Habitat Heterogeneity of Hadal Trenches Considerations And
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The C-Floor and Zones
The C-Floor and zones Table of Contents ` ❖ The ocean zones ❖ Sunlight zone and twilight zone ❖ Midnight and Abyssal zone ❖ The hadal zone ❖ The c-floor ❖ The c-floor definitions ❖ The c-floor definitions pt.2 ❖ Cites ❖ The end The ocean zones 200 meters deep 1,000 Meters deep 4,000 Meters deep 6,000 Meters deep 10,944 meters deep Sunlight zone Twilight zone ❖ The sunlight zone is 200 meters from the ocean's ❖ The twilight zone is about 1,000 meters surface deep from the ❖ Animals that live here ocean's surface sharks, sea turtles, ❖ Animals that live jellyfish and seals here are gray ❖ Photosynthesis normally whales, greenland occurs in this part of the Shark and clams ocean ❖ The twilight get only a faint amount of sunlight DID YOU KNOW Did you know That no plants live That the sunlight zone in the twilight zone could be called as the because of the euphotic and means well lit amount of sunlight in greek Midnight zone Abyssal zone ❖ The midnight zone is ❖ The abyssal zone is 4,000 meters from 6,000 meters from the the ocean's surface ocean’s surface ❖ Animals that live in ❖ Animals that live in the the midnight zone Abyssal zone are fangtooth fish, pacific are, vampire squid, viperfish and giant snipe eel and spider crabs anglerfish ❖ Supports only ❖ Animals eat only the DID YOU KNOW invertebrates and DID YOU KNOW leftovers that come That only 1 percent of light fishes That most all the way from the travels through animals are sunlight zone to the the midnight zone either small or midnight zone bioluminescent The Hadal Zone (Trench ● The Hadal Zone is 10,944 meters under the ocean ● Snails, worms, and sea cucumbers live in the hadal zone ● It is pitch black in the Hadal Zone The C-Floor The C-Floor Definitions ❖ The Continental Shelf - The flat part where people can walk. -
Microbial Community and Geochemical Analyses of Trans-Trench Sediments for Understanding the Roles of Hadal Environments
The ISME Journal (2020) 14:740–756 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-019-0564-z ARTICLE Microbial community and geochemical analyses of trans-trench sediments for understanding the roles of hadal environments 1 2 3,4,9 2 2,10 2 Satoshi Hiraoka ● Miho Hirai ● Yohei Matsui ● Akiko Makabe ● Hiroaki Minegishi ● Miwako Tsuda ● 3 5 5,6 7 8 2 Juliarni ● Eugenio Rastelli ● Roberto Danovaro ● Cinzia Corinaldesi ● Tomo Kitahashi ● Eiji Tasumi ● 2 2 2 1 Manabu Nishizawa ● Ken Takai ● Hidetaka Nomaki ● Takuro Nunoura Received: 9 August 2019 / Revised: 20 November 2019 / Accepted: 28 November 2019 / Published online: 11 December 2019 © The Author(s) 2019. This article is published with open access Abstract Hadal trench bottom (>6000 m below sea level) sediments harbor higher microbial cell abundance compared with adjacent abyssal plain sediments. This is supported by the accumulation of sedimentary organic matter (OM), facilitated by trench topography. However, the distribution of benthic microbes in different trench systems has not been well explored yet. Here, we carried out small subunit ribosomal RNA gene tag sequencing for 92 sediment subsamples of seven abyssal and seven hadal sediment cores collected from three trench regions in the northwest Pacific Ocean: the Japan, Izu-Ogasawara, and fi 1234567890();,: 1234567890();,: Mariana Trenches. Tag-sequencing analyses showed speci c distribution patterns of several phyla associated with oxygen and nitrate. The community structure was distinct between abyssal and hadal sediments, following geographic locations and factors represented by sediment depth. Co-occurrence network revealed six potential prokaryotic consortia that covaried across regions. Our results further support that the OM cycle is driven by hadal currents and/or rapid burial shapes microbial community structures at trench bottom sites, in addition to vertical deposition from the surface ocean. -
I. Convergent Plate Boundaries (Destructive Margins) (Colliding Plates)
