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Dotawo a Journal of Nubian Studies 2014 #1 Dotawo ▶ A Journal of Nubian Studies 2014 #1 Dotawo ▶ A Journal of Nubian Studies 2014 #1 Edited by Angelika Jakobi Giovanni Ruffini Vincent W.J. van Gerven Oei Dotawo ▶ A Journal of Nubian Studies Editors-in-Chief Giovanni Ruffini Vincent W.J. van Gerven Oei Editorial Board Julie Anderson Anna Boozer Angelika Jakobi Anne M. Jennings Robin Seignobos Ahmed Sokarno Abdel-Hafiz Jay Spaulding Alexandros Tsakos Kerstin Weber Petra Weschenfelder Design Vincent W.J. van Gerven Oei Typeset in 10/12 Skolar pe, with Adobe Arabic, Antinoou, Lucida Sans Unicode, and Sophia Nubian. Cover image Nuba Mountains, courtesy of Gertrud Schneider-Blum Editorial correspondence Giovanni Ruffini, Classical Studies / History, Canisius Hall 314, Fairfield University, Fairfield, ct 06824, usa. Email: [email protected]; [email protected] url: http://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/djns/ For submission guidelines please see our website. isbn-13 978–069222914–9 isbn-10 0692229140 issn 2373-2571 (online) Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies is published once a year by DigitalCommons@Fairfield & punctum books, Brooklyn, ny, under a Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommerical–NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. url: http://www.punctumbooks.com © 2014 by the editors and authors. Dotawo ▶ 1. A medieval Nubian kingdom controlling the central Nile Valley, best known from Old Nubian documents excavated at Qasr Ibrim and other sites in Lower Nubia. 2. An open-access journal of Nubian studies, providing a cross- disciplinary platform for historians, linguists, anthropologists, archaeologists, and other scholars interested in all periods and aspects of Nubian civilization. 1. 粩ⲛⲇⲉ̄ⲛⲛⲁ, ⲇⲟⲧⲁⳣⳣⲟ ⲛⲟⲡⲁⲛ ϩⲓⲣⲓⲥⲧⲓ̈ⲁⲛⲟⲥⲛ ⲟⲣⲕⲓ ⳣⲉ̄ⲣⲁ ⲙⲉⲛⲟ. ⲧⲁⲣ ⲁⲙⲁⲛ-ⲓⲣⲕⲓⲛ ⲅⲁⲥⲕⲟⲕⲕⲁ ⲙ粩ⲣⲧⲁ ⲇⲁ̄ⲅⲓ ⲕⲉⲛⲟ. ⲇⲟⲧⲁⳣⳣⲟⲅ ⲁϣⲣⲓ̄ⲕⲓⲣ ⲓⲣⲡⲉⲥⲁ 粩ⲛⲇⲉ̄ⲛ ⲛⲟⲡⲁⲛ ⲫⲁ̄ⲓ̈ⲓⲧⲧⲓ ⳣⲉ̄ⲕⲕ粩ⲗⲟⲅⲟ, ⲙⲁⲛ ⲓⲡⲣⲓⲙⲓⲛ ⲕⲁⲥⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲉⲗⲇⲁⳟⳟⲟⲗⲗⲁⲧⲟ̄ⲛⲁ, ⲓ̈ⲁ̄ⲛ ⲁⲅⲁⲣ ⲓϭϭⲓⲕⲕⲟ̅ⲩ̅ⲗⲗⲁ, ⲙⲁⲛ ⲛⲟ̅ⲩ̅ⲡⲁⲛ ⲧⲁⳣⳣⲟ ⲉⲗⲇⲁⳟⳟⲟⲗⲗⲁⲧⲟ̄ⲛⲁ. 2. ⲓⲥⲁⲕⲕⲁ, ⲇⲟⲧⲁⳣⳣⲟ ϣⲟ̄ⲡ ϣⲟ̄ⲡⲓⲛ ⲕⲓ̄ⲛ ⲥⲓⲅⲉⲣⲓⲛ ⲉⲣⲣⲓ ⳣⲉ̄ⲣⲁ ⲁⳟⳟⲟ. ⲇⲟⲧⲁⳣⳣⲟ, ⲛⲟⲡⲁⲛ ⲕ粩ⲗⲗⲓⲧⲧⲓ ⲙⲁⲗⲗⲉ̄ⲗⲗⲉⲕⲓⲛ ⲕⲁⳣⳣⲁⲫⲓ. ⲇⲟⲧⲁⳣⳣⲟ, ⲥⲁⲙ ⳣⲉ̄ⲕⲕⲁ ⲡⲁ̄ⲥⲕⲉ, ⲕ粩ⲗⲗⲓⲧⲧⲓ ⲓϭϭⲓⲕⲕⲟ̅ⲩ̅ ⳝⲁⲙⲙⲓⲕⲁϭϭⲁⲗⲓ̈ⲁ. ⲓⲛ ⲥⲁⲙⲓⲕⲕⲟⲛⲓ, 粩ⲛⲇⲉ̄ⲛ ⲕ粩ⲗⲗⲉⲕⲁⲧⲧⲓ̄ⲕⲕⲟ, ⲧⲁⲙⲉⲛ ⲕ粩ⲗⲗⲉⲕⲁⲧⲧⲓ̄ⲕⲕⲟ, ⲡⲓⲣⲡⲉ̄ⲛ ⲕ粩ⲗⲗⲉⲕⲁⲧⲧⲓ̄ⲕⲕⲟ, ⲙ粩ⲅⲙⲁⲣⲓⲛ ⲕ粩ⲗⲗⲉⲕⲁⲧⲧⲓ̄ⲕⲕⲟⲛⲁ ⲁⳟⳟⲓ. ⳣⲓ̄ⲇⲁⲅⲟ̄ⲛⲓ, ⲇⲟⲧⲁⳣⳣⲟ, ⲥⲁⲙ ⲇⲁⳣⳣⲓ ⳣⲉ̄ ⲫⲁ ⲁⳟⳟⲓ, ⲕ粩ⲗⲗⲉⲕⲁⲧⲧⲓ ⲓϭϭⲓ ⲙⲁⲗⲗⲉ̄ⲛⲁ. ⲙⲁⲛ ⲕ粩ⲗⲗⲉⲕⲁⲧⲧⲓ ⲙⲁⲗⲗⲉ̄, ⲛⲟⲡⲁⲛ ⲇⲓⲫⲫⲓⲕⲕⲓⲛ ⲕⲓⲛⲛⲓⲅⲟ̅ⲩ̅ⲕⲕⲟⲛ, ⲅⲁ̄ⲣⲕⲟ̅ⲩ̅ⲅⲟ̄ⲛ ⲕ粩ⲗⲗⲓⲛⲛⲁⲛⳟⲁ ⲫⲓⲣⲅⲓ.* 1. Ammiki Nuba-n sirki Tungula-n Bahar aal poccika anda kannim, ne poccika an ammikin Nuba-n kitaaba an Kasr Ibrimiro poon isshi Nuba aro-n ammiki ir kar əəl koran əəllooyanero poccikare əəl oddnooyim. 2. Ele ne Nuba poccikan muɟallayane, aal poccika yaa əərngaanyatn, taariikiro, aallo, elekon poon ammik(i) ir ayin ir kanniyam pirro, poon ammik(i) aallo, elek(i) aallo poccikaa yaa əərngaanyatn.