Ocean Trenches
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Ocean Trench
R E S O U R C E L I B R A R Y E N C Y C L O P E D I C E N T RY Ocean trench Ocean trenches are long, narrow depressions on the seafloor. These chasms are the deepest parts of the ocean—and some of the deepest natural spots on Earth. G R A D E S 5 - 12+ S U B J E C T S Earth Science, Geology, Geography, Physical Geography C O N T E N T S 11 Images, 1 Video, 2 Links For the complete encyclopedic entry with media resources, visit: http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/ocean-trench/ Ocean trenches are long, narrow depressions on the seafloor. These chasms are the deepest parts of the ocean—and some of the deepest natural spots on Earth. Ocean trenches are found in every ocean basin on the planet, although the deepest ocean trenches ring the Pacific as part of the so-called “Ring of Fire” that also includes active volcanoes and earthquake zones. Ocean trenches are a result of tectonic activity, which describes the movement of the Earth’s lithosphere. In particular, ocean trenches are a feature of convergent plate boundaries, where two or more tectonic plates meet. At many convergent plate boundaries, dense lithosphere melts or slides beneath less-dense lithosphere in a process called subduction, creating a trench. Ocean trenches occupy the deepest layer of the ocean, the hadalpelagic zone. The intense pressure, lack of sunlight, and frigid temperatures of the hadalpelagic zone make ocean trenches some of the most unique habitats on Earth. -
Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (2012)
FGDC-STD-018-2012 Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard Marine and Coastal Spatial Data Subcommittee Federal Geographic Data Committee June, 2012 Federal Geographic Data Committee FGDC-STD-018-2012 Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard, June 2012 ______________________________________________________________________________________ CONTENTS PAGE 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Objectives ................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Need ......................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Scope ........................................................................................................................ 2 1.4 Application ............................................................................................................... 3 1.5 Relationship to Previous FGDC Standards .............................................................. 4 1.6 Development Procedures ......................................................................................... 5 1.7 Guiding Principles ................................................................................................... 7 1.7.1 Build a Scientifically Sound Ecological Classification .................................... 7 1.7.2 Meet the Needs of a Wide Range of Users ...................................................... -
I. Convergent Plate Boundaries (Destructive Margins) (Colliding Plates)
I. Convergent plate boundaries (destructive margins) (colliding plates) 1. Plates collide, an ocean trench forms, lithosphere is subducted into the mantle 2. Types of convergence—three general classes, created by two types of plates —denser oceanic plate subsides into mantle SUBDUCTION --oceanic trench present where this occurs -- Plate descends angle average 45o a. Oceanic-continental convergence 1. Denser oceanic slab sinks into the asthenosphere—continental plate floats 2. Pockets of magma develop and rise—due to water added to lower part of overriding crust—100-150 km depth 3. Continental volcanic arcs form a. e.g., Andes Low angle, strong coupling, strong earthquakes i. Nazca plate ii. Seaward migration of Peru-Chile trench b. e.g., Cascades c. e.g., Sierra Nevada system example of previous subduction b. Oceanic-oceanic convergence 1. Two oceanic slabs converge HDEW animation Motion at Plate Boundaries a. one descends beneath the other b. the older, colder one 2. Often forms volcanoes on the ocean floor 3. Volcanic island arcs forms as volcanoes emerge from the sea 200-300 km from subduction trench TimeLife page 117 Philippine Arc a. e.g., Aleutian islands b. e.g., Mariana islands c. e.g., Tonga islands all three are young volcanic arcs, 20 km thick crust Japan more complex and thicker crust 20-35 km thick c. Continental-continental convergence— all oceaninc crust is destroyed at convergence, and continental crust remains 1. continental crust does not subside—too buoyant 2. two continents collide—become ‘sutured’ together 3. Can produce new mountain ranges such as the Himalayas II. Transform fault boundaries 1. -
Analog Experiments and Mechanical Analysis Applied to the Alaskan Accretionary Wedge Marc-André Gutscher, Nina Kukowski, Jacques Malavieille, Serge Lallemand
