DOCSLIB.ORG

Effect of Gibberellic Acid

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Effect of Gibberellic Acid 473 Arab Univ. J. Agric. Sci., Ain Shams Univ., Cairo, 15(2), 473-481, 2007 TOWARDS AN INTEGRATED CONTROL OF SESAME (SESAMUM INDICUM L.) CHARCOAL ROT CAUSED BY MACROPHOMINA PHASEOLINA (TASSI) GOID [41] Ibrahim, M.E.1 and A.M. Abdel-Azeem2 1- Department of Geological and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Education, University of Suez Canal, Al-Arish, Egypt. 2- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Suez Canal, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt Keywords: Macrophomina phaseolina, Charcoal ly during the hot period. In addition to root and Rot, Sesame, Solarization, Amendment, Fungal stem root it causes in sesame (Sesamum indicum antagonists. L.) early maturation, chlorosis and incomplete capsule filling (Wyllie, 1988). M. phaseolina sur- ABSTRACT vives as microsclerotia in the soil and infected plant debris. These microsclerotia serve as the Soil solarization in combination with fungal primary source of inoculum and have been found antagonists and soil amendments has been sub- to persist in the soil up to three years (Cloud and jected to evaluation as a potential disease man- Rupe, 1991) but their survival is greatly reduced agement strategy for the control of charcoal rot of in wet soils. sesame caused by Macrophomina phaseolina Strategies of effective and economic disease (Tassi) Goid. Solarization alone or in combination management of charcoal rot are still inadequate. with Trichoderma pseudokoningii and Emericella Management of charcoal rot requires integrated nidulans singly or in mixed inocula reduces dis- strategies that either reduce the population of mi- ease incidence from 30 % (control) to 80%, 91 %, crosclerotia in the soil or prevent infection. From 82 % and 85% respectively. It is noted that while an environmental point of view soil heating is a pairing improved the biocontrols potentiality of E. more acceptable method of enhancing efficacy of nidulans by increasing the number of healthy antagonistic strains of microbes against charcoal plants in both unsolarized and solarized soils it rot and many other plant pathogens. It can be ac- leads to decrease in the biocontrol potentiality of complished in warm climates by solarization. This T. pseudokoningii. On the other hand the combina- involves covering moistened field soil with trans- tion of solarization with soil amendment with Eu- parent polyethylene sheets during the hot season calyptus powdered leaves showed a synergistic causing an increase in soil temperature up to 45 effect by increasing number of healthy plants from oC. The resulting high soil temperature can reduce 65 % in amended unsolarized soil to 77 % in diseases caused by several soil borne pathogens amended solarized soil. including nematodes, fungi and bacteria (Ramirez-Villapudua & Munnecke, 1988; INTRODUCTION Satour et al 1989; Osman, 1990; Sarhan, 1990; Ali et al 1990; Davis, 1991; Melero-Vara et al Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. a soil 1995; Chellemi et al 1997; Lodha et al 1997 and borne fungus causes charcoal rot of roots and low- Pinkerton et al 2000). Although soil temperatures er stem. The fungus can infect about 500 plant attained by solarization may be sufficiently high to species in more than 100 families throughout the directly kill propagules of some pathogens present world (Mihail & Taylor 1995 and Srivastava et in the upper soil layers, the efficacy declines with al 2001). It is of high incidence in Egypt especial- soil depth (Katan, 1981), and therefore a combi- (Received July 5, 2007) (Accepted July 30, 2007) 474 Ibrahim and Abdel-Azeem nation with other control measures is often neces- were daily recorded for mulched and unmulched sary for improving the efficacy of soil solarization soil at the depths of 5 and 10 cm by using a soil (Washington et al 2003). Improving of