** * Translation into Nobiin courtesy of Mohamed K. Khalil. ** Translation into Midob Nubian courtesy of Ishag A. Hassan. Dotawo ▶ A Journal of Nubian Studies 2014 #1 Grzegorz Ochała Multilingualism in Christian Nubia: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ 1 Alexandros Tsakos The Liber Institutionis Michælis in Medieval Nubia ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ 51 Birgit Hellwig & Gertrud Schneider-Blum Tabaq: In a State of Flux ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ 63 Kerstin Weber & Petra Weschenfelder Reflections on Old Nubian Grammar ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ 83 Marcus Jaeger Coordination with goon and Bisyndetic =gon in Dongolawi and Kenzi Proverbs ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ 93 Angelika Jakobi & El-Shafie El-Guzuuli Semantic Change and Heterosemy of Dongolawi ed ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ 121 Jade Comfort Verbal Number in the Uncu Language (Kordofan Nubian) ▪ ▪ 145 Vincent W.J. van Gerven Oei Remarks toward a Revised Grammar of Old Nubian ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ 165 Adam Łajtar Old Nubian Texts from Gebel Adda in the Royal Ontario Museum ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ 185 Suzan Alamin Noun Phrase Constructions in Nubian Languages: A Comparative Study ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ 203 Giovanni Ruffini Idiom and Social Practice in Medieval Nubia ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ 221 From the Editors Nubian studies needs a platform in which the old meets the new, in which archaeological, papyrological, and philological research into Meroitic, Old Nubian, Coptic, Greek, and Arabic sources confront current investigations in modern anthropology and ethnography, Nilo-Saharan linguistics, and critical and theoretical approaches present in post-colonial and African studies. The journal Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies brings these dis- parate fields together within the same fold, opening a cross-cultural and diachronic field where divergent approaches meet on common soil. Dotawo gives a common home to the past, present, and future of one of the richest areas of research in African studies. It offers a crossroads where papyrus can meet internet, scribes meet criti- cal thinkers, and the promises of growing nations meet the accom- plishments of old kingdoms. We embrace a powerful alternative to the dominant paradigms of academic publishing. We believe in free access to information. Accordingly, we are proud to collaborate with DigitalCommons@ Fairfield, an institutional repository of Fairfield University in Con- necticut, usa, and with open-access publishing house punctum books. Thanks to these collaborations, every volume of Dotawo will be available both as a free online pdf and in online bookstores. This first volume of Dotawo is the outcome of a Nubian panel within the Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium held at the Uni- versity of Cologne, May 22–4, 2013. Organized by Angelika Jakobi, the Nubian panel was attended both by specialists of the modern Nubian languages and scholars working on medieval Nubia and its languages, particularly Old Nubian. We are indebted to the Fritz Thyssen Foundation at Cologne for generously sponsoring the orga- nization of the Nubian panel and the invitation of the participants. Since many invited participants from Sudan were unable to get visas due to the shutdown of the German Embassy in Khartoum at that time, the Fritz Thyssen Foundation also funded the organiza- tion of a second venue of specialists on modern Nubian languages. This so-called “Nubian Panel 2” was hosted by the Institute of Afri- can & Asian Studies at the University of Khartoum on September 18–19, 2013. The proceedings of that venue will be published