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1-,'Rythru· Xy Lum Coca Var. Ipadu

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1-,'Rythru· Xy Lum Coca Var. Ipadu ,}r1um11! 11¡' 1',' 0111n¡Jl1 111 11 wc o iu>:y , ;¡ \ ! ~it' 1) 1. H:) - 2~5 o Elscvier s~'qU o Í;1 S.A .. LaU!'i.l llllt.' Printt"<I in Ow N1•tlll'rlands AMAZONIAN COCA* TIMOTHY PLOWMAN** Bolany Uepartment, Field Museum of Natural 1-listory, ('hú'uflo. lllinois lif)(ifJ;) ! l :. s . \. ) Summary A general overview o f various aspects o f Amazonian "º"ª (1-,'rythru· xylum coca var. ipadu) is presented. Th is plant is C'Onside rPd a distinct variety of coca which has heen d evelopcd as a cult iv atc·d plant in th e up¡wr Amazon basin. l t differs from typical Andean coca in morpholo gical , phys· iological and chemical features as well as in the mcthod of preparation and use by Amazonian trilles. The m ain to pics h ere discussPd ar(• the history, distributio n, botan y, dwmistry, o rigin, ml'thod s o f preparalíon and use, and t.hP effects of Amazonian c oca. 1. lntroduction The use of coca lcaf as a mrdicine ami rnild stimulanl is w<'ll known in South America in tht' And es a nd adjacPnt foo thills. Tht' whole drit·d leaves are chewed daily in a very uniform m anncr by millions of highland l ndians, ranging today from the Sierra Nevad a de Santa Marta on tlw Carih\Jean •"ll"st '"uth to northwestcrnmost Argentina. Today coca chewing is practis<'d ··h iefly in thP highlands o f Pcru and Bolivia by C~uechua and Ayrnara peo­ :•l•.•s . lts usP in Colo mbia and Ecuador is rc•stricl.Pd to a fc•w isolated indig­ ·nous gr oups in re mote rnountainous areas. In parts o í PNu and Boli via, the ·Ltltivation 0f coca has greatly inc reased in tlw past ft•w years owing to t.lw :rowing markct fo r illic it cocaine in thf' Unitcd Slates a nd E:uropP. In spite o f the great attentio n paid to tlw US<' o f coca lpaves and ·omine, we know relatively li ttle about the corn plant itsPlf. As a taxo­ :omist, 1 am part icularly in terested in the o ri ¡¡in a nd t'Volution of coca and :.s rPlationships to ot.h er species of the genus r:ryll1roxylw11 lo which it la•· *llased on a papcr pr~sented a l lhe Symposi um o n f;ry tltroxy /o n ·- Nt•w Hi ~to ri c;d nd Scientific Aspects, sponsored IJy the Botani cal Museum of Harvard l 1 11i v(·n;it~' crnd ·a ~ a de la Cultura del Ecuador, Q uito. Ecuador, IJeC'('m!.wr :1 · ~. 19 79. "*An early versíon u f the paper was first presenlcd al the 1:,rd lnh·rnatitmal Co 11 gr'"',..: ~ f Anwricanists, Vancou ver, Canada , August l ~i, .1 ~J 79 . 196 longs. Jn the colirsc of my studies on coca, 1 am preparing a tmrnnomic revision o f ali tlw NeotropicaJ species of F rythroxylwn which are thougln lo numbcr about 200. The cultivat.ed coca pla nt.s are currc ntly considere<! to helong to two distinct species of Erythroxylwn (Plowman, 1979a, 1980). The most impor­ tant is Eryl11roxylum coca Lam. from which almost ali commercial coca leavcs and cocaine are derived. Th is species is native to the montarla zone o f the eastcrn Andes, cxtcnding from Ecuado r south to Bo livia . !t is littlc known outside this rcgion which is characterizcd by a very favorable tropical e nvironment of high rainfall , tcmperatures which are not exccssivcly hot or cole! , and well drained, mineral-rich soils. Erythroxylum coca is grown usuall\ between 500 and 1500 mete rs elevation but may be grown as high as 2000 mctcrs. Thc sccond species of cultivatcd coca is Hrythroxy /urn nouogranalense (Morris) llicron. This is known commonl y as ·'Colombian coca" ami was cultivatcd throughout the m ountains of present day Colombia and Venezuela in pre-Columbian t imes. lt thrivcs at lowt:'f elevations and in hotter, drier climates than E. coca, and is gcncrally mon· tolerant of a diversity of climatic and edaphic conditio ns. This is the species of coca wh ich is widPly p[anted in the Old World tropics, Pspceiall y in lhe former British colonics, asan ornamental plant and minor sourcl' of cocaim-. Colombian coca difft•rs from typical E rythroxylu111 coca in a numht•r o morphological, c• cological ancl chC' mical charactt•rist.ics and is rcproduct.ivPly isolaU>d from E. coca in its breeding rl'iatio nsbips ..