Ocean Zones Adapted from USC Sea Grant “Island Explorers” by Dr
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Bathyal Zones of the Mediterranean Continental Slope: an Attempt
Publ: Espec. but. Esp. Oceanogr. 23. 1997: 23-33 P UBUCACIONES ESPECIALES L"lSTlTUTO ESP.I\NOL DE O CEANOGRAFIA ISSN; 021-1-7378 . ISBN: 81 ~19 1 -O 299-5 Ib Ministerio de Agriculrura, Pesca yAlimentacion , L997 Bathyal zones of the Mediterranean continental slope: An attempt c. C. Emig Centre d'Ocean ologie de Marseille (UMR-CNRS 6540) , Station Mari ne d 'Endoum e, Rue de la Batterie-des-Lions. 13007 Marseille, France. Received Febru ary 1996. A ccepted August 1 99 6. ABSTRACT On the con tine ntal slop e, th e bathyal can be divided into two zones, the upper bathya l and the middle bath yal, at the shelf break, which represents th e boun dary betwe en the coastal shelf environment an d the deep realm , located at about 100-110 m dep th. T he upper bathyal, previ ously considered a transitional zone, is characterised by distin ct physical, geological an d biol ogi cal features. Its bath ymen-ic extension is directly related to slope physiography, and its lower boun dary ge ne rally corresponds to the mud line. T his belt is governe d by specific abiotic factors with stee p physical grad ients (e.g., hydro dynam ics, salin ity, oxygen , temperat ure , sedirnen ts}. Major change in tbe benthic fauna is associated with major ch ange in these abiotic factors. The three main biocoeno ses are dominated by suspen sion-feed ing species, which are exclusive to th e Mediterran ean upper bathyal. Dep ending on water parameters, the limit between th e phytal and aphyta l systems gene ra lly occurs with in th e upper bathyal. -
Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (2012)
FGDC-STD-018-2012 Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard Marine and Coastal Spatial Data Subcommittee Federal Geographic Data Committee June, 2012 Federal Geographic Data Committee FGDC-STD-018-2012 Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard, June 2012 ______________________________________________________________________________________ CONTENTS PAGE 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Objectives ................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Need ......................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Scope ........................................................................................................................ 2 1.4 Application ............................................................................................................... 3 1.5 Relationship to Previous FGDC Standards .............................................................. 4 1.6 Development Procedures ......................................................................................... 5 1.7 Guiding Principles ................................................................................................... 7 1.7.1 Build a Scientifically Sound Ecological Classification .................................... 7 1.7.2 Meet the Needs of a Wide Range of Users ...................................................... -
Grade 3 Unit 2 Overview Open Ocean Habitats Introduction
G3 U2 OVR GRADE 3 UNIT 2 OVERVIEW Open Ocean Habitats Introduction The open ocean has always played a vital role in the culture, subsistence, and economic well-being of Hawai‘i’s inhabitants. The Hawaiian Islands lie in the Pacifi c Ocean, a body of water covering more than one-third of the Earth’s surface. In the following four lessons, students learn about open ocean habitats, from the ocean’s lighter surface to the darker bottom fl oor thousands of feet below the surface. Although organisms are scarce in the deep sea, there is a large diversity of organisms in addition to bottom fi sh such as polycheate worms, crustaceans, and bivalve mollusks. They come to realize that few things in the open ocean have adapted to cope with the increased pressure from the weight of the water column at that depth, in complete darkness and frigid temperatures. Students fi nd out, through instruction, presentations, and website research, that the vast open ocean is divided into zones. The pelagic zone consists of the open ocean habitat that begins at the edge of the continental shelf and extends from the surface to the ocean bottom. This zone is further sub-divided into the photic (sunlight) and disphotic (twilight) zones where most ocean organisms live. Below these two sub-zones is the aphotic (darkness) zone. In this unit, students learn about each of the ocean zones, and identify and note animals living in each zone. They also research and keep records of the evolutionary physical features and functions that animals they study have acquired to survive in harsh open ocean habitats. -
