to enable effective long term planning of the management and use of the natural resources in the area it is necessary to know the state of the local ecosystems before a major change is instituted.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Existing Infrastructure in the Orange River Catchment
    Study Name: Orange River Integrated Water Resources Management Plan Report Title: Review of Existing Infrastructure in the Orange River Catchment Submitted By: WRP Consulting Engineers, Jeffares and Green, Sechaba Consulting, WCE Pty Ltd, Water Surveys Botswana (Pty) Ltd Authors: A Jeleni, H Mare Date of Issue: November 2007 Distribution: Botswana: DWA: 2 copies (Katai, Setloboko) Lesotho: Commissioner of Water: 2 copies (Ramosoeu, Nthathakane) Namibia: MAWRD: 2 copies (Amakali) South Africa: DWAF: 2 copies (Pyke, van Niekerk) GTZ: 2 copies (Vogel, Mpho) Reports: Review of Existing Infrastructure in the Orange River Catchment Review of Surface Hydrology in the Orange River Catchment Flood Management Evaluation of the Orange River Review of Groundwater Resources in the Orange River Catchment Environmental Considerations Pertaining to the Orange River Summary of Water Requirements from the Orange River Water Quality in the Orange River Demographic and Economic Activity in the four Orange Basin States Current Analytical Methods and Technical Capacity of the four Orange Basin States Institutional Structures in the four Orange Basin States Legislation and Legal Issues Surrounding the Orange River Catchment Summary Report TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 General ......................................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Objective of the study ................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Table 1: Rock Art Dataset
    Supplementary Table 1: Rock art dataset Name Latitude Longitude Earliest age in sampleLatest age in Modern Date of reference Dating methods Direct / indirect Exact Age / Calibrated Kind Figurative Reference sample Country Minimum Age / Max Age Abri Castanet, Dordogne, France 44.999272 1.101261 37’205 36’385 France 2012 Radiocarbon Indirect Minimum Age No Petroglyphs Yes (28) Altamira, Spain 43.377452 -4.122347 36’160 2’850 Spain 2013 Uranium-series Direct Exact Age Unknown Petroglyphs Yes (29) Decorated ceiling in cave Altxerri B, Spain 43.2369 -2.148555 39’479 34’689 Spain 2013 Radiocarbon Indirect Minimum age Yes Painting Yes (30) Anbarndarr I. Australia/Anbarndarr II, -12.255207 133.645845 1’704 111 Australia 2010 Radiocarbon Direct Exact age Yes Beeswax No (31) Australia/Gunbirdi I, Gunbirdi II, Gunbirdi III, Northern Territory Australia Anta de Serramo, Vimianzo, A Coruña, Galicia, 43.110048 -9.03242 6’950 6’950 Spain 2005 Radiocarbon Direct Exact age Yes Painting N/A (32) Spain Apollo 11 Cave, ǁKaras Region, Namibia -26.842964 17.290284 28’400 26’300 Namibia 1983 Radiocarbon Indirect Minimum age Unknown Painted Yes (33) fragments ARN‐0063, Namarrgon Lightning Man, Northern -12.865524 132.814001 1’021 145 Australia 2010 Radiocarbon Direct Exact age Yes Beeswax Yes Territory, Australia (31) Bald Rock, Wellington Range,Northern Territory -11.8 133.15 386 174 Australia 2010 Radiocarbon Direct Exact age Yes Beeswax N/A (31) Australia Baroalba Springs, Kakadu, Northern Territory, -12.677013 132.480901 7’876 7’876 Australia 2010 Radiocarbon
    [Show full text]
  • Directory of Organisations and Resources for People with Disabilities in South Africa
