DOCSLIB.ORG

Magnesium Resources of the United States a Geologic Summary and Annotated Bibliography to 1953

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Magnesium Resources of the United States a Geologic Summary and Annotated Bibliography to 1953 Magnesium Resources of the United States A Geologic Summary and Annotated Bibliography to 1953 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1019-E Magnesium Resources of the United States A Geologic Summary and Annotated Bibliography to 1953 By ROBERT E. DAVIS CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1019-E UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1957 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRED A. SEATON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. -Price 70 cents (paper cover) CONTENTS Page Abstract_____________________..____.__._____._....___ 373 Introduction______._________..____.__________ 374 Purpose and scope of report___.___________________... 374 Abundance, availability, and uses___________________... 375 Sea water and sea-water bitterns...._....___...._______..___ 376 Magnesite_____________________________________ 378 Description. ________________.________.__________ 378 Mode of occurrence_____________.______________ 378 Uses.. __ ____ __ _____....._........-.._._._...__.....-_..... 379 Mining and beneficiation_____________._____________________ 380 General distribution.______________________________________ 381 Distribution by States___________________________________ 381 California. __________________________________ 381 Idaho___________ -__.___-_-_ - -___-__- _-_-_-_-__._ 386 New Mexico____ ___ __ _ _ ___ ______________ 386 Nevada....._.__.._.__.___._...._...._.________.-.___ 387 Gabbs________.___________________________________________ 387 Overton _ _ _ _ _ _______________ 388 Currant Creek...____________________________......__._. 389 Oregon__.____.___.._._____..______._.._.___._._..._. 389 Pennsylvania.__-----_.___-__-_-___._-_._____-_-.__-_-__..____ 390 Texas......_____________....._..__.....___________ 390 Utah........._..._-.-..._.-..-.._.--........._ _____....-. 391 Vermont..._..__._...________.___......________._ 391 Washington____________._._______...________ 391 Other States...._-_-_._-_.___._..-_-___..._.___....... 393 Reserves... _.._.__..__-____....__..__.-.-._______________ 393 Dolomite...._._._-__.._-._-___._----.__..___-_.____.___...___. 393 Description and definitions..-.__._.________-_____________________ 393 Origin and mode of occurrence...............______._______._____._. 395 Uses...__._.__.._-_._-._---_---.---_-.-_____-.._--._.______ 396 Refractories___..-___..__....________________________. 397 Magnesium. _____ _______.._-_____.___-__...______ ..._.. 398 Mining and beneficiation_______.___________________________________ 400 General distribution.______________________________________________ 401 Distribution by States________--__._-_______________________________ 401 Alabama.____________________________________________________ 402 Arizona.__________________---_---___-__--_-__--___-._-_______ 403 Arkansas......_______________________________________________ 404 California. _____.____-___.-__-___-_-_-_-___-.__.________ 405 Colorado.....__..-..-.--._..._-.._-_--_.--..-._..-....__-__ 408 Connecticut_______.._ ______ __- __ ______ ______________ 409 Florida..-..-..--------. ---.----------. -_--__--. 410 Georgia. ____-___-_-----_.------_------_---__----__...-.____-- 411 Idaho.... ___- -__---_-_---_ __--_-_--__--....._,.- 412 Dlinois. --_ - -- _ __ 413 III IV CONTENTS Dolomite Continued Indiana______________________________________________________ 416 Iowa__-_-_---_-____-_.__-__-_-__._______._______________.__ 417 Kansas_______________________________________________________ 419 Kentucky__. .--________.___.__.__..__..______.._.____. 420 Maine.__-__---------__--___..---_..____.._________._.___.--_ 421 Maryland.___________________________________________________ 422 Massachusetts. _______________________________________________ 423 Michigan.____________________________________________________ 424 Minnesota_ _--__----____________________________--_--___-___ 427 Missouri__._____----_-___________________________---___--_-_ 429 Montana..__-___..__.__...._._._..._...___...._.___._ 432 Nevada_______.__..__..._.._._...__...._______....____. 433 New Jersey_____________________________________________._._ 435 New Mexico._------_______________.._______________-___-___-__ 436 New York.________..__.___..__..._._.._.___.__._.._..._._.___ 438 North Carolina________________________________________________ 439 Ohio_________.____.___.__.._._.__.___._.__......_------ 440 Oklahoma-...___..._..._._.__........._.___...._.____.....___ 446 Pennsylvania. ________________________________________________ 448 South Carolina....___._.....___.._._.._._______._._._..__.__. 452 South Dakota....____________________________________________ 453 Tennessee.___________________________________________________ 454 Texas____._--_.._.._......._._.