solariza- thermometer. tion can be accomplished by soil amendment with organic fertilizer or using antagonistic fungi. Soil sampling and isolation of fungi The objective of the present investigation is to compare the efficacy of solarization alone and in After solarization for eight weeks, samples combination with other means to control charcoal were taken from the upper 20 cm of the soil pro- rot by Macrophomina phaseolina. These combina- file with a sampling tube (ca 2.5 cm diameter). tions comprised: the use of antagonistic fungi and Five soil samples were collected at random from amendment of soil with Eucalyptus leaves. each section and kept in plastic bags to form com- posite. Total mycobiota was isolated using dilu- MATERIALS AND METHODS tion plate method (Johnson et al 1960) in both mulched and unmulched plots. Czapek's agar sup- Experimental design plemented with 0.5 % yeast extract (CYA), amended with rose bengal (1/15000) and chloram- An experiment consisted of two treatments phenicol (50 ppm) was used for primary isolation. namely, solarized (mulched with 0.9 mm thick Twenty five plates were used for each sample. transparent polyethylene sheets) and unmulched Plates were incubated at 28 oC for 10 days and (exposed to direct sun-light) was conducted in the developing fungi were counted. For maintaining Botanical Garden of Faculty of Science, Suez Ca- cultures and for proper identification, pure cultures nal University at Ismailia in an artificially infested of isolated fungi were grown on standard media site with M. phaseolina. The site was divided into such as Vegetable Agar (V8), Oatmeal Agar (OA), two plots (10m2 each) in which both plots were Malt Extract Agar (MEA) Potato Dextrose Agar further divided into five sections each measuring 1 (PDA) and Potato Carrot Agar (PCA). x 2 m. All experiments were repeated twice in the Taxonomic identification by morphology of two consecutive seasons 2003 & 2004 in which fungal isolates was mainly based on the following the effect of each of solarization, fungal antago- identification keys: Raper & Thom (1949) and nists, and soil amendment with Eucalyptus leaves Pitt (1980) for Penicillium; Raper & Fennell alone and/ or in combination on the viability of (1965) for Aspergillus; Ellis (1971 and 1976) for inoculum of M. phaseolina were studied. Eucalyp- dematiaceous hyphomycetes; Booth (1971) for tus leaves were dried at 60 oC for 48 hr and pow- Fusarium; Arx (1981), Domsch et al (1980) for dered on the soil surface in the amount of 30 g m2 miscellaneous fungi; Arx et al (1986), Cannon then mixed with the soil by forking to a depth be- (1986) for Chaetomium. The systematic arrange- tween 5 and 10 cm before solarization. The soil ment follows the latest system of classification type is sandy with 55 percent sand, 16 percent silt appearing in the 9th edition of Anisworth & Bis- & clay. The soil pH ranges from 7.6 to 7.9, elec- by’s Dictionary of the fungi (Kirk et al 2001). tric conductivity ranged from 1.98 to 2.02 dSm-1 and organic matter ranges from 2.1 to 2.3 %. Preparation of inocula Soil solarization and soil temperature a- The pathogen The plot was prepared by tilling and crumbling Sclerotia of M. phaseolina were initially iso- to a depth of 15 to 25cm and watered to field ca- lated from naturally infected sesame plant. Infect- pacity. This was accomplished by covering moist ed stem of sesame plants were surface sterilized soil with 0.9 mm thick transparent polyethylene using 7 % sodium hypochlorite for three minutes sheets on 1st of July 2003, and the unmulched plot then soaked in 55-75% ethanol for two minutes was left exposed to direct sun light. Edges of the (Royse & Ries, 1978 and Melgarejo et al 1985). polyethylene sheets were buried to 25 cm depth at After rinsing with sterilized water, stem were the margins with special care to minimize the dis- sliced and transferred to plates of PDA, CYA tance between the sheets and soil to prevent the amended with rose bengal