    DISABILITY ALL SORTS A DIRECTORY OF ORGANISATIONS AND RESOURCES FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES IN SOUTH AFRICA University of South Africa CONTENTS FOREWORD ADVOCACY — ALL DISABILITIES ADVOCACY — DISABILITY-SPECIFIC ACCOMMODATION (SUGGESTIONS FOR WORK AND EDUCATION) AIRLINES THAT ACCOMMODATE WHEELCHAIRS ARTS ASSISTANCE AND THERAPY DOGS ASSISTIVE DEVICES FOR HIRE ASSISTIVE DEVICES FOR PURCHASE ASSISTIVE DEVICES — MAIL ORDER ASSISTIVE DEVICES — REPAIRS ASSISTIVE DEVICES — RESOURCE AND INFORMATION CENTRE BACK SUPPORT BOOKS, DISABILITY GUIDES AND INFORMATION RESOURCES BRAILLE AND AUDIO PRODUCTION BREATHING SUPPORT BUILDING OF RAMPS BURSARIES CAREGIVERS AND NURSES CAREGIVERS AND NURSES — EASTERN CAPE CAREGIVERS AND NURSES — FREE STATE CAREGIVERS AND NURSES — GAUTENG CAREGIVERS AND NURSES — KWAZULU-NATAL CAREGIVERS AND NURSES — LIMPOPO CAREGIVERS AND NURSES — MPUMALANGA CAREGIVERS AND NURSES — NORTHERN CAPE CAREGIVERS AND NURSES — NORTH WEST CAREGIVERS AND NURSES — WESTERN CAPE CHARITY/GIFT SHOPS COMMUNITY SERVICE ORGANISATIONS COMPENSATION FOR WORKPLACE INJURIES COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES CONVERSION OF VEHICLES COUNSELLING CRÈCHES DAY CARE CENTRES — EASTERN CAPE DAY CARE CENTRES — FREE STATE 1 DAY CARE CENTRES — GAUTENG DAY CARE CENTRES — KWAZULU-NATAL DAY CARE CENTRES — LIMPOPO DAY CARE CENTRES — MPUMALANGA DAY CARE CENTRES — WESTERN CAPE DISABILITY EQUITY CONSULTANTS DISABILITY MAGAZINES AND NEWSLETTERS DISABILITY MANAGEMENT DISABILITY SENSITISATION PROJECTS DISABILITY STUDIES DRIVING SCHOOLS E-LEARNING END-OF-LIFE DETERMINATION ENTREPRENEURIAL
    [Show full text]
  • Labeo Capensis (Orange River Mudfish) Ecological Risk Screening Summary
    Orange River Mudfish (Labeo capensis) Ecological Risk Screening Summary U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, 2014 Revised, May and July 2019 Web Version, 9/19/2019 Image: G. A. Boulenger. Public domain. Available: https://archive.org/stream/catalogueoffres01brit/catalogueoffres01brit. (July 2019). 1 Native Range and Status in the United States Native Range From Froese and Pauly (2019): “Africa: within the drainage basin of the Orange-Vaal River system [located in Lesotho, Namibia, and South Africa] to which it is possibly restricted. Hitherto thought to occur in the Limpopo system and in southern Cape watersheds [South Africa] which records may be erroneous.” From Barkhuizen et al. (2017): “Native: Lesotho; Namibia; South Africa (Eastern Cape Province - Introduced, Free State, Gauteng, Mpumalanga, Northern Cape Province, North-West Province)” 1 Status in the United States This species has not been reported as introduced or established in the United States. There is no indication that this species is in trade in the United States. Means of Introductions in the United States This species has not been reported as introduced or established in the United States. Remarks A previous version of this ERSS was published in 2014. 2 Biology and Ecology Taxonomic Hierarchy and Taxonomic Standing From ITIS (2019): “Kingdom Animalia Subkingdom Bilateria Infrakingdom Deuterostomia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Infraphylum Gnathostomata Superclass Actinopterygii Class Teleostei Superorder Ostariophysi Order Cypriniformes Superfamily Cyprinoidea Family Cyprinidae Genus Labeo Species Labeo capensis (Smith, 1841)” From Fricke et al. (2019): “Current status: Valid as Labeo capensis (Smith 1841). Cyprinidae: Labeoninae.” Size, Weight, and Age Range From Froese and Pauly (2019): “Max length : 50.0 cm FL male/unsexed; [de Moor and Bruton 1988]; common length : 45.0 cm FL male/unsexed; [Lévêque and Daget 1984]; max.