I. Convergent plate boundaries (destructive margins) (colliding plates) 1. Plates collide, an ocean trench forms, lithosphere is subducted into the mantle 2. Types of convergence—three general classes, created by two types of plates —denser oceanic plate subsides into mantle SUBDUCTION --oceanic trench present where this occurs -- Plate descends angle average 45o a. Oceanic-continental convergence 1. Denser oceanic slab sinks into the asthenosphere—continental plate floats 2. Pockets of magma develop and rise—due to water added to lower part of overriding crust—100-150 km depth 3. Continental volcanic arcs form a. e.g., Andes Low angle, strong coupling, strong earthquakes i. Nazca plate ii. Seaward migration of Peru-Chile trench b. e.g., Cascades c. e.g., Sierra Nevada system example of previous subduction b. Oceanic-oceanic convergence 1. Two oceanic slabs converge HDEW animation Motion at Plate Boundaries a. one descends beneath the other b. the older, colder one 2. Often forms volcanoes on the ocean floor 3. Volcanic island arcs forms as volcanoes emerge from the sea 200-300 km from subduction trench TimeLife page 117 Philippine Arc a. e.g., Aleutian islands b. e.g., Mariana islands c. e.g., Tonga islands all three are young volcanic arcs, 20 km thick crust Japan more complex and thicker crust 20-35 km thick c. Continental-continental convergence— all oceaninc crust is destroyed at convergence, and continental crust remains 1. continental crust does not subside—too buoyant 2. two continents collide—become ‘sutured’ together 3. Can produce new mountain ranges such as the Himalayas II. Transform fault boundaries 1. -
The Hadal Zone Deep-Sea Trenches
The Hadal Zone Deep-sea Trenches •! Hadal - Ocean habitats deeper than 6,000m •! Deep-sea trenches comprise the overwhelming majority of these habitats •! Deepest: Mariana Trench – 10,998 m The Hadal Zone Map > 6000 m (Not only trenches!) World Hadal Trenches (Jamieson et al. 2009) 37 deep-sea trenches Most in the Pacific, deepest 9 in the Pacific Trench Environment Temperature: 1.0-2.5oC Temperature increases below 4000 m due to adiabatic heating South Pacific trench temperatures increase from 1.16 to 1.91oC between 6000 and 10000 m (40%) North Pacific trench temperatures rise from 1.67 to 2.40 oC between 6000 and 10000 m. (30%) Tonga Trench Temperature (Jamieson et al. 2009 TREE) Temperatures in trenches are comparable to 3000 m cont. margin Challenger Deep Cross Section CTD Casts Temperature and Salinity Taira et al. 2005 J. Of Oceanography Flow regime: Deep currents ventilate trenches with values up to 8.1 cm/sec in the Challenger Deep Up to 32 cm/s in other trenches Currents exhibit lunar and semi-lunar tidal cycles Mean oxygen in N. Pacific trenches 3.43 ml L-1 Why is the Mariana Trench so deep? 1. Plate configuration – Pacific plate is old and cold and plunging beneath the Philippine plate. The Philippine plate is young and soft and is carried downward with the Pacific plate. 2. Remoteness from sediment sources – it doesn’t fill up over time! Trench Biology – Historical (courtesy of L. Blankenship) •! Challenger – sounding to 8200 m (no fauna) •! Incidental collection of arenaceous foraminiferan at 7228 m Japan Trench (Brady 1984 – 14 spp.) •! In 1899, the “Albatross” trawled the Tonga Trench deeper waters for the first time. -
The Role of Subducting Plate Rheology in Outer-Rise Seismicity: Implications for Japan and South American Subduction Systems
Syracuse University SURFACE Syracuse University Honors Program Capstone Syracuse University Honors Program Capstone Projects Projects Spring 5-1-2015 The role of subducting plate rheology in outer-rise seismicity: Implications for Japan and South American subduction systems Karolina Lubecka Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/honors_capstone Part of the Geology Commons, Geophysics and Seismology Commons, and the Tectonics and Structure Commons Recommended Citation Lubecka, Karolina, "The role of subducting plate rheology in outer-rise seismicity: Implications for Japan and South American subduction systems" (2015). Syracuse University Honors Program Capstone Projects. 830. https://surface.syr.edu/honors_capstone/830 This Honors Capstone Project is brought to you for free and open access by the Syracuse University Honors Program Capstone Projects at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in Syracuse University Honors Program Capstone Projects by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The role of subducting plate rheology in outer-rise seismicity: Implications for Japan and South American subduction systems A Capstone Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Renée Crown University Honors Program at Syracuse University Karolina Lubecka Candidate for B.S. Degree and Renée Crown University Honors May 2015 Honors Capstone Project in Earth Science Capstone Project Advisor: _______________________ Dr. Robert Moucha Capstone Project Reader: _______________________ Dr. Gregory Hoke Honors Director: _______________________ Stephen Kuusisto, Director Date: May 5, 2015 i Abstract The outer rise is a subtle ridge on the seafloor located near an oceanic trench where a down-going lithospheric plate begins to bend and thus fault prior to subducting at the subduction zone. -