\ s a crop plan l, this s¡wcies o f "º"ªis confined today to isolatPd mounlain arl'as of Colombia wh<.•re il is eullivated on a small sea!!' by s<'veral lndian t.rihes. There is littlt· coC"aine production hased u pon this specit'S. Colombian coca has one importanl variet.y: f.'rylhroxy/11111 11ouo· grana tense var. truxi/lense (Rushy) Plowman (Plowman, 1 H79h). This is tlw well known "Trujillo coca" of commercc which is still produccd ncar thc l'ity of Trujillo in norlhl·rn l'cru 011 tlw d ry , wesl-facing si o pes of lhe !\ndt» up to ahout 1800 nwters, as wt:ll as in t.hc arid, upper l\laraii(m valll'y. Trujillo coca was fo nm·rl y c ullivakd th roughout llll' desPrt coast of h ·ru in tlw rivP r val!Pys and is the vari<'ty o f """ª excaval<'cl t. hNt' in numprous archeolo[!ical siles, dating back as raras 1750 B.C. fi'altPrson, l!Jíl; Coh1•11 . 1H78). Trujillo coca is well adaplPd t.o llw dest•rl conditions fou nd in coasl;!l l'Pru, although lik<' ali ollwr crops in this arl'a, coca requires irrigalion throughout the year. In its tolerancP to drought, this plant contrasts markt" !y with E. cuca wh ich grows in a completrly differenl habitat y...t in geo­ graphi<:al proximity. Trujillo coca is inte rmt•diak in seVP raJ charactl'fs IH'­ tween f,'. coca and E. 11ouogranalc11se, but scems bcst placed as a variety of the [alter, hased on morphologit:al, chemical and physiological fP atures. Lil Colombian coca, il is particularly rich in methyl salicylate (wintPrgr<·en o il i This and other flavoring compounds give Trujillo coca a grPalcr value for ti · production of coca-flavorPd heverages, inclLidin ~ thP universal Coca-Cola "· 197 which still incurporatps ckcocainizPd PX! racLs of TruJi ll o coca in its prcpara­ tion. ¡\ fou rth kind of cu ltivatPd coca is also fu und in Suuth /\mNit·a liut has been largely unrecognizcd hy both botanists and an th ropologists. This is thc coca of t hc Am azon valley, wh ich contimws (p '"' eu ltivall·d o n a small seall' by a numbcr of l ndian tri hes in thp wt•sl<'rn Amazon in Brazil, C:olomhia and Peru. Th is coca is employcd for its stimulaling and nulrítious prnpt•rties hul differs markedly from othcr varietiPs of c oca in it s mrnlc o f cullivation and pn'paration. We now know that Amazonian coca helongs to Llll' sppci<'s J:;ry/hru­ xylum coca , but differs from the typical A ndc'an s¡wcics in a munlll'r of morphological ami chemic al features. 1 rec<' nlly descrihc•d Arnazonian enea as a new variety, Erythroxylum coca var. ipadu Pl owman, and discussl'd liricfly thc esscnt ial differenccs hetwecn the A111azonia11 and Anckan vari­ dies of co ca (Plowman , 1979b). The nc w varice!~' ís namcd iµadú afü·r t.hc common Brazilian namp of Amazonian coca which is dPriv!'d from Uw Tup í languagc. In the present pa¡wr 1 will attemp t to sum marizl' o ur knowl<>dw· of Amazonian coca, including the hist.ory, hot.any, o rigin, distrihution, cu ltiva­ tion and uses of thP p lant. Some of the informal.ion pn·simto>d is has<'d un inC'ompletc or skctchy data si ner past workcrs have dpvc>il'd lílll1· sPrioll s 'tudy to this imporlant Amazonian crop. lt is rny hop<' lhal this p a¡wr wil l -..; prve as an impctus for r C' nt~wed and inü·nsi vt- r< '<;l«.u·c-1 1 011 all aspt·cb nf .-\mazonian t'oca. ' Jlist.ory Tlw fi rsl rcport which refl'rs to Uw u s<' o f cu<"a in 1111· Amazon n·¡¡i1J11 p¡wars to !)(' Prrorwous. Dur in~ his second voytt}.;l' ln lht· N<' w \\'o rld in l~l9, Amérigo Vespucc i visited the norlhern c.:oast o r South J\ m t•rica and ·ported his find in gs in a ll'tter to R enato IJ. Uw llukt• of Lnrt'na (!\avarrl'L('. ~8 0). Vespucci disc rnh<UkPd somPwhN<' u nan u nitknlificd isla nd fiflt'<· n :c~'1 1es off '.hP coast, acc:ording to his cakulations. l lt • wrok lhal th" inhah ­ :111\s of the island were " the most bestial and ignoran t i>u l al. tlw "lllH' lilll<' '" most kind and ¡wace-lo ving of ali ". lil' also wroll· that t.lwsc Jn dians 1hílually dww<:>d a cntain green hcrb along wíl\1 a whílt• " rlour". Tlwsl' t ides were carricd at t hc belt Íll two small gnurds, OIH' for Llw lwrh and w for the "flour". WhilC' chcwing the hPrb, tllC'y conlinually applied till' lnur" to the mouth with a small stic k .
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