Analog experiments and mechanical analysis applied to the Alaskan Accretionary Wedge Marc-André Gutscher, Nina Kukowski, Jacques Malavieille, Serge Lallemand To cite this version: Marc-André Gutscher, Nina Kukowski, Jacques Malavieille, Serge Lallemand. Analog experiments and mechanical analysis applied to the Alaskan Accretionary Wedge. Journal of Geophysical Research, American Geophysical Union, 1998, 103 (B5), pp.10161-10176. hal-01261538 HAL Id: hal-01261538 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01261538 Submitted on 26 Jan 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 103, NO. B5, PAGES 10,161-10,176,MAY 10, 1998 Episodic imbricate thrusting and underthrusting' Analogexperiments and mechanicalanalysis applied to the Alaskan Accretionary Wedge Marc-Andrd Gu•scher • and Nina Kukowski GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany JacquesMalavieille and SergeLallemand Laboratoire de G•ophysique et Tectonique, Universit• de Montpellier II, Montpellier, France Abstract. Seismic reflection profiles from the sediment rich Alaska subduction zone image short, frontally accreted, imbricate thrust slices and repeated se- quencesof long, underthrust sheets. Rapid landward increasesin wedgethickness, backthrusting,and uplift of the forearc are observed,suggesting underthrusting beneaththe wedge.These features and a widely varyingfrontal wedgemorphology are interpreted to be caused by different modes of accretion active concurrently along the trench at different locations. -
The Role of Subducting Plate Rheology in Outer-Rise Seismicity: Implications for Japan and South American Subduction Systems
Syracuse University SURFACE Syracuse University Honors Program Capstone Syracuse University Honors Program Capstone Projects Projects Spring 5-1-2015 The role of subducting plate rheology in outer-rise seismicity: Implications for Japan and South American subduction systems Karolina Lubecka Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/honors_capstone Part of the Geology Commons, Geophysics and Seismology Commons, and the Tectonics and Structure Commons Recommended Citation Lubecka, Karolina, "The role of subducting plate rheology in outer-rise seismicity: Implications for Japan and South American subduction systems" (2015). Syracuse University Honors Program Capstone Projects. 830. https://surface.syr.edu/honors_capstone/830 This Honors Capstone Project is brought to you for free and open access by the Syracuse University Honors Program Capstone Projects at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in Syracuse University Honors Program Capstone Projects by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The role of subducting plate rheology in outer-rise seismicity: Implications for Japan and South American subduction systems A Capstone Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Renée Crown University Honors Program at Syracuse University Karolina Lubecka Candidate for B.S. Degree and Renée Crown University Honors May 2015 Honors Capstone Project in Earth Science Capstone Project Advisor: _______________________ Dr. Robert Moucha Capstone Project Reader: _______________________ Dr. Gregory Hoke Honors Director: _______________________ Stephen Kuusisto, Director Date: May 5, 2015 i Abstract The outer rise is a subtle ridge on the seafloor located near an oceanic trench where a down-going lithospheric plate begins to bend and thus fault prior to subducting at the subduction zone. -
~Ertif Ied by 3 0 7 Thesis S Uperv Isg.Rn.:T::.··__....---
1 A GRAPHIC DISPLAY OF PLATE TECTONICS IN THE TETHYS SEA by Anthony B. Williams S.B. California Institute of Technology (1965) SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE 3.EQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF ·rECHNOLOGY August, 1971 ignature of Author Signature redacted Department oj;t=Earth and Planetary Science _S_ig_n_a_tu_r_e_r_e_d_a_c_te_d__ ~ ,_, , ~ertif ied by 3 0 7 Thesis S uperv isg.rn.:t::.··__....--- .. Signature redacted ccepted by Chairman, Departmental Committee on Graduate Students 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02139 MITLibraries http://Iibraries.mit.edu/ask DISCLAIMER NOTICE Due to the condition of the original material, there are unavoidable flaws in this reproduction. We have made every effort possible to provide you with the best copy available. Thank you. Some pages in the original document contain text that runs off the edge of the page. 2 ABSTRACT The hypothesis of plate tectonics is applied to the Mediterranean Sea region in order to explain its Tertiary mountain chains and to derive previous positions for the component plate fragments. Consuming plate boundaries are selected on geophysical and geological grounds, and are assumed connected through modern oceanic regions by shearing and accreting boundaries. The resultant plate fragments are rotated to fit geological and morphological similarities, and the timing of tectonic events, without violating available constraints. The cumulative rotations are plotted to illustrate behind-arc spreading in the western Mediterranean basins and closure upon the Adriatic and Ionian seas from east and west following northward motion of the central Alpine plate fragment. I 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS -Abstract . -
The Paleo Dutton Plateau: a Geomorphologic Conundrum