__.._...__._... __.________ 456 Utah_________________________________________________________ 459 Vermont.____________________________________________________ 462 Virginia______._-_______________________-._.___------------_ 463 Washington__ _ _____.__.____..__..._._.___._._____.__-__-_-_- 467 West Virginia..____________________________________.------. 469 Wisconsin.___________________________________________________ 471 Wyoming__ ____________________._______________---_--------_ 474 Reserves--__--__-___-___--______._______.____-_____._-----------_ 477 Annotated bibliography._______________________________________________ 477 Index._______________________________________________________________ 515 ILLUSTRATION PLATE 2. Map of the United States showing distribution of magnesium resources and location of magnesium metal plants. _______'__ In pocket CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MINERAL RESOURCES MAGNESIUM RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES A GEOLOGIC SUMMARY AND ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY TO 1953 By ROBERT E. DAVIS ABSTRACT Magnesium ranks eighth in order of abundance in the earth's crust and occurs sparsely in sea water and in larger quantities in a wide variety of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. The presently important commercial sources of magnesium metal and magnesium compounds are sea water and sea-water bitterns, dolomite, magnesite, brucite^ and inland brines. Brines are only briefly mentioned in this report. Magnesium and its compounds are used widely in the aircraft, automotive, metal­ lurgical, building, pharmaceutical, agricultural, glass, rubber, paper, textile, and paint industries. Magnesium is extracted from sea water or sea-water bitterns by the process used by the Dow Chemical Co. at their magnesium plant at Freeport, Tex., or by some variation of the Dow process. In this process lime is used to precipitate magnesium hydroxide from the water; the precipitate is dissolved in hydrochloric acid and mag­ nesium chloride is produced; the magnesium chloride is decomposed in an electrolytic cell into magnesium and chlorine. It is now common practice to substitute dolomite for lime. The dolomite furnishes the necessary lime and additional magnesium to the reaction. Magnesite, or magnesium carbonate, occurs in commercial quantities in the United States principally as a replacement in dolomite. Its chief use is as a refractory material in the metallurgical industries; it is used to a lesser extent in the fertilizer, rubber, textile, and paper industries; During World War II magnesite was used as a commercial source of magnesium metal. In the past magnesite has been mined in California, Washington, Nevada, and Texas; at present the only commercial domestic production is from Nye County, Nev., and Stevens County, Wash. Magnesite occurs also in New Mexico, Idaho, Oregon, Utah, Pennsylvania, and Vermont. The occurrence of magnesite in each of these States is discussed briefly. Brucite occurs in commercial quantities only at Gabbs, Nye County, Nev. Dolomite, the double carbonate of magnesium and calcium, occurs chiefly as a sedimentary rock, commonly interbedded with limestone. The term "high-grade," as used in the present report, refers to dolomite rock containing more than 40 percent magnesium carbonate and less than about 3 percent noncarbonates. The largest single use of dolomite, where the chemical composition of the rock is important, is as a refractory material. It may be used in either its natural state or calcined. During World War II, and to some extent during the postwar years, dolomite has been used as an ore of magnesium metal. 373 374 CONTRIBUTIONS TO BIBLIOGRAPHY OP MINERAL RESOURCES Dolomite occurs in at least 40 States, but the largest sources of high-grade rock probably underlie parts of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Large reserves also are present in the limestone valleys of the Appalachian Mountains, extending from Alabama to New Jersey. Except for Louisiana and the northern Great Plains States, dolomite occurs in nearly every State west of the Mississippi River. The more important dolomitic formations in each State are described briefly. INTRODUCTION PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF REPORT The present report is a compilation of information on the dolomite, magnesite, and brucite deposits and occurrences in the United States, with a brief section on the use of sea water as a source of magnesium and magnesium compounds. It has been compiled from published literature and data in the files of the U. S. Geological Survey. Many of these data are the result of investigations made by the Geological Survey dur­ ing WorM War II, and this information, particularly that collected by C. F. Deiss on the dolomite deposits of
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Podiform Chromite Deposits—Database and Grade and Tonnage Models
