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Pu'uhonua O Hōnaunau National Historical Park, Hawai‘I; Part II, Braile, L

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Pu'uhonua O Hōnaunau National Historical Park, Hawai‘I; Part II, Braile, L National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Program Center Pu‘uhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park Geologic Resources Inventory Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR—2011/385 ON THE COVER Kiʻi, wooden carved images, stand watch over the reconstructed temple, Hale o Keawe. This reconstruction replaced ʻAleʻaleʻa as the temple (heiau) of asylum at the puʻuhonua. As the years went on, the bones of other aliʻi (chiefs) were placed inside the temple and by 1829, there were 23 sets of bones. THIS PAGE The lush and beautiful royal grounds the home of the royal chiefs (aliʻi) of the Kona district. National Park Service photographs courtesy Dave Krueger (NPS Views Program). Pu‘uhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park Geologic Resources Inventory Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR—2011/385 National Park Service Geologic Resources Division PO Box 25287 Denver, CO 80225 April 2011 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Program Center Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Program Center publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate high-priority, current natural resource management information with managerial application. The series targets a general, diverse audience, and may contain NPS policy considerations or address sensitive issues of management applicability. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. This report received informal peer review by subject-matter experts who were not directly involved in the collection, analysis, or reporting of the data. Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government. Printed copies of this report are produced in a limited quantity and they are only available as long as the supply lasts. This report is available from the Geologic Resources Inventory website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/inventory/ gre_publications.cfm) and the Natural Resource Publications Management website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/publications/nrpm/). Please cite this publication as: Thornberry-Ehrlich, T. 2011. Pu‘uhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park: geologic resources inventory report. Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR—2011/385. National Park Service, Ft. Collins, Colorado. NPS 415/107498, April 2011 ii NPS Geologic Resources Division Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................ iv Executive Summary ....................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... vi Credits ....................................................................................................................................................................... vi Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Purpose of the Geologic Resources Inventory ......................................................................................................... 1 Park Setting ............................................................................................................................................................... 1 Geologic Setting ........................................................................................................................................................ 2 Geologic Issues .............................................................................................................. 7 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................... 7 Groundwater Recharge ............................................................................................................................................ 7 Anchialine Ponds ....................................................................................................................................................... 8 Coral Reef Changes ................................................................................................................................................... 9 Geologic Hazards .................................................................................................................................................... 10 Geologic Features and Processes ................................................................................ 19 Volcanic Features and Processes ............................................................................................................................. 19 Coastal Landforms ................................................................................................................................................... 19 Geology and Cultural Resources ............................................................................................................................. 20 Geologic History .......................................................................................................... 25 Pre-Quaternary History of the Pacific Basin (after Condie and Sloan 1998) ........................................................ 25 Evolution of the Hawaiian-Emperor Seamount Chain .......................................................................................... 25 Overview of Geologic Data ......................................................................................... 35 Geologic Maps ......................................................................................................................................................... 35 Source Maps ............................................................................................................................................................ 35 Geologic GIS Data ................................................................................................................................................... 35 Geology data layers in the Pu‘uhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park GIS data ...................................... 36 Overview Graphic of Digital Geologic Data ........................................................................................................... 36 Map Unit Properties Table and Correlation Table ................................................................................................ 36 Use Constraints ........................................................................................................................................................ 36 Overview Graphic of Digital Geologic Data ............................................................... 37 Map Unit Properties Table .......................................................................................... 39 Map Unit Correlation Table ........................................................................................ 42 Glossary ........................................................................................................................ 43 Literature Cited ............................................................................................................ 47 Additional References ................................................................................................. 52 Attachment 1: Geologic Resources Inventory Products CD PUHO Geologic Resources Inventory Report iii List of Figures Figure 1. Shaded relief map of the Island of Hawai‘i ................................................................................................. 3 Figure 2. Aerial photomosaic of the location of Pu‘uhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park ........................ 4 Figure 3. Oblique view of the Royal Grounds and the Pu‘uhonua ............................................................................ 5 Figure 4. Two carved wooden images, called Ki‘i , overlooking Keone‘ele Cove ..................................................... 6 Figure 5. Hale o Keawe temple at Pu‘uhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park. .............................................. 6 Figure 6. Diagrammatic model of precipitation-fueled submarine groundwater discharge ................................. 15 Figure 7. Bathymetry of the Hawaiian Islands .......................................................................................................... 15 Figure 8. The historic and sacred fishing ponds at Pu‘uhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park ................... 16 Figure 9. Benthic habitat map for Pu‘uhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park ............................................. 16 Figure 10. Coastal hazard intensity map for Pu‘uhonua o
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