The C-Floor and Zones
The C-Floor and zones Table of Contents ` ❖ The ocean zones ❖ Sunlight zone and twilight zone ❖ Midnight and Abyssal zone ❖ The hadal zone ❖ The c-floor ❖ The c-floor definitions ❖ The c-floor definitions pt.2 ❖ Cites ❖ The end The ocean zones 200 meters deep 1,000 Meters deep 4,000 Meters deep 6,000 Meters deep 10,944 meters deep Sunlight zone Twilight zone ❖ The sunlight zone is 200 meters from the ocean's ❖ The twilight zone is about 1,000 meters surface deep from the ❖ Animals that live here ocean's surface sharks, sea turtles, ❖ Animals that live jellyfish and seals here are gray ❖ Photosynthesis normally whales, greenland occurs in this part of the Shark and clams ocean ❖ The twilight get only a faint amount of sunlight DID YOU KNOW Did you know That no plants live That the sunlight zone in the twilight zone could be called as the because of the euphotic and means well lit amount of sunlight in greek Midnight zone Abyssal zone ❖ The midnight zone is ❖ The abyssal zone is 4,000 meters from 6,000 meters from the the ocean's surface ocean’s surface ❖ Animals that live in ❖ Animals that live in the the midnight zone Abyssal zone are fangtooth fish, pacific are, vampire squid, viperfish and giant snipe eel and spider crabs anglerfish ❖ Supports only ❖ Animals eat only the DID YOU KNOW invertebrates and DID YOU KNOW leftovers that come That only 1 percent of light fishes That most all the way from the travels through animals are sunlight zone to the the midnight zone either small or midnight zone bioluminescent The Hadal Zone (Trench ● The Hadal Zone is 10,944 meters under the ocean ● Snails, worms, and sea cucumbers live in the hadal zone ● It is pitch black in the Hadal Zone The C-Floor The C-Floor Definitions ❖ The Continental Shelf - The flat part where people can walk. -
DEEP SEA LEBANON RESULTS of the 2016 EXPEDITION EXPLORING SUBMARINE CANYONS Towards Deep-Sea Conservation in Lebanon Project
DEEP SEA LEBANON RESULTS OF THE 2016 EXPEDITION EXPLORING SUBMARINE CANYONS Towards Deep-Sea Conservation in Lebanon Project March 2018 DEEP SEA LEBANON RESULTS OF THE 2016 EXPEDITION EXPLORING SUBMARINE CANYONS Towards Deep-Sea Conservation in Lebanon Project Citation: Aguilar, R., García, S., Perry, A.L., Alvarez, H., Blanco, J., Bitar, G. 2018. 2016 Deep-sea Lebanon Expedition: Exploring Submarine Canyons. Oceana, Madrid. 94 p. DOI: 10.31230/osf.io/34cb9 Based on an official request from Lebanon’s Ministry of Environment back in 2013, Oceana has planned and carried out an expedition to survey Lebanese deep-sea canyons and escarpments. Cover: Cerianthus membranaceus © OCEANA All photos are © OCEANA Index 06 Introduction 11 Methods 16 Results 44 Areas 12 Rov surveys 16 Habitat types 44 Tarablus/Batroun 14 Infaunal surveys 16 Coralligenous habitat 44 Jounieh 14 Oceanographic and rhodolith/maërl 45 St. George beds measurements 46 Beirut 19 Sandy bottoms 15 Data analyses 46 Sayniq 15 Collaborations 20 Sandy-muddy bottoms 20 Rocky bottoms 22 Canyon heads 22 Bathyal muds 24 Species 27 Fishes 29 Crustaceans 30 Echinoderms 31 Cnidarians 36 Sponges 38 Molluscs 40 Bryozoans 40 Brachiopods 42 Tunicates 42 Annelids 42 Foraminifera 42 Algae | Deep sea Lebanon OCEANA 47 Human 50 Discussion and 68 Annex 1 85 Annex 2 impacts conclusions 68 Table A1. List of 85 Methodology for 47 Marine litter 51 Main expedition species identified assesing relative 49 Fisheries findings 84 Table A2. List conservation interest of 49 Other observations 52 Key community of threatened types and their species identified survey areas ecological importanc 84 Figure A1. -
Microbial Community and Geochemical Analyses of Trans-Trench Sediments for Understanding the Roles of Hadal Environments