and incubated at 30c for formation of air pockets that retard the soil heating 7 days. Microsclerotia were collected from a cul- process. Five sections were solarized for 8 weeks ture of the pathogen grown on PDA for 10 days and soil temperatures, minimum and maximum, and kept at 7 oC till use. Inoculum for use in field Arab Univ. J. Agric. Sci., 15(2), 2007 Integrated Control of Sesame 475 experiments was prepared by culturing the fungus ty of E. nidulans they were selected for field stud- in autoclaved barley grains (250 g of barley; 30 ml ies. T. pseudokoningii and E. nidulans were grown water) at 30 oC for two weeks in 500 ml conical on PDA for 10 days; spores of dried cultures were flask. harvested by gentle scraping with a camel’s hair brush from the dry agar surface into sterile vials b- The antagonists containing surface sterilized, dry sesame seeds. Vials were shaken for 10 minutes to assure thor- Preparation of Trichoderma and Emericella ough dressing. Uncoated seeds were also used as cultures. control. Sections of both solarized and unsolarized The antagonistic abilities of various isolated soil were treated with fungal antagonists and Eu- taxa against M. phaseolina were characterized by calyptus leaves as shown in Figure (1). These the BioControl Index (BCI) values calculated ac- sections were planted by coated sesame seeds by cording to Leitgeb et al (2005). Due to the high spreading the seeds on soil surface at the rate of rate of recolonization of T. pseudokoningii (Her- 500-600 seed/m2 then forking to a depth of 2 to 3 mosa et al 2000) and high antagonistic potentiali- cm. 10 m Unmulched Trichoderma Eucalyptus Control Trichoderma Emericella & Emericella leaves Mulched Eucalyptus Trichoderma Control Trichoderma Emericella & Emericella leaves Figure 1. Experiment design and different treatments RESULTS lates): Zygomycota (eight species, 3.89% of the total isolate number), teleomorphic Ascomycota Efficacy of solarization (14 species, 8.76%), anamorphic (asexual) Asco- Recorded data indicated that soil temperature mycota (24 species, 83.49%) and mitosporic fungi during July-August elevated remarkably in solar- (8 species, 3.86 %) (Table 2).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mémoire De Master
    الجمهىريت الجسائريت الديمقراطيت الشعبيت République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire وزارة التعليم العالي و البحث العلمي Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique Université Mohamed Khider - Biskra MÉMOIRE DE MASTER Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie Sciences Agronomiques Protection des Végétaux Réf. : ………………………… Présenté et soutenu par : Melle. Malak Filali Etude du pouvoir suppressif d’un sol vis-à-vis de Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici race 1, agent causal de la flétrissure de la tomate Jury : M. Khechai Salim MAA Mohammed Khider - Biskra Président M. Mehaoua Mohammed Seghir MCA Mohammed Khider - Biskra Examinateur M. Djekiref Laâla MAA Mohammed Khider - Biskra Rapporteur Année universitaire : 2019 - 2020 DEDICACES Je dédie ce travail à mes très chers parents que Dieu les bénissent. A ma Mère Elle a tout le mérite au long de mes études sa bienveillance et ses conseils ont été très précieux A mon Père Qui a œuvré pendant des années à notre bien être et qui a consenti de bien lourds efforts pour nous permettre de mener à bien nos études. A mon cher frère et ma chère sœur et ma chère cousine Asma REMERCIEMENTS Tout d’abord je remercie très vivement M. Djekiref laâla, promoteur de ce travail, pour avoir accepté et pour l’intéressant sujet, pour m’avoir guidée, de m’avoir fait bénéficier de ses connaissances et conseils en phytopathologie et qui a assuré le suivi scientifique de ce travail avec son expérience et ses encouragements. Je tiens également à remercier les membres du jury. Un vif remerciement à M. Khechai salim, pour toute son aide et ses conseils judicieux et son guide précieux et ses encouragements.
