NO, 4 APRIL, 1957 T

VOLUME 20 NO, 4 APRIL, 1957 t

I IT MAY ASSIST YOU ...

t o be familiar with one of

t he best known acid cleansers

i n America .. . PENNCLEAN.

PENNC LEAN removes milkstone I rapidly, at low cost! This ad, .._ directed to milk producers,

t ells the story. For additional

i nformation please write ... you'll receive descriptive l iterature without obligation. 1 • • . with PENNCLEAN® Y0U get

WIDE USE ... flush, circulation, soak, .spot ... anyway you use it, it's best for all dairy equipment! QUICK ACTION .. . special wetting agent in PENN~. LEAN cuts · cleaning a nd rinsing time! · SAFE ON METALS· . . . precise a cid percentage means effective clean ing without equipment discoloration. RELIABLE . .. PENN CLEAN is in wide use, on every type of dairy · ' and dairy farm ... for cleaning all equipment.

PENNCLEAN ••• the modern acid cleanser 0 ·For your free booklet write Pennsalt · Dept. 400, Pennsylvania Salt Mfg. Company, Three Penn Chemicals Center, Philadelphia 2, Pa. ' FILTER DISKS

Of course there's a difference in filter disks. Chances are it's not a difference you can see ... like the thickness or the surface of the disk, or even the color of the box. It's what you don't see that makes the real difference ... safe filtration, for instance, engineered into every Rapid-Flo Fibre-Bonded Filter Disk by Johnson & Johnson. And only Rapid-Flo milk filters provide a reliable Rapid-Flo Check-up for Mastitis and Extraneous Matter . . . at no extra cost. Th;final proof of this difference in filter disks is foun'U. on the farms of thousands and thousands of quality-minded dairymen who have made R apid-Flo Fibre-Bonded Filter Disks t he preferred filter disk 2 to 1 over t he next four brands combined. Yes, like all Johnson & Johnson products . .. each outstanding in its field . . . Rapid-Flo Fibre-Bonded Filter Disks give proven quality and reliable performance. For safe filtration and effective Rapid-Flo Check-ups, always recommend genuine Rapid-Flo Fibre-Bonded Filter D isks.

FilTE R PRODUCTS DIVISION

Copy1ight 1957. Johnso n & Joh nson , Ch ic ago ' ·!'

J•

I • • •\ • • •• • •• • • •

Ea ch black dot on the map represents a dairy that has stand ardized on a 100% Pure-Pak operation

Every week another dairy takes advantage of I the many benefits of standardized operation!

Visit one of the 100% Pure-Pak equippecl clairies near you ancl see the many advantages of packaging all your milk this moe/ern way.

Only you know when the time is right for your dairy to consider "standardization." We do find, however , that the decision to expand the use of Pure-Pak in the interest of maximum plant efficiency and economy is being given more favorable consideration today then ever before. Every month, we find that more and more dairies go Pure-Pak all the way! Today, you'll find milk in Pure-Pak in all the 48 states ; and in 22 foreign countries-a total of over 8 billion cartons a year. ' Pure-Pak is the milk packaging system with the EXTRA benefits. BEST for plant efficiency ... best on the routes! PLUS ... a superior machine made by a company that leads in precision manufacturing, supplying over 30 basic industries with precision machines and parts. PLUS . . . a complete ONE-STOP supply service ... including wax, wire, glue, cases and carriers. If you're not already packaging all your milk this modern way why not check to see how this chan ge can benefit you. Only complete line of cartons: 20 million times a clay, someone breaks the seal on a fresh Pure-Pak carton Pure-Pak is t he only paper milk carton that is available in all sizes from Yz pint through Yz gallon.

PER S ONAl MilK C O NTA INEil

Other Other

benefits: benefits: dispo sab l e, e, no no bottles bottles to to wash wash or or return . .

ci ate ate

the the added added safety safety of of Pure-Pak's Pure-Pak's

shatterproof shatterproof

con

tain er. er.

Gre

ater ater

consumer consumer

prefe

r en ce : :

Mot

hers hers

appre

RE -P AK AK

DI . V , , EX-CELL-O EX-CELL-O CORP., CORP., DETROIT DETROIT 32, 32, MICH . .

FILMS FILMS

WITH WITH Y OUR OUR OWN OWN NAME NAME AS AS SPONSOR, SPONSOR, WRITE WRITE

FOR FOR

DETAIL S S ON ON BOR ROWING ROWING OR OR PURCHASING PURCHASING THESE THESE

dr i n ki ng ng water water to to your your community community in in time time o f f disaster. disaster.

your your da iry iry and and local local Civ il il Defense Defense joi n n force s s to to bring bring pure pure

"CRISIS" "CRISIS"

A A 16 16 mm . . do cumen tar y y fllm fllm fells fells haw haw

shows shows

Ie da y's y's swift , , sa nitar m y etho ds ds of of milk milk handling . .

col

or , ,

1 1

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s oundfilm, oundfilm,

made made

fo r r

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"THE "THE NE W W

S T

RY RY OF OF MILK" MILK" This This fu fu 11 11

publi c -service -service TV TV pr ograms . .