~Ertif Ied by 3 0 7 Thesis S Uperv Isg.Rn.:T::.··__....---
1 A GRAPHIC DISPLAY OF PLATE TECTONICS IN THE TETHYS SEA by Anthony B. Williams S.B. California Institute of Technology (1965) SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE 3.EQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF ·rECHNOLOGY August, 1971 ignature of Author Signature redacted Department oj;t=Earth and Planetary Science _S_ig_n_a_tu_r_e_r_e_d_a_c_te_d__ ~ ,_, , ~ertif ied by 3 0 7 Thesis S uperv isg.rn.:t::.··__....--- .. Signature redacted ccepted by Chairman, Departmental Committee on Graduate Students 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02139 MITLibraries http://Iibraries.mit.edu/ask DISCLAIMER NOTICE Due to the condition of the original material, there are unavoidable flaws in this reproduction. We have made every effort possible to provide you with the best copy available. Thank you. Some pages in the original document contain text that runs off the edge of the page. 2 ABSTRACT The hypothesis of plate tectonics is applied to the Mediterranean Sea region in order to explain its Tertiary mountain chains and to derive previous positions for the component plate fragments. Consuming plate boundaries are selected on geophysical and geological grounds, and are assumed connected through modern oceanic regions by shearing and accreting boundaries. The resultant plate fragments are rotated to fit geological and morphological similarities, and the timing of tectonic events, without violating available constraints. The cumulative rotations are plotted to illustrate behind-arc spreading in the western Mediterranean basins and closure upon the Adriatic and Ionian seas from east and west following northward motion of the central Alpine plate fragment. I 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS -Abstract . -
Pseudoliparis Swirei Sp. Nov.: a Newly-Discovered Hadal Snailfish (Scorpaeniformes: Liparidae) from the Mariana Trench
Zootaxa 4358 (1): 161–177 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2017 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4358.1.7 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:84494502-9E85-49DA-8530-092AF8918D88 Pseudoliparis swirei sp. nov.: A newly-discovered hadal snailfish (Scorpaeniformes: Liparidae) from the Mariana Trench MACKENZIE E. GERRINGER1, THOMAS D. LINLEY2, ALAN J. JAMIESON2, ERICA GOETZE1 & JEFFREY C. DRAZEN1 1Dept. Of Oceanography, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, HI 96822. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2School of Marine Science and Technology, Ridley Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK. NE1 7RU. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Pseudoliparis swirei sp. nov. is described from 37 individuals collected in the Mariana Trench at depths 6898–7966 m. The collection of this new species is the deepest benthic capture of a vertebrate with corroborated depth data. Here, we describe P. swirei sp. nov. and discuss aspects of its morphology, biology, distribution, and phylogenetic relationships to other hadal liparids based on analysis of three mitochondrial genes. Pseudoliparis swirei sp. nov. is almost certainly en- demic to the Mariana Trench, as other hadal liparids appear isolated to a single trench/ trench system in the Kermadec, Macquarie, South Sandwich, South Orkney, Peru-Chile, Kurile-Kamchatka and Japan trenches. The discovery of another hadal liparid species, apparently abundant at depths where other fish species are few and only found in low numbers, pro- vides further evidence for the dominance of this family among the hadal fish fauna. -
Ocean Zones Adapted from USC Sea Grant “Island Explorers” by Dr
