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Abitat Requirements of White-Tailed Deer in the Post Oak-Blackjack Oak Habitat Type Of ].ABITAT REQUIREMENTS OF WHITE-TAILED DEER IN THE POST OAK-BLACKJACK OAK HABITAT TYPE By RICHARD ALLEN OCKENFELS !,1 Bachelor of Science Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona 1977 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE December, 1980 HABITAT REQUIREMENTS OF WHITE-TAILED DEER IN THE POST OAK-BLACKJACK OAK HABITAT TYPE Thesis Approved: Thesis Adviser i i 1072195 PREFACE The purpose of this study was to evaluate habitat requirements of white-tailed deer in the post oak-blackjack oak habitat type of Oklahoma. Information on habitat use patterns, factors affecting the patterns, activity levels, home range characteristics, centers of activity, and movement patterns was established for use by the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation. Techniques to monitor use patterns were also investigated. The research combined original field observations with data published in existing literature. Financial support was provided by Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration monies, Pittman-Robertson Project W-130-R, Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation, Oklahoma State University, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Wildlife Management Institute cooperating. Guidance from my major adviser, Dr. John A. Bissonette, Assistant Leader, Oklahoma Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, during the study and thesis preparation was sincerely appreciated. Dr. Paul A. Vohs, Jr., past Leader, Oklahoma Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, Dr. Fritz L. Knopf, formerly Assistant Professor, Department of Ecology, Fisheries, and Wildlife, and Dr. William D. Warde, Associate Professor, Department of Statistics, offered many helpful suggestions during the study and served as members of my graduate committee. Many hours of statistical and computer programming assistance were logged by Dr. Warde during the analysis iii stage. I would like to thank them for their support. Special thanks must be given to Donald Martin, Oklahoma Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit Technician, for his many hours of field assistance and helpful suggestions for improving the project, All personnel of the Research Unit and fellow graduate students are thanked for their involvement during the project, Special appreciation must be given to O.E. Maughan, Leader, Oklahoma Cooperative Fisheries Research Unit, who substituted for F.L. Knopf and P.A. Vohs during my oral defense. He reviewed the manuscripts and made additional suggestions for improving the thesis. Lastly, I would like to thank Cindy Heever for her encouragement and help when I needed it most. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. Introduction ............................................. 1 II. A TRACK PLOT SYSTEM TO MONITOR HABITAT USE 2 Experimental Design 3 Analysis 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion 7 Literature Cited 8 III. DIFFERENTIAL USE OF CROSS TIMBERS HABITAT BY WHITE-TAILED DEER ..................................................... 16 Abstract 16 Study Area 18 Methods 19 Results and Discussion . •... 20 Literature Cited •.••.•• 27 IV. ACTIVITY LEVELS OF WHITE-TAILED DEER IN CROSS TIMBERS HABITAT 34 Abstract 34 Study Area 36 Methods 36 Results 37 Discussion 38 Literature Cited ..... 42 v. HOME RANGES OF WHITE-TAILED DEER IN CROSS TIMBERS HABITAT 47 Study Area 48 Methods 48 Results and Discussion 49 Conclusion •••.•••. 50 Literature Cited .... 51 APPENDIX A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DISTANCE MOVED AND TIME PERIOD, TEMPERATURE, AND PHENOLOGICAL SEASON ••••••.••••••••• 55 APPENDIX .B DIEL HABITAT USE PATTERNS OF WHITE-TAILED DEER 63 v Chapter Page APPENDIX C CAPTURE DATA ON WHITE-TAILED DEER................... 67 APPENDIX D DELINEATION OF COVER TYPES ON 3 STUDY SITES ...•••... 69 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page CHAPTER II 1. Example of data computation using percentage tracks/day (TPD) to evaluate habitat use patterns of white-tailed deer on the Hunt Creek study site during May 1979. 10 CHAPTER III 1. Cover types monitored for habitat use by white-tailed deer in the Cross Timbers region of Oklahoma during 1978-79. • • . • • 30 2. Differences in monthly use of 7 cover types by white-tailed, deer on 3 Cross Timbers sites during 1978-79, as determined by track counts. Months commonly underlined could not be statistically separated, while those in parentheses received no use and order is unimportant. ANOVA and LSD used as statistical procedure (a=0.20). Months are ranked in ascending order. • . • . • . • . • • • • • 31 CHAPTER V 1. Size (km2) of area, length (km) of major axis, and number (n) of relocations within a season and the year for 6 radio-telemetered white-tailed deer on the Hunt Creek study site during 