    Podiform Chromite Deposits—Database and Grade and Tonnage Models Scientific Investigations Report 2012–5157 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey COVER View of the abandoned Chrome Concentrating Company mill, opened in 1917, near the No. 5 chromite mine in Del Puerto Canyon, Stanislaus County, California (USGS photograph by Dan Mosier, 1972). Insets show (upper right) specimen of massive chromite ore from the Pillikin mine, El Dorado County, California, and (lower left) specimen showing disseminated layers of chromite in dunite from the No. 5 mine, Stanislaus County, California (USGS photographs by Dan Mosier, 2012). Podiform Chromite Deposits—Database and Grade and Tonnage Models By Dan L. Mosier, Donald A. Singer, Barry C. Moring, and John P. Galloway Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5157 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior KEN SALAZAR, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Marcia K. McNutt, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2012 This report and any updates to it are available online at: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5157/ For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod To order this and other USGS information products, visit http://store.usgs.gov Suggested citation: Mosier, D.L., Singer, D.A., Moring, B.C., and Galloway, J.P., 2012, Podiform chromite deposits—database and grade and tonnage models: U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Flotation Separation of Mg Carbonates (Dolomite and Magnesite)
    minerals Review A Review of Flotation Separation of Mg Carbonates (Dolomite and Magnesite) Darius G. Wonyen 1,†, Varney Kromah 1,†, Borbor Gibson 1,† ID , Solomon Nah 1,† and Saeed Chehreh Chelgani 1,2,* ID 1 Department of Geology and Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Liberia, P.O. Box 9020 Monrovia, Liberia; [email protected] (D.G.W.); [email protected] (Y.K.); [email protected] (B.G.); [email protected] (S.N.) 2 Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-41-6830-9356 † These authors contributed equally to the study. Received: 24 July 2018; Accepted: 13 August 2018; Published: 15 August 2018 Abstract: It is well documented that flotation has high economic viability for the beneficiation of valuable minerals when their main ore bodies contain magnesium (Mg) carbonates such as dolomite and magnesite. Flotation separation of Mg carbonates from their associated valuable minerals (AVMs) presents several challenges, and Mg carbonates have high levels of adverse effects on separation efficiency. These complexities can be attributed to various reasons: Mg carbonates are naturally hydrophilic, soluble, and exhibit similar surface characteristics as their AVMs. This study presents a compilation of various parameters, including zeta potential, pH, particle size, reagents (collectors, depressant, and modifiers), and bio-flotation, which were examined in several investigations into separating Mg carbonates from their AVMs by froth flotation. Keywords: dolomite; magnesite; flotation; bio-flotation 1. Introduction Magnesium (Mg) carbonates (salt-type minerals) are typical gangue phases associated with several valuable minerals, and have complicated processing [1,2].
    [Show full text]
  • Cambrian Ordovician
    Open File Report LXXVI the shale is also variously colored. Glauconite is generally abundant in the formation. The Eau Claire A Summary of the Stratigraphy of the increases in thickness southward in the Southern Peninsula of Michigan where it becomes much more Southern Peninsula of Michigan * dolomitic. by: The Dresbach sandstone is a fine to medium grained E. J. Baltrusaites, C. K. Clark, G. V. Cohee, R. P. Grant sandstone with well rounded and angular quartz grains. W. A. Kelly, K. K. Landes, G. D. Lindberg and R. B. Thin beds of argillaceous dolomite may occur locally in Newcombe of the Michigan Geological Society * the sandstone. It is about 100 feet thick in the Southern Peninsula of Michigan but is absent in Northern Indiana. The Franconia sandstone is a fine to medium grained Cambrian glauconitic and dolomitic sandstone. It is from 10 to 20 Cambrian rocks in the Southern Peninsula of Michigan feet thick where present in the Southern Peninsula. consist of sandstone, dolomite, and some shale. These * See last page rocks, Lake Superior sandstone, which are of Upper Cambrian age overlie pre-Cambrian rocks and are The Trempealeau is predominantly a buff to light brown divided into the Jacobsville sandstone overlain by the dolomite with a minor amount of sandy, glauconitic Munising. The Munising sandstone at the north is dolomite and dolomitic shale in the basal part. Zones of divided southward into the following formations in sandy dolomite are in the Trempealeau in addition to the ascending order: Mount Simon, Eau Claire, Dresbach basal part. A small amount of chert may be found in and Franconia sandstones overlain by the Trampealeau various places in the formation.