ho wings wings

t o o sch ool ool PTA, PTA, club club an d d church church g r oup s, s, and and for for

presti ge ge

in in yo ur ur commun i ty . . They're They're i deally deally suited suited for for

Use Use

t he se se dramatic , , i nfo r ma t i ve ve moti on on p i ctures ctures to to build build

BUILD BUILD Y O UR UR MILK MILK SAL ES ES

MOTION MOTION PI C TURES TURES TO TO HEL P P

2 2

GREAT GREAT NEW NEW PUBLIC-SERVI CE CE · ·

nea rly rly

a a

ton ton of of lifting lifting

per per

da y y

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Exclusive Exclusive

top top printing printing

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driver driver

benefits: benefits:

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has has no no empties empties

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identification: identification:

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a llows llows

a a

case case of of 500 500

quart quart containers containers take take

no no

Impro

ve d d

in-plant in-plant

effi Greater Greater ciency: ciency:

space space savings: savings: Pur e-Pak e-Pak milk milk Since Since Pure-Pak Pure-Pak carton carton ..) ~1f-fiA . ' tl!t~tttJe!zdtiJlf

To our host of customers and frie nd s we say " thank yo u" for the business and goodwill which hos co ntrib ut ed so richly to our Si ei'IIUlfU growth and the expansion of SANIT':&.Y PIPELINE , MILKING KLENZADE SYSTEMS ANNIVERSARY HIGHLIGHTS

FOR MILKING PARLORS "' OR STANCHION BARNS r/tito:iiiiiliMU ! Ceaninr;

KLENZ-SPRA Y UNITS SPRAY ARMS ,QUALITY PROTECTED AGAINST HUMAN for storage tonk s. The Job-engineered far auto· mo st practical and perfect· motion pan 'and evapo HANDLING AND AIR-BORNE BACTERIA ly engineered cleaning rator cleaning~- p·a n re mains inoperative' through 40 YEARS .. . Universal has paced system yet developed. FOR OVER far each out cleaning cycle thus milk quality Custom-designed the continual advancements in improving individual installation. An saving operator's time and through greater sanitation methods. Pipeline milking, o utstand'ing Klenzade eliminating "burn-on '' of the Universal Supermatic way, is a n outstanding ''first."' cleaning solu tion . engineering achievement in modern milking equip ment that protects milk quality. One small part of the this system, for instance, the sanitary d esign of ROTOR-JET CIP CLEANING ersal Milker Assembly, demonstrates the relia Univ atin g un i t for .. . the exclusive air for cleaning bulk pick-up Re-C ircul bility of the sanitary features cleaning high temperature thorough release in the claw avoids milk r ancidity . . . the tonk s. Does a equipment ond other exclusive claw shut-off eliminates the need for a hard cleaning job in only min cleaned-in-place 0 p e ro others. lions with automatic tem to-clean valve ... and m any utes per tan k. Complete perature ~antral. Portable ly automatic or, without solution tank with pump and convenient conn e c timer, for manual program lions. Also availab le for control. permanent installation.

PRODUCTS, INC SE!OIT, WI6CONSIN

v v

1957 1957

INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL

AssoCIATION AssoCIATION

AND AND OF OF MILK MILK FooD FooD SANITARIANs, SANITARIANs, INc. INc.

t ributors ributors

of of papers. papers.

prints prints

sho

uld uld

be be

sent sent

to to

the the

executive executive

office office

Box Box

tai 437, 437, ned ned Shelbyv

from from

ill the the e, e, Indiana Editor Editor

. . for for the the

use use

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the the

Association, Association, can can

be be

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Thomasson, Thomasson,

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Libraries, Libraries,

of of t Minn., Minn., 1 1 .OO .OO yr yr .

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...... Paul, Paul, ...... Minn. Minn.

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chaJ1ges chaJ1ges

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address, address,

and and

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Public Public ~

Edttor, Edttor,

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failure failure

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receive receive

copies copies

of of

the the

Journal, Journal,

be. be.

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... to to ...... J. J.

...... C. C. Olson ......

, , ...... Jr.

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re~arding re~arding

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remittances remittances

for for

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and and other other

subscription, subscription, reading reading

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Food Food

Sanitation

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correspondence correspondence

Individual Individual

Manuscripts: Manuscripts:

non-members, non-members,

Correspondence Correspondence

Governmental Governmental regarding regarding

and and man· man·

Milk Milk

e.nd e.nd

Food Food

Technology, Technology,

(including (including

Milk Milk

Subscription Subscription

Rates: Rates:

One One

volume volume

per per

year year

e lu des des

annua l l subscription subscription 437, 437, to to th Shelb e e Journal Journal yv ille, ille, of of Ind

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above Sanitarians, Sanitarians,

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Inc ., ., is is $5.00 $5.00 Managing Managing per per

year, year, Editor

which which , ,

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Association Association University University to to

H. H. L. L. of of of of Minn., Minn., Thomasson Thomasson Milk Milk St and and . .

Paul

Food Food (address (address , ,

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tions, tions,

Membership Membership

orders orders Associate Associate

for for Dues: Dues: s in gle gle Ed M'embership M'embership i tor, tor, copies, copies, Dept. Dept. etc., etc., in in Dairy Dairy should should the the

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EDITORIAL EDITORIAL s in

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matters, matters,

OFFICES a dvertising, dvertising, ' : : J. J.