1979. • • • • • • • • • • • • 54 APPENDIX A I. Diel movement patterns of radio-telemetered white-tailed deer on the Hunt Creek study site during 1979. Mean distance -Cm) is the average distanc.e between sequential relocations. Maximum time period between relocations= l 0 hrs. 5 6 2. Effect of ambient temperature on movement patterns of radio-telemetered white-tailed deer on the Hunt Creek study site during 1979. Mean distance (m) is the average distance between sequential relocations. Maximum time period between relocations=lO hrs. 57 vii Table Page 3. Seasonal movement patterns of radio-telemetered white-tailed deer on the Hunt Creek study site during 1979. Mean distance (m) is the average linear distance between sequential relocations. Maximum time period between relocations=lO hrs. • • . • . • . 58 APPENDIX B 1. Diel habitat use patterns of radio-telemetered white-tailed deer on the Hunt Creek study site during 1978-79. Percentage use of cover type calculated from the number of relocations taken during the time intervals. Unequal time periods reflect deer activity patterns in the literature (Montgomery 1963, Marchinton 1968, Halls 1978, and others, see Text). • • • • • • • 64 APPENDIX C 1. Capture technique used and date of capture of white-tailed deer on the Hunt Creek study site during 1978-79. 68 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page CHAPTER II 1. Configuration of habitat selected for by white-tailed -deer on the Hunt Creek study site during 1978-79, as determined by track plot analysis. Plot locations receiving greater than 1% use and adjacent area are included in shaded area. • • • . • • • • • . • • • • • . • . • • • • • • 13 2. Seasonal use patterns of 3 cover types on the Hunt Creek study site during 1978-79. Use patterns were determined by counting deer tracks in 100 random plots. Values calculated as the percent change from expected (% area occupied). •••••. , • • • • • . • • • • • • 14 3. Seasonal levels of activity (x+S.E.) of white-tailed deer on the Hunt Creek study-site during 1978-79. Activity levels were determined by counting number of tracks/day (TPD) in 100 random plots. Sample size is in parentheses (6=600 plots). ..•••••..•••.•• 15 CHAPTER III 1. A) Maximum and minimum temperature readings at 5-day intervals for the Hunt Creek study site. Variability within the interval is not accounted for. Occurrence and amount of precipitation (cm) is also noted. B) Effect of ambient temperature on habitat selection of 7 radio-telemetered white-tailed deer on the Hunt Creek study site during 1978-79. Percent utilization is percent of relocations within the temperature interval. • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • 33 ix Figure Page CHAPTER IV 1. Activity levels (x+S.E.) of white-tailed deer on selected sites within the Cross Timbers region of Oklahoma during 1978-79, as determined by track plot analysis. Shaded area represents a generalized pattern (x+S.E.) for the Cross Timbers (all sites combined).- December 1978 data at South Hiway was deleted based on high levels of human disturbance affecting deer activity. Dotted lines indicate position of band if December is included. 45 2. Effect of mean (A) minimum and (B) maximum ambient temperature (C) on activity levels (number of tracks/day) of white-tailed deer on the Hunt Creek study site during 1978-79. Dotted lines are predictions based on data of Ozoga and Verme (1970) and Mo en ( 19 7 6) . • . • • . • • • • • • • . • • 4 6 APPENDIX A 1. Diel movement patterns of radio-telemetered white-tailed deer on the Hunt Creek study site during 1979. Mean distance (m) is the average distance between sequential relocations. Maximum time period between relocations= 10 hrs. ~ . 60 2. Effect of ambient temperature on movement patterns of radio-telemetered white-tailed deer on the Hunt Creek study site during 1979. Mean distance (m) is the average distance between sequential relocations. Maximum time period between ~elocations=lO hrs. 61 3. Seasonal movement patterns of radio-telemetered white-tailed deer on the Hunt Creek study site during 1979. Mean distance (km) is the average linear distance between sequential relocations. Maximum time period between relocations=lO hrs. • • . • • • • 62 APPENDIX B 1. Diel habitat use patterns of radio-telemetered white-tailed deer on the Hunt Creek study site during 1978-79. Percentage use of cover type calculated from the number of relocations taken during the time period. Unequal time periods reflect deer activity patterns in the literature (Montgomery 1963, Marchinton 1968, Halls 1978, and others, see Text). • • • • • • • • • • • • • 66 x Figure Page APPENDIX D 1. Delineation of cover types on the Hunt Creek site. 71 2. Delineation of cover types on the Okmulgee site. ....... 72 3. Delineation of cover types on the South Hiway site. 73 xi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This thesis is comprised of 4 manuscripts
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