    [Show full text]
  • Stratigraphic Succession in Lower Peninsula of Michigan
    STRATIGRAPHIC DOMINANT LITHOLOGY ERA PERIOD EPOCHNORTHSTAGES AMERICANBasin Margin Basin Center MEMBER FORMATIONGROUP SUCCESSION IN LOWER Quaternary Pleistocene Glacial Drift PENINSULA Cenozoic Pleistocene OF MICHIGAN Mesozoic Jurassic ?Kimmeridgian? Ionia Sandstone Late Michigan Dept. of Environmental Quality Conemaugh Grand River Formation Geological Survey Division Late Harold Fitch, State Geologist Pennsylvanian and Saginaw Formation ?Pottsville? Michigan Basin Geological Society Early GEOL IN OG S IC A A B L N Parma Sandstone S A O G C I I H E C T I Y Bayport Limestone M Meramecian Grand Rapids Group 1936 Late Michigan Formation Stratigraphic Nomenclature Project Committee: Mississippian Dr. Paul A. Catacosinos, Co-chairman Mark S. Wollensak, Co-chairman Osagian Marshall Sandstone Principal Authors: Dr. Paul A. Catacosinos Early Kinderhookian Coldwater Shale Dr. William Harrison III Robert Reynolds Sunbury Shale Dr. Dave B.Westjohn Mark S. Wollensak Berea Sandstone Chautauquan Bedford Shale 2000 Late Antrim Shale Senecan Traverse Formation Traverse Limestone Traverse Group Erian Devonian Bell Shale Dundee Limestone Middle Lucas Formation Detroit River Group Amherstburg Form. Ulsterian Sylvania Sandstone Bois Blanc Formation Garden Island Formation Early Bass Islands Dolomite Sand Salina G Unit Paleozoic Glacial Clay or Silt Late Cayugan Salina F Unit Till/Gravel Salina E Unit Salina D Unit Limestone Salina C Shale Salina Group Salina B Unit Sandy Limestone Salina A-2 Carbonate Silurian Salina A-2 Evaporite Shaley Limestone Ruff Formation
    [Show full text]
  • Fluid Mixing and the Deep Biosphere of a Fossil Lost City-Type Hydrothermal System at the Iberia Margin
    Fluid mixing and the deep biosphere of a fossil Lost City-type hydrothermal system at the Iberia Margin Frieder Kleina,1, Susan E. Humphrisb, Weifu Guob, Florence Schubotzc, Esther M. Schwarzenbachd, and William D. Orsia aDepartment of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543; bDepartment of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543; cDepartment of Geosciences and Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28334 Bremen, Germany; and dDepartment of Geosciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 Edited by David M. Karl, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, and approved August 4, 2015 (received for review March 7, 2015) Subseafloor mixing of reduced hydrothermal fluids with seawater is aging, brucite undersaturated in seawater dissolves and aragonite believed to provide the energy and substrates needed to support recrystallizes to calcite (7). deep chemolithoautotrophic life in the hydrated oceanic mantle (i.e., Actively venting chimneys host a microbial community with a serpentinite). However, geosphere-biosphere interactions in serpen- relatively high proportion of methanogenic archaea (the Lost tinite-hosted subseafloor mixing zones remain poorly constrained. City Methanosarcinales), methanotrophic bacteria, and sulfur- Here we examine fossil microbial communities and fluid mixing oxidizing bacteria, whereas typical sulfate-reducing bacteria are processes in the subseafloor of a Cretaceous Lost City-type hydro- rare (8–10). Geochemical evidence for significant microbial sulfate thermal system at the magma-poor passive Iberia Margin (Ocean reduction in basement lithologies and distinct microbial commu- Drilling Program Leg 149, Hole 897D). Brucite−calcite mineral assem- nities in Lost City vent fluids and chimneys suggest that subsurface blages precipitated from mixed fluids ca.