The ISME Journal (2020) 14:740–756 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-019-0564-z ARTICLE Microbial community and geochemical analyses of trans-trench sediments for understanding the roles of hadal environments 1 2 3,4,9 2 2,10 2 Satoshi Hiraoka ● Miho Hirai ● Yohei Matsui ● Akiko Makabe ● Hiroaki Minegishi ● Miwako Tsuda ● 3 5 5,6 7 8 2 Juliarni ● Eugenio Rastelli ● Roberto Danovaro ● Cinzia Corinaldesi ● Tomo Kitahashi ● Eiji Tasumi ● 2 2 2 1 Manabu Nishizawa ● Ken Takai ● Hidetaka Nomaki ● Takuro Nunoura Received: 9 August 2019 / Revised: 20 November 2019 / Accepted: 28 November 2019 / Published online: 11 December 2019 © The Author(s) 2019. This article is published with open access Abstract Hadal trench bottom (>6000 m below sea level) sediments harbor higher microbial cell abundance compared with adjacent abyssal plain sediments. This is supported by the accumulation of sedimentary organic matter (OM), facilitated by trench topography. However, the distribution of benthic microbes in different trench systems has not been well explored yet. Here, we carried out small subunit ribosomal RNA gene tag sequencing for 92 sediment subsamples of seven abyssal and seven hadal sediment cores collected from three trench regions in the northwest Pacific Ocean: the Japan, Izu-Ogasawara, and fi 1234567890();,: 1234567890();,: Mariana Trenches. Tag-sequencing analyses showed speci c distribution patterns of several phyla associated with oxygen and nitrate. The community structure was distinct between abyssal and hadal sediments, following geographic locations and factors represented by sediment depth. Co-occurrence network revealed six potential prokaryotic consortia that covaried across regions. Our results further support that the OM cycle is driven by hadal currents and/or rapid burial shapes microbial community structures at trench bottom sites, in addition to vertical deposition from the surface ocean. -
Translation 3204
4 of 6 I' rÉ:1°.r - - - Ï''.ec.n::::,- - — TRANSLATION 3204 and Van, else--- de ,-0,- SERIES NO(S) ^4p €'`°°'°^^`m`^' TRANSLATION 3204 5 of 6 serceaesoe^nee SERIES NO.(S) serv,- i°- I' ann., Canada ° '° TRANSLATION 3204 6 of 6 SERIES NO(S) • =,-""r I FISHERIES AND MARINE SERVICE ARCHIVE:3 Translation Series No. 3204 Multidisciplinary investigations of the continental slope in the Gulf of Alaska area by Z.A. Filatova (ed.) Original title: Kompleksnyye issledovaniya materikovogo sklona v raione Zaliva Alyaska From: Trudy Instituta okeanologii im. P.P. ShirshoV (Publications of the P.P. Shirshov Oceanpgraphy Institute), 91 : 1-260, 1973 Translated by the Translation Bureau(HGC) Multilingual Services Division Department of the Secretary of State of Canada Department of the Environment Fisheries and Marine Service Pacific Biological Station Nanaimo, B.C. 1974 ; 494 pages typescriPt "DEPARTMENT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE SECRÉTARIAT D'ÉTAT TRANSLATION BUREAU BUREAU DES TRADUCTIONS MULTILINGUAL SERVICES DIVISION DES SERVICES DIVISION MULTILINGUES ceÔ 'TRANSLATED FROM - TRADUCTION DE INTO - EN Russian English Ain HOR - AUTEUR Z. A. Filatova (ed.) ri TL E IN ENGLISH - TITRE ANGLAIS Multidisciplinary investigations of the continental slope in the Gulf of Aâaska ares TI TLE IN FORE I GN LANGuAGE (TRANS LI TERA TE FOREIGN CHARACTERS) TITRE EN LANGUE ÉTRANGÈRE (TRANSCRIRE EN CARACTÈRES ROMAINS) Kompleksnyye issledovaniya materikovogo sklona v raione Zaliva Alyaska. REFERENCE IN FOREI GN LANGUAGE (NAME: OF BOOK OR PUBLICATION) IN FULL. TRANSLI TERATE FOREIGN CHARACTERS, RÉFÉRENCE EN LANGUE ÉTRANGÈRE (NOM DU LIVRE OU PUBLICATION), AU COMPLET, TRANSCRIRE EN CARACTÈRES ROMAINS. Trudy Instituta okeanologii im. P.P. -
The EUNIS Habitat Classification. ICES CM 2000/T:04
