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Shembe Religion's Integration of African Traditional Religion

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Shembe Religion's Integration of African Traditional Religion Shembe religion’s integration of African Traditional Religion and Christianity: A sociological case study A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts of Rhodes University by Nombulelo Shange Supervisor: Michael Drewett Department of Sociology July 2013 Abstract The Shembe Church‟s integration of African Traditional Religion and Christianity has been met by many challenges. This merger has been rejected by both African traditionalists and Christians. The Shembe Church has been met by intolerance even though the movement in some ways creates multiculturalism between different people and cultures. This thesis documents the Shembe Church‟s ideas and practices; it discusses how the Shembe Church combines two ideologies that appear to be at odds with each other. In looking at Shembe ideas and practices, the thesis discusses African religion-inspired rituals like ukusina, ancestral honouring, animal sacrificing and virgin testing. The thesis also discusses the heavy Christian influence within the Shembe Church; this is done by looking at the Shembe Church‟s use of The Bible and Moses‟ Laws which play a crucial role in the Church. The challenges the Shembe Church faces are another main theme of the thesis. The thesis looks at cases of intolerance and human rights violations experienced by Shembe members. This is done in part by looking at the living conditions at eBuhleni, located at Inanda, KZN. The thesis also analyses individual Shembe member‟s experiences and discusses how some members of the Shembe church experience the acceptance of the Shembe religion in South African society. This thesis concludes by trying to make a distinction between intolerance and controversy. I try to highlight the idea that what many Shembe followers see as discrimination and intolerance towards them is sometimes a difference in opinion from other cultural groups. Sometimes these differences are not geared towards criticising other religious groups or perpetuating intolerance. i Acknowledgements I would firstly like to thank my supervisor Michael Drewett, for his support, assistance and for being a great cheerleader. Thank you for constantly reminding me that I can do this, even when I thought I could not. I would also like to thank the friendliest and best department at Rhodes University. I would not have managed without the constant support and guidance from the Department of Sociology; thank you Prof Helliker, Mrs Fuller, Ms Madinda and to the post graduate students. To my friends Qondile, Sisa, Tumi, Ashley and Charmaine, thank you for the love and support during the craziest two years of my life. Thank you for all the laughs, listening to all my crazy stories and keeping me sane. Thank you to all the people who played a key role while I conducted my research. Thank you to my host family, Mr Mthembu, all my participants who opened up and shared their experiences and stories with me without expecting anything in return. Thank to Bab‟Ngidi, Bab‟Mpanza, Chief Vukile Shembe, Mr Ndlovu and Paul Weinberg for sharing their deep knowledge on the Shembe Church. Thank you to Mrs Rasaroka for introducing me to African text and ideas which proved to be very useful. Thank you to the CRL commission and CoGTA and their representitatives Dr Ralarala and Dr Sibanda. Finally I would like to thank my family for all the love and sacrifices that were made; none of this would have been possible without you guys. Thank you MaKutu, MaKhumbu, MaBongi, Sbu, Zee and Pinky. I would also like to acknowledge and thank my ancestors and the universe. ii List of Abbreviations AIC: African Independent Churches. ATR: African Traditional Religion. KZN: KwaZulu-Natal. iii Glossary African Zionist: African churches organized around common ethnicity and culture. Amadlozi: Ancestors. EBuhleni: Inanda Shembe Village where the annual July and September gatherings take place. EkuPhakameni: Inanda Shembe Village where the annual July and September gatherings take place. Emsamo/ umsamo: Centre of the house, place communication with ancestors occurs. Ethiopianist: African churches organized predominately around race, but include various cultures and ethnicities. IBandla lamaNazaretha: Nazareth Baptist Church. Imbongi: Poet who performs and composes praise calling/poems for Zulu kings and leaders such as Isaiah Shembe. Impepho: African herb/plant burnt when awakening/communicating with the ancestors. Inhlonipho: Respect. Insimbi (bell): A morning and evening Shembe ritual/prayer performed to protect members. Isiguqo (kneel): Shembe prayer performed during times of hardship. Izibongo: Surnames or praise callings. A Zulu oral tradition that documents family orgins, history and relatives. Izihlabelelo ZamaNazareth: Nazareth hymn book. Iziphandla/isiphandla: Animal skin usually worn around the wrist, often worn for protection or after a rite of passage e.g.: death, birth and marriage. Mt uNhlangakazi: Sacred Shembe site where the annual January pilgrimage takes place. Mvelinqangi (first to appear): God Nkosi: King or chief. Nkulunkulu (great one): God Nomkhubulwane: Purity and fertility Goddess and believed to be daughter of God. Onyaweni (foot): Sacred praying area, believed to have Isaiah Shembe‟s footprint on it. Sangoma: Diviner. Ubuntu: African social philosophy that promotes humanity, harmony and unity. iv Ukugagu: A traditional Zulu practice, done as a sign of respect. It is to kneel and look away in the presence of a chief or king. This practice was adopted by the Shembe Church; it is what followers do when they are in the presence of a Shembe chief or priest. Ukusina/umgidi: Traditional Zulu dance. Ukuthwasa: Brooding or the process one goes through in order to become a sangoma/diviner. Umfundisi: Priest. Umkhokheli: A person in the Shembe Church who offers members spiritual guidance. v Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1. Context of research ....................................................................................................... 11 1.2. Thesis outline ............................................................................................................... 15 Chapter 2: Culture and Religion: A theoretical framework 2.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 18 2.2. Making sense of culture ................................................................................................ 19 2.2.1. Bourdieu‟s contested fields ........................................................................................ 20 2.2.2. Habitus ...................................................................................................................... 23 2.3. Religion as culture defined ........................................................................................... 25 2.4. Critiquing Western religion .......................................................................................... 27 2.4.1. Fanon and Biko: Religion, colonialism and African consciousness ............................ 28 2.5. Conclusion and critiques .............................................................................................. 34 Chapter 3: Historical background 3.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 36 3.1.1. African Independent Churches ................................................................................... 36 3.2. Shembe History ............................................................................................................ 38 3.3. Shembe ideology and practice ...................................................................................... 46 3.3.1. Izibongo and the undocumented role of women in the Shembe Church………………48 3.4. Struggles within the Shembe Church ............................................................................ 52 3.5. Critiquing Shembe polygamy practice .......................................................................... 55 3.6. Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 56 Chapter 4: Methodology 4.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 57 4.1.1. Qualitative Research .................................................................................................. 57 4.1.2. Data Collection methods ............................................................................................ 63 4.1.3. Ethical Considerations ............................................................................................... 64 4.2. Entering the field and challenges faced ......................................................................... 64 4.3. CRL and CoGTA ......................................................................................................... 69 4.4. Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 69 Chapter 5: Life at eBuhleni 5.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 70 vi 5.2. Daily rituals and routine ............................................................................................... 70 5.3. Living conditions ........................................................................................................
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