    [Show full text]
  • Contents List of Illustrations LETTER OF
    STATE OF MICHIGAN Plate IV. A. Horizontal and oblique lamination, Sylvania MICHIGAN GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY Sandstone......................................................................27 Plate IV. B. Stratification and lamination, in sand dune, Dune Publication 2. Geological Series 1. Park, Ind.........................................................................28 THE MONROE FORMATION OF SOUTHERN Plate V. Sand grains, enlarged 14½ times ............................31 MICHIGAN AND ADJOINING REGIONS Plate VI. Desert sand grains, enlarged 14½ times ................31 by Plate VII. Sylvania and St. Peter sand grains, enlarged 14½ A. W. Grabau and W. H. Sherzer times. .............................................................................32 PUBLISHED AS PART OF THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BOARD OF GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR Figures 1909. Figure 1. Map showing distribution of Sylvania Sandstone. 25 LANSING, MICHIGAN WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO., STATE Figure 2. Cross bedding in Sylvania sandstone ....................27 PRINTERS Figure 3. Cross bedding on east wall of Toll’s Pit quarry ......28 1910 Figure 4. Cross bedding shown on south wall of Toll’s Pit quarry.............................................................................28 Contents Figure 5. Cross bedding on south wall of Toll’s Pit quarry in Sylvania sandstone. .......................................................28 Letter of Transmittal. ......................................................... 1 Figure 6. Cross bedding shown on south wall
    [Show full text]
  • Waddle Ditch Rattlesnake Creek
    Nine-Element Nonpoint Source Implementation Strategy (NPS-IS) for Waddle Ditch-Rattlesnake Creek HUC-12 (05060003 03 05) Prepared for: Fayette Soil and Water Conservation District Prepared by: Civil & Environmental Consultants, Inc. Toledo, Ohio Version 1.0 Approved: June 29, 2021 This page intentionally left blank. Acknowledgements Version 1.0 prepared and written by: Deanna Bobak Civil & Environmental Consultants, Inc. 4841 Monroe Street, Suite 103 Toledo, OH 43623 Brigitte Hisey Fayette Soil & Water Conservation District 1415 US 22 SW, Suite 500 Washington Court House, OH 43160 The Fayette Soil & Water Conservation District (SWCD) would like to acknowledge the collaboration of multiple partners in the preparation of this Nonpoint Source Implementation Strategy (NPS-IS) for the Waddle Ditch-Rattlesnake Creek HUC-12 (05060003 03 05). The Fayette SWCD appreciates those individuals and organizations that contributed background information, insight into objectives and projects for inclusion in this NPS-IS. Thank you to Rick Wilson, Ohio Environmental Protection Agency – Division of Surface Water, for guidance throughout the NPS-IS development process, as well as Jessica D’Ambrosio and the staff of The Nature Conservancy for providing modeling data generated by the Agricultural Conservation Planning Framework (ACPF). This product or publication was financed in part or totally through a grant from the United States Environmental Protection Agency through an assistance agreement with the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. The contents and views, including any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations, contained in this product or publication are those of the authors and have not been subject to any Ohio Environmental Protection Agency or United States Environmental Protection Agency peer or administrative review and may not necessarily reflect the views of the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency or the United States Environmental Protection Agency and no official endorsement should be inferred.
    [Show full text]
  • Ore Deposits
    EARTH SCIENCES RESEARCH JOURNAL Earth Sci. Res. J. Vol. 20, No. 3 (September, 2016 ) : A1 - A10 ORE DEPOSITS Occurrence of Cr-bearing beryl in stream sediment from Eskişehir, NW Turkey Hülya Erkoyun and Selahattin Kadir * Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Deparment of Geological Engineering, TR−26480 Eskişehir, Turkey [email protected] [email protected] *corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords: Beryl, Kaymaz, schist, SEM-EDX, IR. Beryl crystals are found within stream sediments transecting schists in the northeast of Eskişehir, western Anatolia. This paper studied the Eskişehir beryl crystals with optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and geochemical analyses. Beryl is accompanied by garnet, glaucophane, quartz, epidote, muscovite and chlorite in the stream sediments. The crystals are euhedral emerald (green gem beryl) and light bluish- green aquamarine, with ideal sharp IR bands. Wet chemical analysis of Eskişehir beryl yielded 61.28% SiO2, 15.13% Al2O3, 12.34% BeO, 0.18% Cr2O3, 1.49% MgO, 1.69% Na2O, 0.98% Fe2O3, and 0.008% V2O3, resulting in the formula (Al1.75Cr0.01Mg0.22Fe0.08)(Be2.90Si6.00)(Na0.32)O18. Large Ion Lithophile Elements (LILE) (barium, strontium), some transition metals (cobalt, except nickel) and High Field Strength Elements (HFSE) (niobium, zirconium, and yttrium) in stream sediments that are associated with beryl exhibited low content about metamorphic rocks. Beryl formation appears to be controlled by upthrust faults and fractures that juxtaposed them with Cr-bearing ophiolitic units and a regime of metasomatic reactions. Such beryl crystals have also been found in detrital sediments that are derived from the schists. Presencia de berilios relacionados con Cromo en corrientes sedimentarias de Eskisehir, noroeste de Turquía RESUMEN Cristales de berilio fueron encontrados en sedimentos de corrientes que atraviesan en esquistos en el noreste de Palabras clave: Berilio, Kaymaz, esquistos, Eskisehir, al oeste de Anatolia.