    [Show full text]
  • Fungi Occurring on the Plants of the Genus Amaranthus L
    Turkish Journal of Botany Turk J Bot (2015) 39: 147-161 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/botany/ © TÜBİTAK Research Article doi:10.3906/bot-1403-106 Fungi occurring on the plants of the genus Amaranthus L. 1 1 2, 3 Wojciech PUSZ , Elzbieta PLĄSKOWSKA , İsmet YILDIRIM *, Ryszard WEBER 1 Department of Plant Protection, Plant Pathology and Mycology Division, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland 2 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey 3 Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, National Research Institute, Wroclaw, Poland Received: 31.03.2014 Accepted: 24.07.2014 Published Online: 02.01.2015 Printed: 30.01.2015 Abstract: A study of fungi on Amaranthus spp. was performed in 2007–2009. The following forms of the genus were taken under consideration: cultivated amaranth (A. cruentus) and a wild form (A. retroflexus) growing as a weed on amaranth and sugar beet plantations and growing as a ruderal weed. The aim of the work was to determine which fungi communities occur in the phyllosphere, roots, rhizoplane, and rhizosphere of Amaranthus spp. To investigate the phyllosphere fungi communities, 5 plants were taken in the seed formation phase. From each plant, 3 healthy, symptomless leaves were taken. In addition, the isolation of fungi communities from the roots, rhizoplane, and rhizosphere was performed in the seed formation phase. Ten plants from each location were taken along the diagonal of the plot. In total, 38 species of fungi were isolated from the phyllosphere of Amaranthus spp., and of that number, 30 were collected from A.
    [Show full text]
  • Fungi Diversity on Wild and Cultivated Common Caraway (Carum Carvi L.) Seeds
    ISSN 1392-3196 ŽEMDIRBYSTĖ=AGRICULTURE Vol. 97, No. 4 (2010) 73 ISSN 1392-3196 Žemdirbystė=Agriculture, vol. 97, No. 4 (2010), p. 73–84 UDK 635.755:632.4 Fungi diversity on wild and cultivated common caraway (Carum carvi L.) seeds Rimutė MAČKINAITĖ Nature Research Center, Institute of Botany Žaliųjų Ežerų 49, Vilnius, Lithuania E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Micromycete contamination of wild and cultivated common caraway (Carum carvi L.) seeds of the 2001–2004 harvest was studied. Ripe seeds were collected in various localities of Biržai, Kaunas, Raseiniai, Šilutė, Ukmergė, Varėna and Vilnius districts in June–July. The blotter method was applied for the detection of micromycetes on common caraway seeds. The fungi were identified according to their morphological and cultural properties. The frequency of occurrence and relative density of identified species were calculated. The qualitative and quantitative similarity of fungal complexes, detected on cultural and wild caraway seeds as well as on the seeds of different harvest years and grown in different localities was compared. The fungi of 55 species and 41 genera belonging to Ascomycota and Zygomycota phyla, Sordariomycetes, Dothideomycetes, Leotiomycetes, Eurotiomycetes and Incertae sedis classes were detected and identified on the common caraway seeds. The micromycetes of genus Alternaria dominated in the mycobiota of investigated seeds. They made up 59.8% of the total isolate amount and the frequency of their occurrence amounted to 58.4%. Saprotrophes (Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Cladosporium spp. and others) dominated on the seeds of common caraway. The potential pathogens (Alternaria alternata, Ascochyta biforae, Phomopsis diachenii, Fusarium oxysporum, F.
    [Show full text]
  • WO 2014/053405 Al 10 April 2014 (10.04.2014) P O P C T
    (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization I International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2014/053405 Al 10 April 2014 (10.04.2014) P O P C T (51) International Patent Classification: 68165 Mannheim (DE). HADEN, Egon; Maulbronner Hof A01N 43/56 (2006.01) A01P 7/02 (2006.01) 24, 67346 Speyer (DE). CULBERTSON, Deborah L.; A01P 5/00 (2006.01) A01P 7/04 (2006.01) 6400 Vintage Ridge Lane, Fuquay Varina, NC 27526 A01P 3/00 (2006.01) (US). ROGERS, W. David; 2804 Ashland Drive, Durham, NC 27705 (US). GUNJIMA, Koshi; Heighths Takara-3 (21) International Application Number: 205, 97 Shirakawa-cho, Toyohashi-city, Aichi Prefecture PCT/EP20 13/070 160 441-802 1 (JP). DAVID, Michael; 5913 Greenevers Drive, (22) International Filing Date Raleigh, NC 027613 (US). BRAUN, Franz Josef; 3602 27 September 2013 (27.09.201 3) Long Ridge Road, Durham, NC 27703 (US). (25) Filing Language: English (74) Common Representative: BASF SE; 67056 Ludwig shafen (DE). (26) Publication Language: English (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every (30) Priority Data: kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, 61/708,061 1 October 2012 (01. 10.2012) US AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, 61/763,974 13 February 2013 (13.02.2013) US BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, 61/847,587 18 July 2013 (18.07.2013) u s DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, (71) Applicant: BASF SE [DE/DE]; 67056 Ludwigshafen HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KN, KP, KR, (DE).