Theme Session on Classification and Mapping of Marine Habitats CM 2000/T:04 The EUNIS Habitat Classification SUMMARY The EUNIS habitat classification has been developed on behalf of the European Environment Agency to facilitate description of marine and terrestrial European habitats through the use of criteria for habitat identification. It is a broadly-based hierarchical classification which provides an easily understood common language for habitats. It builds on earlier initiatives (CORINE and Palaearctic habitat classifications) and incorporates existing classifications used by European marine Conventions and the EU-funded BioMar project with cross-references to these and other systems. It is recognised that detailed biotopes from some marine regions are poorly represented and that EUNIS will need to be expanded to cover this wider geographic area. Most of the additions will probably be made at hierarchical level 5 (where the distinct BioMar and Mediterranean units are now held). Changes and additions to the classification will only be made following detailed consultation with experts. A key to the habitat units at each of the first three levels is incorporated and the classification is linked to a parameter-based database to describe specific habitats. The present draft of the EUNIS habitat classification was completed in November 1999 and is expected to remain stable for a time to allow validation and testing through field trials and descriptive parameters to be compiled. Cynthia E. Davies and Dorian Moss: CEH Monks Wood, Abbots Ripton, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, PE28 2LS, UK Tel: +44 (0)1487 772400 Fax: +44 (0)1487 773467 email: [email protected], [email protected] INTRODUCTION The European Environment Agency (EEA) Topic Centre on Nature Conservation (ETC/NC) is developing a European Nature Information System, EUNIS, which has two main aims: to facilitate use of data by promoting harmonisation of terminology and definitions and to be a reservoir of information on European environmentally important matters. -
Patterns of Bathymetric Zonation of Bivalves in the Porcupine Seabight and Adjacent Abyssal Plain, NE Atlantic
ARTICLE IN PRESS Deep-Sea Research I 52 (2005) 15–31 www.elsevier.com/locate/dsr Patterns of bathymetric zonation of bivalves in the Porcupine Seabight and adjacent Abyssal plain, NE Atlantic Celia Olabarriaà Southampton Oceanography Centre, DEEPSEAS Benthic Biology Group, Empress Dock, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK Received 23 April2004; received in revised form 21 September 2004; accepted 21 September 2004 Abstract Although the organization patterns of fauna in the deep sea have been broadly documented, most studies have focused on the megafauna. Bivalves represent about 10% of the deep-sea macrobenthic fauna, being the third taxon in abundance after polychaetes and peracarid crustaceans. This study, based on a large data set, examined the bathymetric distribution, patterns of zonation and diversity–depth trends of bivalves from the Porcupine Seabight and adjacent Abyssal Plain (NE Atlantic). A total of 131,334 individuals belonging to 76 species were collected between 500 and 4866 m. Most of the species showed broad depth ranges with some ranges extending over more than 3000 m. Furthermore, many species overlapped in their depth distributions. Patterns of zonation were not very strong and faunal change was gradual. Nevertheless, four bathymetric discontinuities, more or less clearly delimited, occurred at about 750, 1900, 2900 and 4100 m. These boundaries indicated five faunistic zones: (1) a zone above 750 m marking the change from shelf species to bathyal species; (2) a zone from 750 to 1900 m that corresponds to the upper and mid- bathyalzones taken together; (3) a lowerbathyalzone from 1900 to 2900 m; (4) a transition zone from 2900 to 4100 m where the bathyal fauna meets and overlaps with the abyssal fauna and (5) a truly abyssal zone from approximately 4100–4900 m (the lower depth limit of this study), characterized by the presence of abyssal species with restricted depth ranges and a few specimens of some bathyalspecies with very broad distributions. -
The Hadal Zone Deep-Sea Trenches
The Hadal Zone Deep-sea Trenches •! Hadal - Ocean habitats deeper than 6,000m •! Deep-sea trenches comprise the overwhelming majority of these habitats •! Deepest: Mariana Trench – 10,998 m The Hadal Zone Map > 6000 m (Not only trenches!) World Hadal Trenches (Jamieson et al. 2009) 37 deep-sea trenches Most in the Pacific, deepest 9 in the Pacific Trench Environment Temperature: 1.0-2.5oC Temperature increases below 4000 m due to adiabatic heating South Pacific trench temperatures increase from 1.16 to 1.91oC between 6000 and 10000 m (40%) North Pacific trench temperatures rise from 1.67 to 2.40 oC between 6000 and 10000 m. (30%) Tonga Trench Temperature (Jamieson et al. 2009 TREE) Temperatures in trenches are comparable to 3000 m cont. margin Challenger Deep Cross Section CTD Casts Temperature and Salinity Taira et al. 2005 J. Of Oceanography Flow regime: Deep currents ventilate trenches with values up to 8.1 cm/sec in the Challenger Deep Up to 32 cm/s in other trenches Currents exhibit lunar and semi-lunar tidal cycles Mean oxygen in N. Pacific trenches 3.43 ml L-1 Why is the Mariana Trench so deep? 1. Plate configuration – Pacific plate is old and cold and plunging beneath the Philippine plate. The Philippine plate is young and soft and is carried downward with the Pacific plate. 