A Level Film Studies - Focus Film Factsheet Spies / Spione (1928, Fritz Lang, Germany)

angle with signals radiating out followed by Component 2: Global Filmmaking an abstract shot with circles radiating in. Perspectives (AL) • Tight composition of interiors, aware of off screen space but not Core Study Areas: always sure what is happening. Key Elements of Film Form • Light/dark interiors. Masimoto turns off Meaning & Response the light as he leaves the room. Kitty in the The Contexts of Film background in darkness. He slides the door on his temptation and shuts himself in a light room. Specialist Study Area: Mise-en-Scène Critical Debates (AL) • Art direction by Otto Hunte and Karl Vollbrecht establishes the mood of modernity. In the Rationale for study opening sequence cameras, telephones, radio • Fritz Lang’s Spies is the film that established masts, duplicating devices equipment used the model for the recurrent themes of the by spies; men frantically search through spy/action genre: surveillance, disguise, huge towers of files contrasting with the mystery, intrigue, suspense and sex. The regulated space of the official in the imposing hugely enjoyable action unfolds in a series government building and Haghi’s hi-tech of extraordinary images featuring characters desk. Masimoto’s apartment is ordered; he that are not always what they seem. sits upright in a single chair but Kitty lies on a couch against elaborately patterned cushions in a contrasting image of decadence. STARTING POINTS - Useful • The women often wear revealing costumes. Sequences and timings/links Kitty sits on Haghi’s desk, her dress slipping • Opening titles ‘Throughout the world off her shoulder; in Masimoto’s apartment she strange things happen’ 0:0:57 - 0:01:55 is in a dressing gown that reveals her breasts. • Props are vital as agents in the story: • ‘Nothing is to deter a man from the telephones communicate between characters, path of duty ̶ not even a woman’ Dr. photographs link action, cigarettes are used Masimoto 1:06:54 - 1.15.41 to establish different characteristics. Items such as Sonia’s medallion or 326’s emptying CORE STUDY AREAS 1 - STARTING whiskey bottle convey information. POINTS - Key Elements of Film Editing Form (Micro Features) • Opening montage sets the tone for the Cinematography episodic nature of the narrative. Series of • Cinematographer Fritz Arno Wagner. Use parallel linked actions ̶ robbery, murder ̶ of the close up to convey information, the ending with the introduction of Haghi. The film opens with a series of images of theft, intertitle ‘Almighty God what power is at work mystery and communication: gloved hands here?’ cuts to a close up of the controlling opening a safe, hands putting a document master criminal staring into the camera. into an envelope, motor cyclist in goggles • Inserts can provide false information. When in low angle shot, radio masts from a low Masimoto finds Kitty cowering in the doorway 1 A Level Film Studies - Focus Film Factsheet

an insert shows a domestic setting with a almost bankrupted the studio and Spies was man we suppose to be her father, beating an to repair some of the financial damage by unseen victim with a whip. Cut to a slovenly being shot on a much tighter budget. However older woman in a dressing gown sitting in a the original Spies was nearly three hours supposedly drunken stupor on the edge of a bed. long ̶ popular storytelling on an epic scale. But Kitty is a spy a “honey trap” sent by Haghi. • Lang’s visual style uses oblique shots, • To establish the debauchery of the Grand Bar we partial shots and close ups particularly see images of a gramophone playing a record, of hands holding objects hands hitting a table covered in debris and a • In Spies, Lang shows the influence of the woman’s legs performing a wild dance. The next popular detective/criminal serial such shot is of the lower half of a woman seated on a as Louis Feuillade’s Judex (1916) in its man’s lap, his hand on her thigh. When we cut to subject matter and its episodic structure the Bar, there does not appear to be anyone else there but the black barman. 326 drinks alone. CORE STUDY AREAS 3 - STARTING POINTS – Contexts CORE STUDY AREAS 2 - STARTING POINTS – Meaning & Response Social • In 1924 the Dawes Plan to stabilise the Representations German economy brought substantial • The men in Spies are in command although American investment into Germany and this can be undermined, made vulnerable ushered in American culture and American by emotional weakness. Haghi holds the values with an emphasis on modernity ultimate power through his control over both and technological innovation. American male and female characters through violence companies were luring talent away from carried out by his henchmen and blackmail Germany to work in Hollywood. using information obtained through spying and other subversive means. When they fail, Historical men sometimes kill themselves rather than • The Weimar Republic had replaced the Empire submit ̶ Colonel Jellusic, Doctor Masimoto in 1919 after Germany’s defeat in World War I and Haghi himself all commit suicide. and the German Revolution of 1918-1919. In the • Women use their sexuality to gain what mid 1920s there was a Centre Right coalition appears to be power and exhibit a certain Government and a relatively stabilised currency kind of liberation through their dress Political and action. This however is ultimately • The political polarisation of the left and determined by the men who control them. right were to culminate in the election of the • The modern city is a setting for violence, National Socialists under Hitler in 1933. deception, vice and paranoia. Huge impersonal buildings contain subversive hidden spaces. Technological The Grand Bar is a place of drunkenness and • Germans were among the inventors and despair, the streets are windswept and dark. pioneers in photographic technology, film-makers were keen to experiment Aesthetics (i.e. the ‘look and feel’ with the cinema as a medium. of the film including visual style, influences, auteur, motifs) Institutional • Spies followed Dr Mabuse the Gambler (1922) • The German film industry had to organise and Metropolis (1927), all written or partly itself in the face of huge competition from written by Thea von Harbou, Lang’s wife at Hollywood. By the mid 1920s UFA (Universum the time. Art directors Otto Hunte and Karl Film Aktiengesellschaft) provided competition to Vollbrecht worked on all 3 films. The central major Hollywood studios because of its modern characters are controlling evil geniuses who studio, elaborate distribution/exhibition networks operate from the underground networks and huge financial backing. Its trademark style beneath the modern city and are all played was innovative set design and technical expertise by Rudolph Klein-Rogge. Metropolis had securing the international market through 2 A Level Film Studies - Focus Film Factsheet

prestige productions with creative production be given artistic status, German films had to teams given freedom and scope to experiment. differentiate themselves from those produced in Hollywood. German directors were seen as independent artists, as auteurs, and the SPECLIAIST STUDY AREA: Realism V highly stylised nature of the films, especially Expressionism - STARTING POINTS in cinematography and set design, set them • After World War 1, German artists were apart from other ‘commercial’ products. attracted to work in the cinema, which they At the same time it enlarged the audience perceived as an intellectually exciting medium. by attempting to overcome the prejudices From 1918 to 1928 Berlin was the cultural of the middle classes towards cinema. centre for the European avant-garde in art, • From the mid 1920s Expressionism had drama and music and some films enjoyed the transformed from the avant-garde to a popular status of distinctive works of art. The artistic and accepted mode of representation. It was movement they contributed to was German superseded by The New Objectivity (Der Neue Expressionism which represented internal Sacklichkeit) a ‘realist’ movement that dealt with conflicts by projecting them onto an external the actuality of economic, social and political world through stylised décor, lighting, acting/ change in Germany and was contemporary with gesture, making it appear strange and distorted. Art Deco. Spies lies somewhere between the • The Kino Debate examined the status of cinema two styles, with its clear geometric compositions among the arts. Film production in Hollywood representing control and its distorted angles and was regarded as an industry, whose task was dramatic lighting signifying states of emotion. to produce entertainment, not art. In order to

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