C. C. Olson, Olson, subscrip~ subscrip~

Jr ., ., ville, ville,

Ind. Ind.

Business Business

Matters: Matters:

Correspondence Correspondence

the the regard· regard· Act Act

of of

March March

3, 3, 1879. 1879.

of of the the

Association, Association,

P. P. 0. 0. Box Box

437, 437,

Shelby_ Shelby_

Office Office at at Shelbyville, Shelbyville, Ind., Ind., March March 195

2 , , under under

Entered Entered as as second second clas · s s matter matter at at the the

Post Post

Ind. Ind.

Blue Blue

Ridge Ridge

Rd., Rd., P . . 0. 0.

Box Box

437, 437, Shelbyville

, ,

with with

executive executive

offices offices

Index Index

of of

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to to

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Milk Milk

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Sanitation) Sanitation)

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W. W. S. S. MUELLER MUELLER

...... Amherst, Amherst, Mass. Mass.

Milk Milk

Products Products

C. C. G. G. LEONARD LEONARD .. .. Columbia, Columbia, So. So.

Carolina Carolina

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KAUFMANN KAUFMANN The The .. .. East East Future Future

Lansing, Lansing, of of the the Mich. Mich. Sanitary Sanitary

Contro

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Milk Milk and and

C. C.

K. K. JoHNs JoHNs ...... Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada Canada

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C. C.

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...... Los Los Angeles, Angeles,

Calif. Calif.

Som e e Observations Observations

on on R. R. W. W. Testing Testing HART HART Milk Milk ...... Sampl Kansas Kansas e s s for for City, City, Antibiotics Antibiotics Mo. Mo.

L. L. G. G. HARMON HARMON

...... East East Lansing, Lansing, Mich. Mich.

. .

C. C. FLAKE FLAKE

......

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Chicago, Chicago, L. L.

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Analysis Analysis

in in Food Food

and and Drug Drug

Control Control F. F. W. W. FABIAN FABIAN ...... East East Lansing, Lansing, Mich. Mich.

F. F.

A. A.

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......

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104 104

F. F.

C. C.

BASELT BASELT

...... New New

York, York,

N. N. Y. Y. Automotive Automotive

Milk Milk

Transportation Transportation

Tanks Tanks for for

Bulk Bulk

F. F.

W. W.

BARBER BARBER

...... Oakdale, Oakdale,

N. N. Y. Y.

Amendment Amendment

to to 3A 3A

Sanitary Sanitary

Standards Standards

M. M. P. P. for for BAKER BAKER Stainless Stainless ...... St ee l l Ames, Ames, Iow a a

C . . A. A. ABELE ABELE ...... Chicago, Chicago,

Ill. Ill.

John John

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......

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Editors Editors

Pen e tration tration of of Prot e ctive ctive Coverings Coverings by by Insects. Insects.

E. E.

H . .

Mm·th Mm·th

and and W. W. C . .

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Shelbyville, Shelbyville,

Indiana. Indiana.

III. III.

Psychrophiles Psychrophiles

Found Found and and

Their Their

Growth. Growth.

and and Managing Managing Editor, Editor,

Box Box

437, 437,

Cooling Cooling H Tank Tank . . L. L. THOMASSON, THOMASSON, Temperahu Executive Executive es es Secretary Secretary

Bact e riology riology of of Milk Milk of of Minn Held Held . , , St. St. at at Paul Paul Farm Farm 1, 1, Bulk Bulk Minn. Minn.

Dept . . Dairy Dairy Husbandry, Husbandry, University University

DR. DR. J. J. C. C. OLSON, OLSON, JR., JR., Associate Associate Editor . .

Editors Editors

Page Page

H. H. H . . WILKOWSKE WILKOWSKE

Contents Contents

c. c. DR . . J . . OLSON, OLSON, Jn . . H. H. L. L. THOMASSON THOMASSON

Publication Publication Board Board

I. I. E. E.

PARKIN PARKIN

Vol. Vol. 20 20

April April

No.4 No.4

HAROLD HAROLD S. S. ADAMs ADAMs

H . . H. H. WILKOWSKE WILKOWSKE

WILLIAM WILLIAM

v. v.

HICKEY HICKEY

u . s . . REG. REG. PAT. PAT. OFF. OFF.

FRANKLIN FRANKLIN BARBER BARBER

International International HAROLD HAROLD B

. . RoBINSON RoBINSON Association Association

of of Milk Milk and and Food Food Sanitarians, Sanitarians,

Inc . .