in the second volume of Dotawo. We look forward to planning future volumes with scholars from all fields of Nubian studies. To that end, we invite submissions on all topics and we welcome suggestions for future themed volumes. We currently plan two such themed volumes, for which the calls for papers can be found on the back cover. Multilingualism in Christian 1 Nubia: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches Grzegorz Ochała* 1. Introduction From the beginning of interest in studies on Christian Nubia, the question of multilingualism has been one of the most frequently debated issues. Many scholars who dealt with written sources origi- nating from the Middle Nile Valley and dated between the sixth and fifteenth century expressed their opinion on the use of as many as four different languages (Greek, Coptic,1 Old Nubian, and Arabic) or at least made some remarks on the others’ opinions. The first to touch upon the question of the simultaneous exis- tence in Nubian funerary epigraphy of Greek and Coptic was Her- mann Junker in his classic article on Nubian grave stelae published in 1925.2 But it was only in the 1960s, during the Great Nubian Cam- paign, that sources of various types in all four languages started to come to light in substantial numbers, on the one hand allowing for a better understanding of the phenomenon and on the other posing even more perplexing questions. Two archaeological sites were par- ticularly important in this respect: Qasr Ibrim and Faras, producing * The present article has come to life as result of my postdoctoral fellowship in 2013/14 in the Unité de l’Égyptologie et de Copte of the University of Geneva in the framework of the Scientific Exchange Programme nms-ch granted by the Rectors’ Conference of the Swiss Universities (Sciex-Project 11.239: ‘LangNub: Language and literacy in Christian Nubia’). I would like to express here my utmost gratitude to Philippe Collombert and Nathalie Bosson for hosting me in Geneva and creating perfect conditions for scholarly work. I would also like to thank Nathalie Bosson and Adam Łajtar for reading and commenting upon a draft of this article. 1 Here and throughout the present article the term ‘Coptic’ designates the Sahidic dialect of this language, as the only one attested in Nubia. 2 Junker, “Die christlichen Grabsteine Nubiens,” pp. 144–6. Ochała, Grzegorz. “Multilingualism in Christian Nubia: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches.” Dotawo 1 (2014): pp. 1–50. Ochała hundreds of texts and thus allowing the scholars dealing with them to form their views on the multilingualism of the Nubian society.3 However, despite this apparent interest in the subject, only one study (not very substantial, to be frank) has appeared so far devoted solely to the question of using different languages in Christian Nu- 2 bia: this is an article by Peter Shinnie published in 1974.4 Needless to say, although the number of sources available at that time had already been significant, nowadays scholars have at their disposal a far larger assemblage of texts, acquired thanks to both the ongo- ing and new excavations and the publication of previous finds. This alone seems to be a sufficient reason to reapproach the question of Nubian multilingualism. Another reason, perhaps even more important, is that no one has ever made an effort to count all the
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