    [Show full text]
  • EU Project Number 613678
    EU project number 613678 Strategies to develop effective, innovative and practical approaches to protect major European fruit crops from pests and pathogens Work package 1. Pathways of introduction of fruit pests and pathogens Deliverable 1.3. PART 7 - REPORT on Oranges and Mandarins – Fruit pathway and Alert List Partners involved: EPPO (Grousset F, Petter F, Suffert M) and JKI (Steffen K, Wilstermann A, Schrader G). This document should be cited as ‘Grousset F, Wistermann A, Steffen K, Petter F, Schrader G, Suffert M (2016) DROPSA Deliverable 1.3 Report for Oranges and Mandarins – Fruit pathway and Alert List’. An Excel file containing supporting information is available at https://upload.eppo.int/download/112o3f5b0c014 DROPSA is funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration (grant agreement no. 613678). www.dropsaproject.eu [email protected] DROPSA DELIVERABLE REPORT on ORANGES AND MANDARINS – Fruit pathway and Alert List 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 Background on oranges and mandarins ..................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Data on production and trade of orange and mandarin fruit ........................................................................ 5 1.3 Characteristics of the pathway ‘orange and mandarin fruit’ .......................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Characterising Plant Pathogen Communities and Their Environmental Drivers at a National Scale
    Lincoln University Digital Thesis Copyright Statement The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). This thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: you will use the copy only for the purposes of research or private study you will recognise the author's right to be identified as the author of the thesis and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate you will obtain the author's permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Characterising plant pathogen communities and their environmental drivers at a national scale A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Lincoln University by Andreas Makiola Lincoln University, New Zealand 2019 General abstract Plant pathogens play a critical role for global food security, conservation of natural ecosystems and future resilience and sustainability of ecosystem services in general. Thus, it is crucial to understand the large-scale processes that shape plant pathogen communities. The recent drop in DNA sequencing costs offers, for the first time, the opportunity to study multiple plant pathogens simultaneously in their naturally occurring environment effectively at large scale. In this thesis, my aims were (1) to employ next-generation sequencing (NGS) based metabarcoding for the detection and identification of plant pathogens at the ecosystem scale in New Zealand, (2) to characterise plant pathogen communities, and (3) to determine the environmental drivers of these communities. First, I investigated the suitability of NGS for the detection, identification and quantification of plant pathogens using rust fungi as a model system.
    [Show full text]
  • Botrytis Cinerea Secondary Inoculum and on the Efficacy of Biological Control Manzoor Ali Abro
    Nitrogen fertilization of the host plant influences susceptibility, production and aggressiveness of Botrytis cinerea secondary inoculum and on the efficacy of biological control Manzoor Ali Abro To cite this version: Manzoor Ali Abro. Nitrogen fertilization of the host plant influences susceptibility, production and aggressiveness of Botrytis cinerea secondary inoculum and on the efficacy of biological control. Agri- cultural sciences. Université d’Avignon, 2013. English. NNT : 2013AVIG0647. tel-02805920v2 HAL Id: tel-02805920 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02805920v2 Submitted on 29 Apr 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UUnn té ddee Patho og e Végéta e Unité de Pathologie Végétale Nitrogen fertilization of the host plant influences susceptibility, production and aggressiveness of Botrytis cinerea secondary Nitrogeninoculum andfertilization on the efficacy of the of hostbiological plant control influences. trytis THÈSE Pour l’obtention du Grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ D’AVIGNON ET DES PAYS DE VAUCLUSE Faculté des Sciences c Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Manzoor Ali ABRO Le 7 Mars 2013 devant le Jury Christiane Raynal, Ingènieur Agronome, Ctifl Lanxade Examnetuer Christophe Robin, Director de recherche INRA Nancy Rapporteur Essaid A.