PAUL PAUL CoRAsH CoRAsH

Official Official Publication Publication

Executive Executive Board Board

INCLUDING INCLUDING MILK MILK AND AND FOOD FOOD SANITATION SANITATION

TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY Gainesville, Florida Florida

Secretary-Treasure · r, r, H. H. H. H. vVILKOWSK.E vVILKOWSK.E

KEY, KEY, Salt Salt Lake Lake City, City, Utah . .

Second Second Vic e -Pr esident, esident, WILLIAM WILLIAM V. V. Hic

BER, BER, Oakdale, Oakdale, Long Long Island. Island.

MILK MILK First Vice-President, Vice-President, FRANKLIN FRANKLIN FOOD FOOD W. BAR and and

Washington, Washington, D. D. C. C.

President-Elect, President-Elect, HAROLD HAROLD B. B. RoBINSON RoBINSON

New New York York City, City,

New New York York

President, President,

pAUL pAUL CORASH CORASH

Journal Journal of of OFFICERS OFFICERS I ACCURACY Mojonnier Model D Milk Tester HAS A ~ C.ASH VALUE!

e Because of rising dairy costs, the importance of testing and standardiz ing butterfat and total solids content of all dairy products is more apparent today than ever before. Even a slight excess of these components may well mean the difference between the profit or loss of any product operation. e For forty years the Dairy Industry - has depended upon the accuracy of the Mojonnier Tester to protect its profits and assure product uniformity. cASK 'IAlU£ This record of traditional accuracy is ' Of . good reason to send for complete information. ACCURACY CHARl Write: MOJONNIER BROS. CO., . ·nformative chart gives 4601 W. Ohio St., Chicago 44, Ill. This interestJ09, 1 of accuracy ·' d cents va1 ue the dollars an . d ·ry products. f vanous at . in the case o h e or obligatton. 1--- .• today-no c ar9 Wll ~t ...t \1 Sen d f orh , ,,1.10 j MILK TESTERS

Superior Wire Crates are built of heavy-gauge steel wires assuring complete protection for pape r an d glass bottles and Ionge .~ ! service life. Smoothly coated· wires prevent bottle damage and provide greatest po s sible sanitation . The open construc tion shortens cooling time. Available with self-stacking bottoms or with top stackers for all types and sizes of gla ss and pape r bottles.

JOHN WOOD COMPANY No. 4416-SS Division Self Stacking Superior Metalware with Formed 509 Front Ave., St. Paul 3, Minn . Hand Holds. Metal corner plate provides pe rmanent em bossed identification.

WIRE CRATES for paper and glass bottles • DISPENSER CANS • MILK CANS • ICE CREAM CANS • HARDENING BASKETS • HOODED and OPEN PAILS • STRAINERS Metalware for the Dairy Ind ustry and Waste Receptac les BACTERIOLOGY OF MILK HELD AT FARM BULK COOLING TANK TEMPERATURES

Ill. PSYCHROPHILES FOUND AND THEIR GROWTW 2

E. H. MARTH AND W. C. FRAZIER Department of BacteTiology, University of Wisconsi.n, Madison (Received for publication September 8, 1956 )

Blodwen and Ellison ( 20); Erdman and Thornton Predominant bacteria in raw milks held at farm bulk cooling (7); and Abdel-Malek and Gibson (2). Psychrophilic tank temperatures were gram negative rods of the following genera: Achromobacter, Aerobacter, Alcaligenes, Flavobacterim and Pseu bacteria in raw milk, according to Jezeski and l\IIacy domonas. When inoculated into raw milk and held at 38• F., most ( 9), produced ro]Jiness , discoloration, proteolysis and of the Pseudomonas cultures grew rapidly and steadily for the first bitter flavors. They further reported that psychro two days anp more slowly during the last two days. The Achromo philes (a) were sometimes responsible for failure of bacter and A:lcaligenes cultures grew rapidly for the first three days and more slowly during the fourth, while the Aerobacter culture market milk to meet standards, (b) produced un growth. Flavobacterium cultures failed to grow appreciably. satisfactory methylene blue tests, and (c) could in terfere with the phosuhatase test since they showed phosphatase activity. Lawton and Nelson ( 10) found The importance of adequate cooling in the pro that when a culture -similar to Pseudomonas fluore duction of higl1 quality milk has long b een recognized. scen~ was grown-in pastemized or sterilized milk and Gelpi, McClesky and Seath ( 8) have re'Jorted im when a culture similar to Pseudomonas f!,eniculata proper cooling or lack of cooling as the greatest was grown in sterilized milk, most rapid growth causes of high bacterial counts in milk as it is re occurred during the second and third dav of storage ceived at the dairy plant. Although cooling will mt at 41°F. (5°C.). Olson et al. (16) found that psychro compensate for faulty milk production methods, it is philes could grow in recombined concentrated milk an important phase in the production of high quality when stored at 38.8°F. (1 °C.). and 39.2°F. ( 4 ·c.). milk according to Anderson and Nicholas ( 3). One of the advantages claimed for the handling Ayers, Cook and Clemmer ( 4) observed that bac of milk in bulk on the farm is better cooling and hence teria fniquenty grew in milk when both low and high reduction of problems caused by the growth of bac quality raw milks were held at refrigerator tempera teria in milk while it is stored on the farm. Marth, tures. It has been reported by Sherman, Cameron and Hunter and Frazier ( 14) reuorted that when high White (18), Thomas and Chandra-Sekhar (19) and quality milk was held in a farm bulk cooling tank Rogick and Burgwald ( 17) that psychrophilic bac for two days at 38°F., increases in nsychroohilic bac teria able to grow in raw milk held at refrigerator tem teria were noted in only a few samules. Such increases peratures were primarily gram negative, non-spore ranged from two to nine times the original number forming rods. Bacteria able to grow in refrigerated of psychrophilic bacteria _p resent in tbe raw milk. milk have been found to belong to one or more of In further work, Marth and Frazier ( 13) showed the following genera: Achromobacter, Alcaligcmes, that occasionally large increases of- nsychronhHic Flavobacte1··iurn, Pseudomonas, Aerobacter, Escheri bacteria would occur when raw milk samples with chia, Lactobacillus and St-reptococcu1 by Morrison either high or low initial numbers of bacteria were and Hammer ( 15); Sherman, Cameron and White stored at farm bulk cooling tank temperatures. (18) ; Thomas and Chandra-Sekhar (19 ); Thomas, The research reported in this paper was designed, lPublished with the approval of the Director of the Wis (a) to determine the kinds of bacteria present in consin Agricultural Experiment Station. This work was sup raw milk and able to grow when it was stored at -1 ported, in part, by funds from the United States Steel Cor farm bulk cooling tank temperatures and (b) the poration. ability of pure cultures of these bacteria to grow when 2The research reported herein was conducted as a part of the North Central Regional Research Project NC-3, One Story inoculated into raw milk that then was held _ at a Dairy Barns and Related Stru'ctures. farm bulk cooling tank temperahn·e. 94 BACTERIOLOGY OF MILK