THE PALEO DUTTON PLATEAU: A GEOMORPHOLOGIC CONUNDRUM N. Christian Smoot - Sr. Fellow ([email protected]) Geoplasma Research Institute (GRI) Hoschton, Georgia 30548 USA ABSTRACT Guyots on the Dutton Ridge are used to explain the pre-existence of a plateau in the NW Pacific region. The idea was basically proposed in a 1983 paper but was not proven until the discovery of the basin-wide N-S fracture zone/mega-trends and the orthogonal intersections in the 1990s. The proposal is based on the multibeam sonar-based morphology itself and the intersections of both E-W Mendocino/Surveyor megatrends and N-S Udintsev/Kashima megatrends converging there. Keywords: Multibeam Bathymetry, Fracture Zones, Megatrend Figure 1. First full representation of the Dutton Ridge [7]. Intersections, Guyots The feature was contoured at 200 fm using ship-of-opportunity single-beam data. Most of the features were recognizable in the proper locations. All in all, this was not a bad contouring job 1. INTRODUCTION considering the quality and quantity of the information available at that time. This locator is contoured from that at 500 fm with Fully accurate bathymetric data for eight guyots from the Dutton the 3000 fm isobath on the upper right and at the trenches. Ridge are based on U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO) swath mapping by the SASS multi-beam sonar During the 1970s and 80s NAVOCEANO did a total-coverage, system in the 1970s [1]. The Dutton Ridge is a major east-west swath mapped SASS survey by the USNS DUTTON (T-AGS- 275 nautical mile-long (510 km) trending feature that intersects 22). -
05. Dida Kusnida.Cdr
Geo-Science J.G.S.M. Vol. 17 No. 2 Mei 2016 hal. 99 - 106 Depositional Modification in Seram Trough, Eastern Indonesia Modifikasi Pengendapan di Palung Seram, Indonesia Timur Dida Kusnida, Tommy Naibaho, and Yulinar Firdaus Marine Geological Institute of Indonesia, Jl. Dr. Djundjunan 236, Bandung-40174 [email protected] Naskah diterima : 1 Maret 2016, Revisi terakhir : 3 Mei 2016, Disetujui : 4 Mei 2016 Abstract - Seismic reflection profiles considered to Abstrak - Penampang rekaman seismik yang dianggap represent the morphotectonics of the study area and mewakili morfotektonik daerah studi dan diverifikasi verified by surficial sedimentary data presented in this dengan data sedimen permukaan yang disajikan dalam paper directed to understand the sedimentary depositional tulisan ini diarahkan untuk memahami dinamika dynamics. Seismic data interpretation results show the pengendapan sedimen. Hasil penafsiran data seismik gradation and sediment facies cycles in accordance with menunjukan gradasi dan siklus fasies sedimen sesuai the episode of tectonic activities, which is characterized by dengan episod aktivitas tektonik yang dicirikan oleh the avalanche of the Seram Trough base-of slopes longsoran material lereng Palung Seram. Data seismik materials. Seismic data reveal more than 1250 meters menunjukan lebih dari 1250 meter sedimen secara akustik acoustically chaotic to laminated, indicate fine-grained kaotik hingga berlapis, mencirikan sedimen berbutir sediments between slumps at its base of slope and fine halus antara slam pada lereng bagian bawah dan sedimen marine sediments at the trough floor. Thus, it suggests that marin halus pada lantai palung. Dengan demikian, diduga the Seram Trough is in the process of differential vertical bahwa Palung Seram berada dalam proses pergerakan movement causing depositional modification due to the vertikal diferensial yang menyebabkan terjadinya accretionary prism growths. -
Serpentine Volcanoes
2016 Deepwater Exploration of the Marianas Serpentine Volcanoes Focus Serpentine mud volcanoes Grade Level 9-12 (Earth Science) Focus Question What are serpentine mud volcanoes and what geological and chemical processes are involved with their formation? Learning Objectives • Students will describe serpentinization and explain its significance to deep-sea ecosystems. Materials q Copies of Mud Volcano Inquiry Guide, one copy for each student group Audio-Visual Materials q (Optional) Interactive whiteboard Teaching Time One or two 45-minute class periods Seating Arrangement Groups of two to four students Maximum Number of Students 30 Key Words Mariana Arc Serpentine Mud volcano Mariana Trench Serpentinization Peridotite Image captions/credits on Page 2. Tectonic plate 1 www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov Serpentine Volcanoes - 2016 Grades 9-12 (Earth Science) Background Information NOTE: Explanations and procedures in this lesson are written at a level appropriate to professional educators. In presenting and discussing this material with students, educators may need to adapt the language and instructional approach to styles that are best suited to specific student groups. The Marina Trench is an oceanic trench in the western Pacific Ocean that is formed by the collision of two large pieces of the Earth’s crust known as tectonic plates. These plates are portions of the Earth’s outer crust (the lithosphere) about 5 km thick, as well as the upper 60 - 75 km of the underlying mantle. The plates move on a hot, flexible mantle layer called the asthenosphere, which is several hundred kilometers thick. The Pacific Ocean Basin lies on top of the Pacific Plate. To the east, new crust is formed by magma rising from deep within Images from Page 1 top to bottom: the Earth. -
Context-Aware Web-Mining Engine