    [Show full text]
  • Importation of Citrus Spp. (Rutaceae) Fruit from China Into the Continental
    Importation of Citrus spp. (Rutaceae) United States fruit from China into the continental Department of Agriculture United States Animal and Plant Health Inspection A Qualitative, Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Service Assessment January 14, 2020 Version 5.0 Agency Contact: Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology Plant Protection and Quarantine Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service United States Department of Agriculture 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606 Pest Risk Assessment for Citrus from China Executive Summary The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prepared this risk assessment document to examine plant pest risks associated with importing commercially produced fruit of Citrus spp. (Rutaceae) for consumption from China into the continental United States. The risk ratings in this risk assessment are contingent on the application of all components of the pathway as described in this document (e.g., washing, brushing, disinfesting, and waxing). Citrus fruit produced under different conditions were not evaluated in this risk assessment and may have a different pest risk. The proposed species or varieties of citrus for export are as follows: Citrus sinensis (sweet orange), C. grandis (= C. maxima) cv. guanximiyou (pomelo), C. kinokuni (Nanfeng honey mandarin), C. poonensis (ponkan), and C. unshiu (Satsuma mandarin). This assessment supersedes a qualititative assessment completed by APHIS in 2014 for the importation of citrus from China. This assessment is independent of the previous assessment, however it draws from information in the previous document. This assessment is updated to be inline with our current methodology, incorporates important new research, experience, and other evidence gained since 2014.
    [Show full text]
  • Generic Concepts in Nectriaceae
    available online at www.studiesinmycology.org STUDIES IN MYCOLOGY 80: 189–245. Generic concepts in Nectriaceae L. Lombard1*, N.A. van der Merwe2, J.Z. Groenewald1, and P.W. Crous1,3,4* 1CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands; 2Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Centre (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; 3Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Centre (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; 4Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands *Correspondence: L. Lombard, [email protected]; P.W. Crous, [email protected] Abstract: The ascomycete family Nectriaceae (Hypocreales) includes numerous important plant and human pathogens, as well as several species used extensively in industrial and commercial applications as biodegraders and biocontrol agents. Members of the family are unified by phenotypic characters such as uniloculate ascomata that are yellow, orange-red to purple, and with phialidic asexual morphs. The generic concepts in Nectriaceae are poorly defined, since DNA sequence data have not been available for many of these genera. To address this issue we performed a multi-gene phylogenetic analysis using partial sequences for the 28S large subunit (LSU) nrDNA, the internal transcribed spacer region and intervening 5.8S nrRNA gene (ITS), the large subunit of the ATP citrate lyase (acl1), the RNA polymerase II largest subunit (rpb1), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2), α-actin (act), β-tubulin (tub2), calmodulin (cmdA), histone H3 (his3), and translation elongation factor 1- alpha (tef1) gene regions for available type and authentic strains representing known genera in Nectriaceae, including several genera for which no sequence data were previously available.
    [Show full text]
  • Fruit from China Into the Continental United States a Qualitative
    Pest Risk Assessment for Citrus from China Importation of Citrus spp. (Rutaceae) United States fruit from China into the continental Department of Agriculture United States Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service A Qualitative, Pathway-Initiated Pest October 3, 2017 Risk Assessment Version 4.0 Agency Contact: Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology Plant Protection and Quarantine Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service United States Department of Agriculture 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606 Pest Risk Assessment for Citrus from China Executive Summary The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prepared this risk assessment document to examine plant pest risks associated with importing commercially produced fruit of Citrus spp. (Rutaceae) for consumption from China into the continental United States. The risk ratings in this risk assessment are contingent on the application of all components of the pathway as described in this document (e.g., washing, brushing, and disinfesting). Citrus fruit produced under different conditions were not evaluated in this risk assessment and may have a different pest risk. The proposed species or varieties of citrus for export are as follows: Citrus sinensis (sweet orange), C. grandis (= C. maxima) cv. guanximiyou (pomelo), C. kinokuni (cherry orange), C. poonensis (ponkan), and C. unshiu (Satsuma mandarin). This assessment supersedes a qualitative assessment completed by APHIS in 2014 for the importation of citrus from China. This assessment is independent of the previous assessment, however it draws from information in the previous document. This assessment is updated to be inline with our current methodology, incorporates important new research, experience, and other evidence gained since 2014.