METHODS Nitrate reduct·ion. The nitrate reduction test d es cribed b y Conn and Breed ( 6) was employed in .. Isolation of bacteria these studies. Twenty-four hour broth cultures of the isolates found to be gram negative rods were Bacteria were isolated from petri dish cultures m e I inoculated into the nitrate medium as described in , pared for either the standard or psyclu-ophilic plate ' , the Manual of .Methods ( 11) . After 24 hours of in counts of milks held at the temperatures of farm bulk cubation at 35°C. the nitrate broth cultures were i cooling tanks for three or four days as previously A' tested for the presence of nitrites. ' described by Marth and Frazier ( 12). Colonies of the predominant types were picked and streaked on Classifi cation of isolates accoTcling to ge ne'l'a tryptone-glucose-beef extract-milk ( TGEM) agar The isolates were divided into 18 groups by means ( Difco ) s lants, which were incubated at 35°C. for of the tests described above. A representative was 48 hours and then stored at W °C. chosen from each group and identified as to genus Pu-rification of ·isolates according to characteristics outlined in Bergey's Man The isolates were inocul ated into a broth of the ual of Detennina#oe Bacteriology ( 5). following composition: A twelve-hour broth culture was used to study Difco tryptone 1.0 per cent motility and flagellation as described in Manual Difco beef exh·act 0.3 per cent of Methods ( 11 ). Flagellar stains were made accord Glucose 0.5 per cent ing to the Fisher and Conn modification of the Bailey K 2HP04 0.2 per cent Distilled water method ( 11 ) . .I Twenty-four hour broth cutures were streaked on Growth of isolates in m.ilk at 38° F. TGEM agar in petri dishes. After the plates had b een A water bath cooled with a one-fourth horsepower incubated for 48 hours at 35°C., well isolated colonies capacity compressor was used for this series of ex were picked into the broth described above. The periments. The compressor and a 750 watt water broth cultures were incubated at 35°C . for 48 h ours heater were controlled by two thermoregulators so and stored at woe. that the water bath temperature was held at 38°F. Grouping of isolates and varied less than plus or minus 0.1 °F . One representative from each of the 18 groups of The following tests were used to group organisms organisms isolated from raw milk incubated at low isolated and purified as previously described: temperatures as previously describ~ by Marth and ultures of all Gmm, stain. Twenty-four hour b roth c Frazier ( 12 ) was inoculated into 50 ml. of the tryp e g ram stain isolates were checked by means of th tone-beef extract broth described above and incubated Gram nega procedure for morphology and reaction. at 35°C. for 24 hours. Five ml. of the 24 hour broth milk samples stored tive rods were predominant in culture were inoculated into duplicate samples of eratures and hence at farm · bulk cooling tank temp approximately 250 ml. of fresh raw milk, with a very was selected for further this group of organisms low b acterial content to give an inocu'l~Jm of two study. to 120 million bacteria per ml. The inoculated milk s of Litmus mille Twenty-four hour broth culture samples were incubated at 38°F. in the previously e rods were all isolates found to b e gram negativ described water bath and numbers of bacteria were at 35°C . inoculated into litmtls milk and incubated estimated daily by means of the s tandard and osy ed for seven days. Litmus milk cultures were examin chrophilic plate counts as described in Standa1'(] curd after t\vo, five and seven days of in cubation for M etlwds foT the Examination of Dairy Products ( 1). re formation, acid production, alkali production, Isolates able to g row in raw milk at 38°F. when duction, proteolysis and wheying off. a large inoculum was employed were checked for Gelatin. Twenty-four hour broth cultures of all ability to grow when present in milk in numbers isolates found to be g ram negative rods were inocu approximating possible farm contamination ( 160,000 lated into a nutrient gelatin medium of the following bacteria per ml. or less) . To obtain this level of composition: inoculum, numbers of bacteria per ml. in 24 hour Difco beef extract 0.3 per cent broth cultures were determined b y the direct micro Difco tryptone 0.5 per cent scopic method as described in Standard Methods fo r Difco gelatin 12.0 per cent Distilled water the Examination of Dairu Pmducts ( 1 ) ; then the pro The gelatin cultures were incubated at 35°C. for per amount of broth culture was added to duplicate 14 days and checked for liquefaction after seven and 250-ml. samples of raw rhilk with a very low initial 14 days. bacterial content so that there was a maximum of -' BACTERIOLOGY OF' -MJLK