Context Aware Web-mining Engine Christopher Goh Zhen Fung Koay Tze Min River Valley High School Raffles Institution Singapore Singapore [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—The context of a user’s query is often lost when using extracted to download more layers of web documents. These search engines such as Google, as they limit the number of search documents are ranked according to their similarity to the query, terms that can be input. Therefore, they may not return the most using natural language processing with machine learning relevant or desired results often. This project developed a context- techniques, to return search results of higher relevancy. aware web mining engine (CAWE), which allows the user to use the entire content of multiple documents as the query, to search and rank We compared the performance of CAWE with Google, the web documents by their similarity to it. CAWE combines the search most widely used search engine in the world, holding 70.69% results from Google, Yahoo and Bing search engines, and further of the search engine market share as of November 2015 [1]. crawls the links found in the downloaded web documents. The web Most popular search engines (Bing, DuckDuckGo, Baidu, documents are then ranked according to their content’s relevance to Yahoo, etc.) make use of similar PageRank techniques like the query documents. This ability for document matching is enabled Google, with variants of semantic matching [2]. by natural language processing techniques. Experiments showed that CAWE performed better than Google in finding more relevant web B. Drawbacks of Current Popular Search Engines documents. -
Deep Sea Drilling Project Initial Reports Volume
30. THE COMPRESSIVE MECHANICS OF ACCRETIONARY WEDGES APPLIED TO THE LEG 78A STUDY AREA NEAR BARBADOS1 Dan M. Davis, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology2 ABSTRACT Sites 541 and 542 of DSDP Leg 78A are very near the front of a large wedge of accreted sediments at the eastern edge of the Caribbean Plate where it overthrusts the downgoing crust of the Altantic Ocean. The mechanics of this wedge are considered in light of the Coulomb-wedge hypothesis of Davis et al. (1983), which regards the sediments of the wedge as analogous to soil being pushed by a bulldozer. The wedge deforms in order to attain and maintain its criti- cal taper, at which it could stably ride over the downgoing plate. If it were allowed to maintain that taper without any erosion or accretion, then no significant internal deformation would be required for the wedge to ride over its décolle- ment. The magnitude of this critical taper is a function of fluid pressures and the mechanical properties of the wedge and décollement. The narrow taper of the Barbados wedge is consistent with the evidence of high fluid pressures for the region, suggesting that its behavior is dominated by horizontal compression resulting from plate convergence. The hy- pothesis that the wedge is at or near compressive failure permits a description of the state of stress in the wedge. The borehole stability problems experienced at Sites 541 and 542 are consistent with the view (Hottman et al., 1979) that boreholes act as stress concentrators. The resulting stress concentration can initiate compressive failure of the borehole wall, and may have contributed to the borehole instability observed on Leg 78A. -
Presentation on Pacific Plate and Associated Boundaries
PACIFIC PLATE AND ASSOCIATED BOUNDARIES The Pacific Plate • Pacific Plate is the largest plate and an oceanic plate. • It shares its boundaries with numerous plates namely; North American Plate.(Convergent and transform fault) Philippine Plate.(Convergent) Juan de Fuca Plate.(Convergent) Indo – Australian Plate.(Convergent, Transform Fault) Cocos Plate.(Divergent) Nazca Plate.(Divergent) Antarctic Plate.(Divergent,Transform Fault) Types of Plate Boundaries • Convergent Boundary: Subduction zones where two plates converges. Eg; Aleutian Islands(Alaska) • Divergent Boundary: Spreading centres where two plates move away from each other. Eg; East Pacific Rise (MOR, Pacific Ocean). • Transform Faults: Boundary where two plates slide past each other. For Eg. ; San Andreas Fault. BOUNDARY WITH ANTARCTIC PLATE DIVERGENT BOUNDARY • Pacific – Antarctic Ridge TRANSFORM FAULT • Louisville Seamount Chain Pacific – Antarctic Ridge Pacific – Antarctic Ridge(PAR) is located on the seafloor of the South Pacific Ocean. It is driven by the interaction of a mid oceanic ridge and deep mantle plumes located in the eastern portion of East Pacific Ridge. Louisville Seamount Chain It is the longest line of seamount chain in the Pacific Ocean of about 4,300 km, formed along the transform boundary in the western side between Pacific plate and Antarctic plate. It was formed from the Pacific Plate sliding over a long – lived centre of upwelling magma called the Louisville hotspot. BOUNDARY WITH PHILIPPINE PLATE CONVERGENT BOUNDARY • Izu – Ogasawara Trench • Mariana Trench Izu – Ogasawara Trench It is an oceanic trench in the western Pacific Ocean. It stretches from Japan to northern most section of Mariana Trench. Here, the Pacific Plate is being subducted beneath the Philippine Sea Plate.