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Om Guder Og Jotner Om guder og jotner En undersøkelse av de store maktkollektivene i norrøn mytologi Av Lina Marie Guldager Masteroppgave i religionshistorie – REL4990 60 studiepoeng Studieprogram: Religionshistorie Institutt for kulturstudier og orientalske språk Universitetet i Oslo Høsten 2012 Forord Jeg ønsker først og fremst å rette en stor takk til min veileder Nora Stene, som har vært en uvurdelig hjelp og støtte for meg i arbeidet med denne oppgaven. Tusen takk! En takk går også til tre svært inspirerende forelesere som jeg har hatt gleden av å lære fra under min tid ved universitetet: Gunhild Røthe, Gro Steinsland og Jon Vidar Sigurdsson. Deres smittende entusiasme for vikingtiden har inspirert meg og gjort at min egen interesse for temaet stadig har blitt større. Til mamma og pappa: takk for at dere alltid har vært positive og trodd på meg! Sist, men ikke minst ønsker jeg å rette en stor takk til min kjære Andreas, som har holdt ut med meg under hele skriveprosessen uten å klage. Uten samtalene og oppmuntringene fra deg hadde denne oppgaven ikke blitt noe av. Son, november 2012 Lina Marie Guldager iii Innhold Forord ........................................................................................................................ iii Innhold ....................................................................................................................... iv 1. Innledning .................................................................................................................. 1 - Problemstilling .................................................................................................... 1 - Preliminær hypotese ........................................................................................... 1 - Tidligere forskning på dette emnet ...................................................................... 1 - Om oppgavens struktur og fremgangsmåte ......................................................... 2 2. Materiale og metode .................................................................................................. 4 - Primærkilder ........................................................................................................ 4 - Sekundærlitteratur ............................................................................................... 5 - Metode og kildekritikk ........................................................................................ 5 3. Forskningshistorikk .................................................................................................. 7 - Fra middelalderen til 1600-tallet ........................................................................ 7 - Fra götisisme til nasjonalromantikk .................................................................... 8 - Den naturmytologiske skole ................................................................................ 9 - Radikal kildekritikk ............................................................................................. 10 - Begynnelsen av 1900-tallet ................................................................................. 11 - Tverrfaglighet i dag ............................................................................................. 11 - Håndbøker i norrøn mytologi .............................................................................. 13 4. Den norrøne religionen ............................................................................................. 14 - Hva kaller vi religionen? ..................................................................................... 14 - Panteonet ............................................................................................................. 15 - Jotnene og den norrøne dualismen ...................................................................... 15 - Kosmologi ........................................................................................................... 16 - Skapelse og undergang ........................................................................................ 17 - Religion i dagliglivet ........................................................................................... 18 - Offentlig kult ................................................................................................. 19 - Privat kult ...................................................................................................... 19 - Seid ................................................................................................................ 20 - Oppsummering .................................................................................................... 20 5. Opphav ....................................................................................................................... 21 - Opphavsmyten ..................................................................................................... 21 - Slektskapet mellom guder og jotner .................................................................... 22 - Om æsene ............................................................................................................ 23 - Om vanene ........................................................................................................... 25 - Guder og jotunkvinner ......................................................................................... 25 - Konklusjon ........................................................................................................... 26 6. Æsene, ved Tor og Odin ............................................................................................ 28 - Tor - vokter av kosmos ........................................................................................ 28 - Tre myter om Tor ........................................................................................... 28 - Hvordan Tor blir ydmyket ............................................................................. 29 iv - Tors egenskaper ............................................................................................. 31 - Odin – den øverste blant æsene ........................................................................... 33 - Myter om Odin .............................................................................................. 33 - Hvordan Odin henter visdom utenfra ............................................................ 34 - Odins egenskaper ........................................................................................... 37 - Sammenlikning og konklusjon ............................................................................ 39 7. Vanene, ved Frøy og Frøya ....................................................................................... 41 - Frøy – gud for fred og fruktbarhet ....................................................................... 41 - Frøy i mytene ................................................................................................. 41 - Den beste av gudene ...................................................................................... 42 - Frøys egenskaper ........................................................................................... 43 - Frøya – den store gudinnen ................................................................................. 45 - Frøya i mytene ............................................................................................... 45 - En selvstendig, frigjort gudinne .................................................................... 46 - Frøyas egenskaper ......................................................................................... 47 - Sammenlikning og konklusjon ............................................................................ 48 8. Jotnene, ved Hyme, Utgards-Loke og Skade .......................................................... 50 - Hyme – fiskeren .................................................................................................. 50 - Myten om Hyme og Tor ................................................................................ 50 - En mektig og klok jotun? .............................................................................. 50 - Hymes egenskaper ........................................................................................ 52 - Utgards-Loke – den trolldomskyndige jotnen .................................................... 53 - Myten om Tors reise til Utgards-Loke .......................................................... 53 - Illusjonsmesteren .......................................................................................... 53 - Utgards-Lokes egenskaper ............................................................................ 54 - Skade – jotunkvinne og åsynje ........................................................................... 55 - Skade i mytene .............................................................................................. 55 - Fra Jotunheimen til Åsgård ........................................................................... 56 - Skades egenskaper ........................................................................................ 57 - Sammenlikning og konklusjon ........................................................................... 58 9. Skjebne, alderdom og død ........................................................................................ 60 - Skjebnen .............................................................................................................. 60 - Alderdom ............................................................................................................
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