L PSEUDOMONAS NO. 6 PSEUDOMONAS NO. 28 8.0 8.0 _j ~

(/)' a: I.U 7.0 7. CD ~ ~ - Z -

~ 0 6.0 6.0 (/) ~ :X: 1- a: q (.!) 0 -l 5.0 5.0

0 2 3 4 0 2 ""1- 3 4 TIME-DAYS TIME- DAYS

PSEUDOMONAS NO. 34 PSEUDOMONAS NO. 37

8.0 8.0 PPC _j ~ _.,.' ,...-/PPC (/)' / Q:: // 7.0 I.U 7.0 / CD / ::E / ~ / z ,, / ll.. 0 6.0 I ()) 6.0 ~ ' :X: • 1- a:: q (.!) 0 5.0 -l 5.0

3 0 2 3 4 0 2 ., 4 r ·,ME-DAY S TIME-D'AYS .. .. ' FIGURE l. Daily changes in numbers cif. Pseudomonas in l·aw nillk at ·38• ·F·:· ·

··-; .. _! _· - •150,000 bacteria ·)')resent per ml. of ni Hk. The inocu cluplicates the product that may be found in farm lated :milk sctmples::were incubated ·· at 38°F . in the bulk cooling tanks. Furthe1'more, experimerital"•evi . weviously desctibed watei: ·batli."'•a nd numbers of dence indicated that some of the cultures grew as well ' . . . bacteria.' were ·estimated daily -- ·by means of the a:s or better in raw milk than they did ih pa-steurized ·sta:ndai·d ( SPC) ahtk:psychl~ophilic :plate counts '(jPPC ). : (l43°F. for 30 ,minutes') or ~ t erilized :' \15 po~~ds Raw milk of excelle1l:t:· bacteriological quality was :. ,pressure for min~tes.) used for these experiments since it more nearly 2S rrrilk , . .... 96 BACI'ERIOLOGY OF MILK

NO. 167 PSEUDOMONAS NO. 43 PSEUDOMONAS 8.0 8.0 , _, ', 4 A' 2 I 7.0 7.0 en' a: PPC ~ ID ""2 /.: SPC :;, fi z u "- 6.0 6.0 0 en 2 t: a: ~ (!) 0 5.0 5.0 -J ~ 0 2 3 4 0 2 3 4 TIME-DAYS TIME-DAYS

PSEUDOMONAS NO. 22~ AEROBACTER NO. 63 8.0 8.0

..J ~ PPC I SPC 7.0 en' 7.0 h a: / ~ SPC l&.l /PPC ~ / ;J I:;, / z ----/ "-0 6.0 6.0 en - 2 / -- / -- ~ / ~ / ~ (!) 9 5.0 5.0

0 2 3 4 0 2 3 4 Tlft£-DAYS TIME-DAYS

FIGURE 2. Daily -;hanges in numbers of Pseudo11W1UUI and Aerobacter in raw milk at 38" F.

RESULTS milk; gelatin and nitrate broth. Representatives were chosen: from each group and identified as to genus. Identification of isolates Of the 18 cultures studied, three were found to be different species of Achromobacter, three included . One hundred and thirty-nine cultures of gram nega two species of Aerobacter,· two were different species l · of Flavo ~ive rods were isolated from raw milk samples after . of Alcaligenes, three were different species incubation at low temperatures. These were divided bacterium and seven comprised six species of Pseu into 18 groups on the basis of their reaetions in litmus domonas.

that that two two

of of

th e e Achr01!10bacte

r r sp. , , one one

Aerol ; }(Wtf3r }(Wtf3r work work a r e e · sh 1 1 . owo.in owo.in Figur - 2 es . l l .. .. and and

~. ~.

of of e ach ach

of of th

e e

18 18 isolates isolates

indicated indicated

above, above, it it was was

found found occur in in . . a a normal normal farm farm ' operation. operation.