    [Show full text]
  • Orange River Project
    ORANGE RIVER PROJECT: OvERVIEW South Africa NAMIBIA BOTSWANA Orange-Senqu River Basin Vanderkloof Dam LESOTHO Gariep Dam LOCATION SOUTH AFRICA The Orange River Project (ORP) is the largest scheme in the Orange–Senqu River basin, and includes the two largest dams in South Africa, the Gariep and Vanderkloof. They regulate flows to the Orange River and increase assurance of supply. DESCRIPTION Gariep and Vanderkloof dams were constructed as part of the project, and have a combined storage of 8,500 million m3. The ORP includes several sub-systems. The Orange–Riet Water Scheme.* The Orange–Fish Transfer Tunnel.* The Orange–Vaal Transfer Scheme.* Bloem Water: Pipeline network between Gariep Dam and the towns of Trompsburg, Springfontein and Philippolis. Irrigation abstractions: Between Gariep Dam and downstream of Vanderkloof Dam, up to the confluence of the Vaal and Orange rivers (near the town of Marksdrift). Urban and industrial abstractions: Between Gariep Dam and Marksdrift (including Hopetown and Vanderkloof towns). Support to the Lower Orange Water Management Area Schemes: * Support to most of the demands in the Gariep Dam (© Hendrik van den Berg/Panoramio.com) Lower Orange, including irrigation, urban use and power generation. Caledon–Bloemfontein Government Water Scheme.* * Further details are given on separate pages PURPOSE The purpose of this very complex scheme is to supply demands within several sub-systems, including the Upper and Lower Orange water management areas all the way down to the Orange River mouth, and the Eastern Cape Province. These demands include irrigation, urban, industrial and environmental water requirements. Power generation is also part of the system, including at Gariep and Vanderkloof dams, which contributes to the Eskom national power grid.
    [Show full text]
  • Zebra and Quagga Mussels
    SPECIES AT A GLANCE Zebra and Quagga Mussels Two tiny mussels, the zebra mussel (Dreissena poly- morpha) and the quagga mussel (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis), are causing big problems for the economy and the environment in the west. Colonies of millions of mussels can clog underwater infrastructure, costing Zebra mussel (Actual size is 1.5 cm) taxpayers millions of dollars, and can strip nutrients from nearly all the water in a lake in a single day, turning entire ecosystems upside down. Zebra and quagga mussels are already well established in the Great Lakes and Missis- sippi Basin and are beginning to invade Western states. It Quagga mussel takes only one contaminated boat to introduce zebra and (Actual size is 2 cm) quagga mussels into a new watershed; once they have Amy Benson, U.S. Geological Survey Geological Benson, U.S. Amy been introduced, they are virtually impossible to control. REPORT THIS SPECIES! Oregon: 1-866-INVADER or Oregon InvasivesHotline.org; Washington: 1-888-WDFW-AIS; California: 1-916- 651-8797 or email [email protected]; Other states: 1-877-STOP-ANS. Species in the news Learning extensions Resources Oregon Public Broadcasting’s Like a Mussel out of Water Invasion of the Quagga Mussels! slide coverage of quagga mussels: www. show: waterbase.uwm.edu/media/ opb.org/programs/ofg/episodes/ cruise/invasion_files/frame.html view/1901 (Only viewable with Microsoft Internet Explorer) Why you should care How they got here and spread These tiny invaders have dramatically changed Zebra and quagga mussels were introduced to the entire ecosystems, and they cost taxpayers billions Great Lakes from the Caspian and Black Sea region of dollars every year.
    [Show full text]