2011 COSEE-West Introduction to Ocean Zones Adapted from USC Sea Grant “Island Explorers” by Dr. Rachel Kennison, COSEE West Co- Director Grade: K-12 Group Size: 30 students Time: 55 minutes BACKGROUND In order to begin to understand life below the seafloor, it is essential to grasp that the ocean has many different habitats that are defined by the physical and chemical properties that exist at different depths. The purpose of this activity is to identify and describe different zones of the ocean and the organisms that live there. The ocean is divided into 5 main zones from the surface to the depths where light can no longer penetrate. These zones are characterized by different physical and chemical properties, such as quantity and quality of light, pressure and temperature. These properties affect what life forms can exist within those limitations. This activity introduces the microbial environment in the deep ocean, and can be the foundation to explain geothermal processes, and the evolution of bacteria. Labels and features to include on diagram: Photic (sunlit) zone Aphotic (no light) zone Neritic system Benthic realm Pelagic realm Bathyal zone Abyssal zone Hadal zone Shoreline Sea level Coral reef Continental Shelf Continental slope Continental rise Submarine Canyon Abyssal Plain Seamount Guyot Trench Mid-ocean Ridge Rift Valley Hydrothermal vent Sub-seafloor sediment Sub-seafloor aquifer A useful reference for your ocean zones diagram is at http://geosci.sfsu.edu/courses/geol102/ex9.html Two basic guides for the zones: (Source: Sea -
For Creative Minds
For Creative Minds The For Creative Minds educational section may be photocopied or printed from our website by the owner of this book for educational, non-commercial uses. Cross-curricular teaching activities, interactive quizzes, and more are available online. Go to ArbordalePublishing.com and click on the book’s cover to explore all the links. Deep Ocean Habitats Things change the deeper you go in the ocean: light disappears, temperatures grow increasingly colder, and pressure gets much higher. The amount of oxygen in the water sunlight zone decreases with depth but then gets higher again at the bottom! Because these changes twilight zone affect the types of organisms that can survive there, the ocean is divided into five layers by depth called life zones. Only the sunlight zone receives enough sunlight for algae to convert light into energy midnight zone (photosynthesis). Because almost all food webs start with plants or algae, this is the zone where the most animals live. The twilight zone still gets some sunlight, but not enough for photosynthesis. The animals that live here either travel to the sunlight zone to feed or depend on food falling from above. There is no light in the midnight zone. Most abyssal zone of the animals that live here produce their own light through bioluminescence. The abyssal zone is pitch black, almost freezing cold, and has little oxygen and incredibly high pressure, yet animals still live here. In the deep trenches is the hadal zone. It is like the abyssal zone, except with even more hadal zone immense -
Serpentine Volcanoes
2016 Deepwater Exploration of the Marianas Serpentine Volcanoes Focus Serpentine mud volcanoes Grade Level 9-12 (Earth Science) Focus Question What are serpentine mud volcanoes and what geological and chemical processes are involved with their formation? Learning Objectives • Students will describe serpentinization and explain its significance to deep-sea ecosystems. Materials q Copies of Mud Volcano Inquiry Guide, one copy for each student group Audio-Visual Materials q (Optional) Interactive whiteboard Teaching Time One or two 45-minute class periods Seating Arrangement Groups of two to four students Maximum Number of Students 30 Key Words Mariana Arc Serpentine Mud volcano Mariana Trench Serpentinization Peridotite Image captions/credits on Page 2. Tectonic plate 1 www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov Serpentine Volcanoes - 2016 Grades 9-12 (Earth Science) Background Information NOTE: Explanations and procedures in this lesson are written at a level appropriate to professional educators. In presenting and discussing this material with students, educators may need to adapt the language and instructional approach to styles that are best suited to specific student groups. The Marina Trench is an oceanic trench in the western Pacific Ocean that is formed by the collision of two large pieces of the Earth’s crust known as tectonic plates. These plates are portions of the Earth’s outer crust (the lithosphere) about 5 km thick, as well as the upper 60 - 75 km of the underlying mantle. The plates move on a hot, flexible mantle layer called the asthenosphere, which is several hundred kilometers thick. The Pacific Ocean Basin lies on top of the Pacific Plate. To the east, new crust is formed by magma rising from deep within Images from Page 1 top to bottom: the Earth. -