    [Show full text]
  • Mineralogy of the Martian Surface
    EA42CH14-Ehlmann ARI 30 April 2014 7:21 Mineralogy of the Martian Surface Bethany L. Ehlmann1,2 and Christopher S. Edwards1 1Division of Geological & Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125; email: [email protected], [email protected] 2Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109 Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2014. 42:291–315 Keywords First published online as a Review in Advance on Mars, composition, mineralogy, infrared spectroscopy, igneous processes, February 21, 2014 aqueous alteration The Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences is online at earth.annualreviews.org Abstract This article’s doi: The past fifteen years of orbital infrared spectroscopy and in situ exploration 10.1146/annurev-earth-060313-055024 have led to a new understanding of the composition and history of Mars. Copyright c 2014 by Annual Reviews. Globally, Mars has a basaltic upper crust with regionally variable quanti- by California Institute of Technology on 06/09/14. For personal use only. All rights reserved ties of plagioclase, pyroxene, and olivine associated with distinctive terrains. Enrichments in olivine (>20%) are found around the largest basins and Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2014.42:291-315. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org within late Noachian–early Hesperian lavas. Alkali volcanics are also locally present, pointing to regional differences in igneous processes. Many ma- terials from ancient Mars bear the mineralogic fingerprints of interaction with water. Clay minerals, found in exposures of Noachian crust across the globe, preserve widespread evidence for early weathering, hydrothermal, and diagenetic aqueous environments. Noachian and Hesperian sediments include paleolake deposits with clays, carbonates, sulfates, and chlorides that are more localized in extent.
    [Show full text]
  • Supergene Mineralisation of the Boyongan Porphyry Copper-Gold Deposit, Surigao Del Norte, Philippines
    Supergene Mineralisation of the Boyongan Porphyry Copper-Gold Deposit, Surigao del Norte, Philippines by Allan Maglaya Ignacio B.Sc. Geology, National Institute of Geological Sciences University of the Philippines Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Masters of Economic Geology Degree Centre for Ore Deposit Research, University of Tasmania December, 2005 DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for a degree of diploma by the University of Tasmania or any other institution, except by way of background information and duly acknowledged in the thesis, and contains no previous material previously pub- lished or written by another person except where due acknowledgement is given. Allan Maglaya Ignacio 01 December 2005 _________________________ STATEMENT OF AUTHORITY OF ACCESS This thesis may not to be made available for loan or copying for 1.5 years following the date this statement was signed. Following that time, the thesis may be available for loan and lim- ited copying in accordance with Copyright Act 1968. Allan Maglaya Ignacio 01 December 2005 _________________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS Page (s) LIST OF FIGURES …………………………………………………….. i - iii LIST OF APPENDICES ………………………………………………… iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ………………………………………………. v ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………... vi - vii 1.0 INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………. 1 - 8 1.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………. 1 1.2 Aims and Objectives ……………………………………………….. 1 1.3 Methods Employed …………………………………………………. 2 1.4 Location and Accessibility …………………………………………. 3 1.5 Climate ……………………………………………………………... 5 1.6 Previous Work ……………………………………………………… 5 2.0 GEOLOGICAL SETTING ………………………………………………. 9 - 37 2.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………. 9 2.2 Regional Tectonics …………….…………………………………. 9 2.3 Regional and Local Stratigraphy ………………………………... 11 2.3.1 Basement (Cretaceous-Paleogene) ………………………. 11 2.3.2 Bacuag Formation (Oliogocene-Miocene) .……………..
