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Efecto De La Escala Espacial Sobre Los Factores Que Determinan La Invasión De Macroalgas Exóticas En La Costa Del Pacífico SE

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Efecto De La Escala Espacial Sobre Los Factores Que Determinan La Invasión De Macroalgas Exóticas En La Costa Del Pacífico SE Universidad de Concepción Dirección de Postgrado Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas área Botánica Efecto de la escala espacial sobre los factores que determinan la invasión de macroalgas exóticas en la costa del Pacífico SE. Tesis para optar al grado de Doctor en Ciencias Biológicas área Botánica CRISTÓBAL ALONSO VILLASEÑOR PARADA CONCEPCIÓN-CHILE 2017 Profesor Guía: Aníbal Pauchard Cortés Dpto. de Conservación y Manejo de Recursos, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales Universidad de Concepción Profesor Co-Guía: Erasmo Macaya Horta Dpto. de Oceanografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas Universidad de Concepción Esta tesis fue desarrollada en el Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción. Profesor Guía Dr. Aníbal Pauchard Cortés Profesor Co-Guía Dr. Erasmo Macaya Horta Comisión Evaluadora Dr. Lohengrin Cavieres Dra. Paula Neill Nuñez Director del Programa Dr. Pablo Guerrero Director Escuela de Postgrado Dra. Ximena García C. ii DEDICATORIA A Álvaro y María Paz A Jaime y Patricia A Sebastián y Marcia A Miriam y Alejandro y a la más hermosa de todas las princesas: Ilda Rosa Riffo Rodríguez (Q.E. P.D.) “Investigar es ver lo que todo el mundo ha visto, y pensar lo que nadie más ha pensado” Albert Szent “El amor por todas las criaturas vivientes es el más notable atributo del hombre” Charles Darwin “La ciencia sin religión es coja, la religión sin la ciencia es ciega” Albert Einstein iii AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradezco a la Beca CONICYT N°21110927 que financió tanto mis estudios de doctorado, así como también parte importante de este proyecto de investigación. Asimismo, agradezco el financiamiento parcial del Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad mediante los proyectos ICM P05-002 y CONICYT PFB-23, por el financiamiento para trabajos en terreno, y asistencia a cursos cortos y congresos. Agradezco también al proyecto FONDECYT N° 11110437 “Understanding the efects of the last glaciar máximum on the diversity of macroalgae from central-southern Chile: taxonomy, phylogeography and genetic structure” por facilitar datos de ocurrencias de varias de las especies de macroalgas exóticas, que fueron utilizados en dos capítulos de esta Tesis. Esta Tesis doctoral no se podría haber llevado a cabo sin la valiosa cooperación de numerosas personas que, desinteresadamente, apoyaron este trabajo, a quienes agradezco a continuación: A Álvaro S. Villaseñor, María Paz Lagos, Alejandro Krause, Sebastián Parada, Marcia Parada, Patricia Parada, Ricardo Jeldres, Dorka Guajardo, Carolina Sandoval, Judith Castillo, Jonathan Urrutia, André Terwei, Ana Cobar y Nicol Vargas por su valiosa ayuda en terreno. A Erasmo Macaya, María Fabiola Monzalvez, Ricardo Jeldres, Dorka Guajardo y Carolina Sandoval, por su valiosa ayuda en la identificación taxonómica de macroalgas. A María Eliana Ramírez y Javier Pinochet, por su importante ayuda en la redacción de los capítulos 2 y 4 respectivamente; y a Paula Neill, Lohengrin Cavieres, Ángela Sierra y Ricardo Otaíza por sus valiosos comentarios y sugerencias, que ayudaron a mejorar significativamente este trabajo. iv A Pilar Muñoz, Paula Neill, María Eliana Ramírez, Loreto Contreras y Erasmo Macaya, por facilitar información inédita respecto a la distribución de algunas especies de macroalgas en Chile. A Fabiola Gaete, por su paciente y eficaz labor administrativa. A cada uno de los integrantes del Team LIB (Rafael, Nicol F, Nicol V, Eduardo, Bárbara, Paulina, Alejandra, Jocelyn, Matías, Fabián, Valentina,…), y del Team ALGALAB (Carolina, Ricardo, Dorka, Pola, Judy, Karla, Vessna, Solange, Ariel, Boris, Aldo, Stefany, Nicol, Ninoska, Pedro, Pablo, Konny…), por sus comentarios y sugerencias en las numerosas reuniones, formales e informales, donde tuvimos la ocasión de interactuar. De manera especial, quiero agradecer la confianza, apoyo, comprensión y paciencia de mis tutores Aníbal Pauchard y Erasmo Macaya, de quienes no sólo aprendí las bases para forjarme como científico, sino que además, su enorme respeto y compromiso con la conservación de la biodiversidad. Aunque pasen los años, y la vida nos lleve por caminos distintos, siempre tendrán toda mi admiración, y serán un pilar fundamental en mi formación como científico. Agradezco a Dios por darme la oportunidad de cumplir mi sueño de convertirme en Doctor en Ciencias. Asimismo, agradezco el apoyo incondicional de cada uno de los miembros de mi familia, sus palabras de aliento, ánimo y consuelo, que tuvieron para mí, en los altos y bajos de mi estadía en el programa doctoral, en especial a mis padres Jaime