Results Results from from

this this

biotic

s s were were

heavily heavily

inoculated inoculated

with with

a a

broth broth

culture culture

pr e viousl y y feund feund able able to . grow, grow, at at

lev f;J ls ls which which

might might

quality quality

( ( SPC SPC

2,000 2,000

- 7 , 300 300

per per

mi.) mi.)

and and

free free

of of

anti ml: ml: ) ) · were were then then inoculat e d d with with each each

of of

the the

isolates, isolates,

e n n

raw raw

milks milks of of excellent excellent initial initial

bacteriological bacteriological

Additional Additional samples samples of , t aw . c milk ~,' (SPC (SPC 2,000 per. per. · ·

able able to to grow grow at at 38 ° ° F . · ·

• •

· · · ·

· ' · ·

Growth Growth

of of

isolat e s s

in in

raw raw

milk milk

sp. , , one - Akalig e nes nes sp. sp. and and six six Pseudomanas Pseudomanas sp. sp. were were

Fr . .

D H E E a

ily ily

c h a

es es ng in in

number

s s

Achromobact

of of e r , , Alcaligen es es a nd nd Fla v oba c t e rium rium in in raw raw milk milk at 38 · · o o F. F.

TIME-DAYS TIME-DAYS

· · , ! !

T'IME-

DAYS DAYS

0 0

2 2 3 3

4 4

0 0

3 3 I I 4 4 2 2 ·.· ·.· ~ ~ ' '

5.0 5.0 ....J ....J

5.0 5.0

0 0

~ ~

a: a:

SPC SPC

......

:3: :3:

::E ::E

______

_ _ -----

~ ~-~.:.._,_.:;.. ~-~.:.._,_.:;.. 6 . 0 0 (f) (f)

PPC PPC

0 0

l.L. l.L.

z z

;:) ;:)

~ ~ 7.0 7.0

7.0 7.0

w w

a: a:

(f) (f)

......

8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0

---

ALCALIGENES ALCALIGENES

NO. NO.

153 153

FLAVOBACTERIUM FLAVOBACTERIUM . . 160 160 NO : : PPC PPC

TIME-DAYS TIME-DAYS TIME-DAYS TIME-DAYS

0 0 2 2 3 3 0 0 2 2 3 3 4 4

5.0 5.0 ...J ...J 5.0 5.0

0 0

<.!) <.!)

ct ct

a: a:

t: t:

:X: :X:

::E ::E

6.0 6.0

(f) (f) 6.0 6.0

0 0

14. 14.

z z

;:) ;:)

::E ::E

CD CD

w w 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0

a: a:

/ /

(f) (f)

/ /

/. /......

/ /

/ / PPC PPC

/ /

8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0

ACHROM.OBACTER ACHROM.OBACTER

NO. NO.

20 20 ACHROMOBACTER ACHROMOBACTER 45 45 NO. NO.