    [Show full text]
  • 1469 Vol 43#5 Art 03.Indd
    1469 The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 43, pp. 1469-1487 (2005) BORATE MINERALS OF THE PENOBSQUIS AND MILLSTREAM DEPOSITS, SOUTHERN NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA JOEL D. GRICE§, ROBERT A. GAULT AND JERRY VAN VELTHUIZEN† Research Division, Canadian Museum of Nature, P.O. Box 3443, Station D, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6P4, Canada ABSTRACT The borate minerals found in two potash deposits, at Penobsquis and Millstream, Kings County, New Brunswick, are described in detail. These deposits are located in the Moncton Subbasin, which forms the eastern portion of the extensive Maritimes Basin. These marine evaporites consist of an early carbonate unit, followed by a sulfate, and fi nally, a salt unit. The borate assemblages occur in specifi c beds of halite and sylvite that were the last units to form in the evaporite sequence. Species identifi ed from drill-core sections include: boracite, brianroulstonite, chambersite, colemanite, congolite, danburite, hilgardite, howlite, hydroboracite, kurgantaite, penobsquisite, pringleite, ruitenbergite, strontioginorite, szaibélyite, trembathite, veatchite, volkovskite and walkerite. In addition, 41 non-borate species have been identifi ed, including magnesite, monohydrocalcite, sellaite, kieserite and fl uorite. The borate assemblages in the two deposits differ, and in each deposit, they vary stratigraphically. At Millstream, boracite is the most common borate in the sylvite + carnallite beds, with hilgardite in the lower halite strata. At Penobsquis, there is an upper unit of hilgardite + volkovskite + trembathite in halite and a lower unit of hydroboracite + volkov- skite + trembathite–congolite in halite–sylvite. At both deposits, values of the ratio of B isotopes [␦11B] range from 21.5 to 37.8‰ [21 analyses] and are consistent with a seawater source, without any need for a more exotic interpretation.
    [Show full text]
  • New Minerals Approved Bythe Ima Commission on New
    NEW MINERALS APPROVED BY THE IMA COMMISSION ON NEW MINERALS AND MINERAL NAMES ALLABOGDANITE, (Fe,Ni)l Allabogdanite, a mineral dimorphous with barringerite, was discovered in the Onello iron meteorite (Ni-rich ataxite) found in 1997 in the alluvium of the Bol'shoy Dolguchan River, a tributary of the Onello River, Aldan River basin, South Yakutia (Republic of Sakha- Yakutia), Russia. The mineral occurs as light straw-yellow, with strong metallic luster, lamellar crystals up to 0.0 I x 0.1 x 0.4 rnrn, typically twinned, in plessite. Associated minerals are nickel phosphide, schreibersite, awaruite and graphite (Britvin e.a., 2002b). Name: in honour of Alia Nikolaevna BOG DAN OVA (1947-2004), Russian crys- tallographer, for her contribution to the study of new minerals; Geological Institute of Kola Science Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity. fMA No.: 2000-038. TS: PU 1/18632. ALLOCHALCOSELITE, Cu+Cu~+PbOZ(Se03)P5 Allochalcoselite was found in the fumarole products of the Second cinder cone, Northern Breakthrought of the Tolbachik Main Fracture Eruption (1975-1976), Tolbachik Volcano, Kamchatka, Russia. It occurs as transparent dark brown pris- matic crystals up to 0.1 mm long. Associated minerals are cotunnite, sofiite, ilin- skite, georgbokiite and burn site (Vergasova e.a., 2005). Name: for the chemical composition: presence of selenium and different oxidation states of copper, from the Greek aA.Ao~(different) and xaAxo~ (copper). fMA No.: 2004-025. TS: no reliable information. ALSAKHAROVITE-Zn, NaSrKZn(Ti,Nb)JSi401ZJz(0,OH)4·7HzO photo 1 Labuntsovite group Alsakharovite-Zn was discovered in the Pegmatite #45, Lepkhe-Nel'm MI.
    [Show full text]