2. Remoteness from sediment sources – it doesn’t fill up over time! Trench Biology – Historical (courtesy of L. Blankenship) •! Challenger – sounding to 8200 m (no fauna) •! Incidental collection of arenaceous foraminiferan at 7228 m Japan Trench (Brady 1984 – 14 spp.) •! In 1899, the “Albatross” trawled the Tonga Trench deeper waters for the first time. -
Pseudoliparis Swirei Sp. Nov.: a Newly-Discovered Hadal Snailfish (Scorpaeniformes: Liparidae) from the Mariana Trench
Zootaxa 4358 (1): 161–177 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2017 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4358.1.7 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:84494502-9E85-49DA-8530-092AF8918D88 Pseudoliparis swirei sp. nov.: A newly-discovered hadal snailfish (Scorpaeniformes: Liparidae) from the Mariana Trench MACKENZIE E. GERRINGER1, THOMAS D. LINLEY2, ALAN J. JAMIESON2, ERICA GOETZE1 & JEFFREY C. DRAZEN1 1Dept. Of Oceanography, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, HI 96822. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2School of Marine Science and Technology, Ridley Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK. NE1 7RU. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Pseudoliparis swirei sp. nov. is described from 37 individuals collected in the Mariana Trench at depths 6898–7966 m. The collection of this new species is the deepest benthic capture of a vertebrate with corroborated depth data. Here, we describe P. swirei sp. nov. and discuss aspects of its morphology, biology, distribution, and phylogenetic relationships to other hadal liparids based on analysis of three mitochondrial genes. Pseudoliparis swirei sp. nov. is almost certainly en- demic to the Mariana Trench, as other hadal liparids appear isolated to a single trench/ trench system in the Kermadec, Macquarie, South Sandwich, South Orkney, Peru-Chile, Kurile-Kamchatka and Japan trenches. The discovery of another hadal liparid species, apparently abundant at depths where other fish species are few and only found in low numbers, pro- vides further evidence for the dominance of this family among the hadal fish fauna. -
For Creative Minds
For Creative Minds The For Creative Minds educational section may be photocopied or printed from our website by the owner of this book for educational, non-commercial uses. Cross-curricular teaching activities, interactive quizzes, and more are available online. Go to ArbordalePublishing.com and click on the book’s cover to explore all the links. Deep Ocean Habitats Things change the deeper you go in the ocean: light disappears, temperatures grow increasingly colder, and pressure gets much higher. The amount of oxygen in the water sunlight zone decreases with depth but then gets higher again at the bottom! Because these changes twilight zone affect the types of organisms that can survive there, the ocean is divided into five layers by depth called life zones. Only the sunlight zone receives enough sunlight for algae to convert light into energy midnight zone (photosynthesis). Because almost all food webs start with plants or algae, this is the zone where the most animals live. The twilight zone still gets some sunlight, but not enough for photosynthesis. The animals that live here either travel to the sunlight zone to feed or depend on food falling from above. There is no light in the midnight zone. Most abyssal zone of the animals that live here produce their own light through bioluminescence. The abyssal zone is pitch black, almost freezing cold, and has little oxygen and incredibly high pressure, yet animals still live here. In the deep trenches is the hadal zone. It is like the abyssal zone, except with even more hadal zone immense