y Patricia; mi abuelo Sebastián, a Marcia, Miriam, Alejandro y el resto de mis tíos, hermanos y primos. A mi hijo Álvaro, y a mi mujer María Paz, ya que gran parte del tiempo que debí dedicar a ellos se consumió en esta Tesis. Por último, un agradecimiento especial, por su inestimable ayuda durante todo este proceso, a Ilda Rosa Riffo Rodríguez (Q.E.P.D), a quien le hubiera gustado mucho poder acompañarme en este momento, y a quien me encantaría poder abrazar una vez más. v TABLA DE CONTENIDO DEDICATORIA ........................................................................................................................ iii AGRADECIMIENTOS .............................................................................................................. iv TABLA DE CONTENIDO ........................................................................................................ vi RESUMEN .............................................................................................................................. xiii ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. xv INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL ................................................................................................ 1 1.- INVASIVILIDAD .................................................................................................................. 2 i) Resistencia biótica ............................................................................................................... 2 ii) Características ambientales ................................................................................................ 2 iii) Presión de propágulos ....................................................................................................... 3 2.- EFECTO DE LA ESCALA ESPACIAL ............................................................................... 3 3.- TERMINOLOGÍA UTILIZADA EN ESTA TESIS .............................................................. 5 4.- ECOLOGÍA DE INVASIÓNES EN CHILE ......................................................................... 6 5.- OBJETIVOS .......................................................................................................................... 7 6.- HIPÓTESIS ............................................................................................................................ 7 i) Hipótesis General ................................................................................................................ 7 ii) Hipótesis Específicas .......................................................................................................... 7 7.- ESTRUCTURA DE ESTA TESIS ......................................................................................... 8 8.- SOBRE LOS MODELOS DE ESTUDIO .............................................................................. 9 i) Mastocarpus latissimus ....................................................................................................... 9 ii) Schottera nicaeensis ......................................................................................................... 11 iii) Codium fragile subp. fragile ........................................................................................... 11 iv) Asparagopsis armata ....................................................................................................... 12 vi 9.- TABLAS Y FIGURAS ........................................................................................................ 13 i) Leyenda de Tablas ............................................................................................................. 13 ii) Leyenda de Figuras .......................................................................................................... 14 iii) Tablas .............................................................................................................................. 15 iv) Figuras ............................................................................................................................. 18 CAP. 1: ECOLOGÍA DE INVASIONES MARINAS EN CHILE CONTIENTAL .......... 24 RESUMEN ................................................................................................................................ 25 1.- INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................................... 25 2.- MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS ............................................................................................ 27 i) Criterios de inclusión y exclusión de artículos .................................................................. 27 ii) Clasificación de artículos y análisis de los datos ............................................................. 28 3.- RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN .........................................................................................
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