Global Open Oceans and Deep Seabed (Goods) - Biogeographic Classification
CBD Distr. GENERAL UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/14/INF/10 29 April 2010 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH SUBSIDIARY BODY ON SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL ADVICE Fourteenth meeting Nairobi, 10-21 May 2010 Item 3.1.3 of the provisional agenda * GLOBAL OPEN OCEANS AND DEEP SEABED (GOODS) - BIOGEOGRAPHIC CLASSIFICATION Note by the Executive Secretary 1. The Executive Secretary is circulating herewith, for the information of participants in the fourteenth meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice, IOC Technical Series No.84 on Global Open Oceans and Deep Seabed (GOODS) - Biogeographic Classification, submitted by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization/Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, pursuant to paragraph 6of decision IX/20. 2. This report was also considered by the CBD Expert Workshop on Scientific and Technical Guidance on the Use of Biogeographic Classification Systems and Identification of Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction in Need of Protection, held in Ottawa, from 29 September to 2 October 2009. 3. The document is circulated in the form and language in which it was received by the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. * UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/14/1 /... In order to minimize the environmental impacts of the Secretariat’s processes, and to contribute to the Secretary-General’s initiative f or a C-Neutral UN, this document is printed in limited numbers. Delegates are kindly requested to bring their copies to meetings and not to request additional copies. Global Open Oceans and Deep Seabed (GOODS) biogeographic classification Global Open Oceans and Deep Seabed (GOODS) biogeographic classification Edited by: Marjo Vierros (UNU-IAS), Ian Cresswell (Australia), Elva Escobar Briones (Mexico), Jake Rice (Canada), and Jeff Ardron (Germany) UNESCO 2009 goods inside 2.indd 1 24/03/09 14:55:52 Global Open Oceans and Deep Seabed (GOODS) biogeographic classification Authors Contributors Vera N. -
Presentation on Pacific Plate and Associated Boundaries
PACIFIC PLATE AND ASSOCIATED BOUNDARIES The Pacific Plate • Pacific Plate is the largest plate and an oceanic plate. • It shares its boundaries with numerous plates namely; North American Plate.(Convergent and transform fault) Philippine Plate.(Convergent) Juan de Fuca Plate.(Convergent) Indo – Australian Plate.(Convergent, Transform Fault) Cocos Plate.(Divergent) Nazca Plate.(Divergent) Antarctic Plate.(Divergent,Transform Fault) Types of Plate Boundaries • Convergent Boundary: Subduction zones where two plates converges. Eg; Aleutian Islands(Alaska) • Divergent Boundary: Spreading centres where two plates move away from each other. Eg; East Pacific Rise (MOR, Pacific Ocean). • Transform Faults: Boundary where two plates slide past each other. For Eg. ; San Andreas Fault. BOUNDARY WITH ANTARCTIC PLATE DIVERGENT BOUNDARY • Pacific – Antarctic Ridge TRANSFORM FAULT • Louisville Seamount Chain Pacific – Antarctic Ridge Pacific – Antarctic Ridge(PAR) is located on the seafloor of the South Pacific Ocean. It is driven by the interaction of a mid oceanic ridge and deep mantle plumes located in the eastern portion of East Pacific Ridge. Louisville Seamount Chain It is the longest line of seamount chain in the Pacific Ocean of about 4,300 km, formed along the transform boundary in the western side between Pacific plate and Antarctic plate. It was formed from the Pacific Plate sliding over a long – lived centre of upwelling magma called the Louisville hotspot. BOUNDARY WITH PHILIPPINE PLATE CONVERGENT BOUNDARY • Izu – Ogasawara Trench • Mariana Trench Izu – Ogasawara Trench It is an oceanic trench in the western Pacific Ocean. It stretches from Japan to northern most section of Mariana Trench. Here, the Pacific Plate is being subducted beneath the Philippine Sea Plate.