    [Show full text]
  • Generic Concepts in Nectriaceae
    available online at www.studiesinmycology.org STUDIES IN MYCOLOGY 80: 189–245. Generic concepts in Nectriaceae L. Lombard1*, N.A. van der Merwe2, J.Z. Groenewald1, and P.W. Crous1,3,4* 1CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands; 2Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Centre (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; 3Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Centre (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; 4Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands *Correspondence: L. Lombard, [email protected]; P.W. Crous, [email protected] Abstract: The ascomycete family Nectriaceae (Hypocreales) includes numerous important plant and human pathogens, as well as several species used extensively in industrial and commercial applications as biodegraders and biocontrol agents. Members of the family are unified by phenotypic characters such as uniloculate ascomata that are yellow, orange-red to purple, and with phialidic asexual morphs. The generic concepts in Nectriaceae are poorly defined, since DNA sequence data have not been available for many of these genera. To address this issue we performed a multi-gene phylogenetic analysis using partial sequences for the 28S large subunit (LSU) nrDNA, the internal transcribed spacer region and intervening 5.8S nrRNA gene (ITS), the large subunit of the ATP citrate lyase (acl1), the RNA polymerase II largest subunit (rpb1), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2), α-actin (act), β-tubulin (tub2), calmodulin (cmdA), histone H3 (his3), and translation elongation factor 1- alpha (tef1) gene regions for available type and authentic strains representing known genera in Nectriaceae, including several genera for which no sequence data were previously available.
    [Show full text]
  • The UK National Culture Collection (UKNCC) Biological Resource: Properties, Maintenance and Management
    UKNCC Biological Resource: Properties, Maintenance and Management The UK National Culture Collection (UKNCC) Biological Resource: Properties, Maintenance and Management Edited by David Smith Matthew J. Ryan John G. Day with the assistance of Sarah Clayton, Paul D. Bridge, Peter Green, Alan Buddie and others Preface by Professor Mike Goodfellow Chair of the UKNCC Steering Group i UKNCC Biological Resource: Properties, Maintenance and Management THE UNITED KINGDOM NATIONAL CULTURE COLLECTION (UKNCC) Published by: The UK National Culture Collection (UKNCC) Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey, TW20 9TY, UK. Tel: +44-1491 829046, Fax: +44-1491 829100; Email: [email protected] Printed by: Pineapple Planet Design Studio Ltd. ‘Pickwicks’ 42 Devizes Road Old Town Swindon SN1 4BG © 2001 The United Kingdom National Culture Collection (UKNCC) No part of this book may be reproduced by any means, or transmitted, nor translated into a machine language without the written permission of the UKNCC secretariat. ISBN 0 9540285 0 3 ii UKNCC Biological Resource: Properties, Maintenance and Management UKNCC MEMBER COLLECTION CONTACT ADDRESSES CABI Bioscience UK Centre (Egham) formerly the International Mycological Institute and incorporating the National Collection of Fungus Cultures and the National Collection of Wood-rotting Fungi- NCWRF) Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey, TW20 9TY, UK. Tel: +44-1491 829080, Fax: +44-1491 829100; Email: [email protected] Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa (freshwater) Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Windermere, The Ferry House, Far Sawrey, Ambleside, Cumbria, LA22 0LP, UK. Tel: +44-15394-42468; Fax: +44-15394-46914 Email: [email protected] Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa (marine algae) Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory, P.O.
    [Show full text]