BACTERIOLOGY BACTERIOLOGY MILJC MILJC 97 97 OF OF 98 BACTERIOLOGY OF MILK

Daily changes in numbers ~11 Pseudomonas cultures mainly gram positive cocci . and rods, also were iso ill inoqulated raw milks held at. 38° F~ - are shown ill lated. They were not the p1:edominant kinds,. but their Figures 1 and 2. All seven Pseudomonas cultures grew importance cannot be ruled out. rapidly durillg the first day of storage and most of . In this research, the isolates within a genus differetl them (except No. 43 and No. 167) continued to grow sufficiently in the characteristics employed to identify rapidly during the second day. All of the seven cul them to indicate that several species of the different tures continued to grow throughout the four days genera were involved although no attempt was made of holding although three (Nos. 43, 167 and 229) grew to identify the isolates as to species. It is further ·evi slower than did the other four. The SPC and PPC, in dent, since some of the isolates tailed to grow ill raw general, were equally good for counting these "psy milk at 38° F., that only certain speci~s of the genera chrophilic" species of Pseudomonas. will grow in milk stored in £ai·m 'bulk cooling tanks. The daily changes in the single Aerobacter species Furthermore, it is possible that 'certain strains within able to grow in raw milk at 38° F. are shown: in a species will be able to grow beJ\er than others at Figure 2. This culture grew rapidly during the first these low temperatures. An attempt was made to day, stopped for two days and then resumed growth select representative cultures from each of the five during the fourth day of storage. The SPC showed genera for these experiments but it is possible that higher counts than the PPC at the end of the first other cultures of the same genus might have grown and second days of storage, but counts were nearly better than those chosen. '· equal at the end of the third and fomth days of On the basis of calculated generation times for storage. these different cultures, there would need to be about 50,000 to 115,000 of the Pseudomonas organisms pres The ·two species of Achromobacter tested, as is ent initially per mi. ofi mw~ . milk if a count of more shown in Figure 3, grew rapidly during the first three than 200,000 per mi. were to be reached within a 24 days at 38° F. and much more slowly during the fourth hour storage period. The requfred initial "load" would day of storage, according to 5oth the SPG and PPC be redtrced to about 30,000 to 70,000 per mi. if the methods. milki~>¢Bre held for 48 hours without additions. If, Daily changes in numbers of the one Alcaligenes in raw milk, there were about 40,000 per mi. of ·the culture found able to grow in raw milk at 38° F. are Aerobacter organisms, the count would probably ex shown in Figure 3. The culture, accordillg to both the ceed the 200,000 mark after 24 hours of storage. If SPC and PPC methods, grew rapidly during the first there were less, the count might notireach that level three days and much more slowly during the fourth until the fourth day. Initially there would need to be day of storage. about 50,000 Achromobacter organisms per ml. of raw Three Flavobacterium cultures were tested and the milk for the count to exceed' 200,000 per mi. by the results with one, which are typical of all three cultures, end of 24 hours of storage. This would be reduced to are indicated in Figure 3. None of the cultures was about 30,000 to 40,000 per mi. if the milk were held able to grow appreciably in raw milk at 38° F . during without additions for 48 hours. There would need a four day holding period as shown by both the SPC to be an initial count of about 80,000 Alcaligenes and-PPC methocfs. - organisms per mi. of raw milk if the count were to Control samples of the raw milk which served as exceed 200,000 by the end of the 24 hour storage a cultUre medium also were stored at 38° F. There :Jeriod. This would be reduced to about 30,000 if the was ~ · reduction ill the SPC while the PPC remained storage period were 48 hours long. It must be remem nearly constant during_the four day storage period. bered that these calculations are based on results ob This indicates that growth reported above· occurred tained by the growth of pure cultiues in raw milks as a result of the cultunes added to the milk and was of excellent quality. Although it is possible, in practice, not the result of ba~teria illitially present in the milk. that heavy bacterial contamination of milk with one · . ~ . '' ·. .. J. · species of a given genus may occtlr; it is more likely

DISCUSSION that the contamination will be made ~ up of a number of species and genera. In this instance, not only would · Five genera· of bacteria were id~mtified as predomi- ·~, the interaction of bacteria and. ~¥k be of importance, nant in milk after storage at farrri-bulk cooling tank •. but also the interaction of different kinds of bacteria. temperatures. This probably is not a complete picture The germicidal substances naturally present ill milk of the bacteria able to proliferate· in milk at low tern- may also determine, in part, the kinds of bacteria that peratures. Only gram negative njds were studied in will grow. The effect of these germicidal substances this research since they predominated irr· milk samples is · prolonged by the. low temperatures but they act stored at low temperatures; however,. other · bacteria, more slowly at these temperatures than at room or

Am l. l. e rican rican Public Public H ea lth lth Association . . Standard Standard Methods Methods Industries , , 14: 14: 921-925 . . 1949. 1949.

Milk Milk Bacteria Bacteria Which Which Grow Grow at at R e frig e rator rator T e mp e ratur es . . Dairy Dairy

REFERE NCE S S 20. 20. Thomas , , S. S. B. , , Blodwen, Blodwen, F. F. · a nd nd T. T. Ellison, Ellison, Dorotl1y. Dorotl1y.

Appl. Appl. Ba c t. , , pp . . 47-50. 47-50. 1946 . .

cu l tures tures failed failed to to grqw grqw appreciably. appreciably. Bacteria Bacteria in in R a w w and and Commercially Commercially Past e urized urized Milk. Milk. Proc. Proc. Soc. Soc.

19. 19. Thomas, Thomas, S. S. B . . and and Ch an dr a-Sek har , , C . . Psychrophilic Psychrophilic V. V. Ps other other eu domonas, domonas, Aerobacter. Aerobacter. and and Flavobacterium Flavobacterium

J. J. Dahy Dahy Sci., Sci., 24: 24: 526-527. 526-527. 1941. 1941.

followed followed by by culture Achromobacter, Achromobacter, . s s of of Alcaligenes, Alcaligenes,

Bact e riological riological Spoilag e e of of Milk Milk H e ld ld N e ar ar tl1 e e Fr eez ing ing Point. Point.

shown shown by by several several Pseudomona.s Pseudomona.s cultures. cultures. They They were were

J. J. 18. 18. Sh e rman, rman, M. , , Cameron , , G. G. M . . and and Whit e , , ]. ]. C. C. The The

Most Most

rapid rapid

growth growth of of all all organisms organisms studied studied was was J. J. Milk. Milk. ]\ 1 [ilk [ilk and and Food Food T ec hno!., hno!., 15 : : 181-185 . . 1952 . .

Contribute Contribute to to th e e Psycluophili c c Ba

c t e

rial rial Content Content

in in

. Mark

e t t

for for tvvo tvvo days days and and th e n n resumed resumed

growth. growth.

17. 17. Rogick , , F . . A. A. and and Burgwalcl , , H. H. Som e e Factors Factors L. L. which which

A e robacter robacter culture culture grew grew during during th e e first first clay , , stopped stopped

J. J. T e mp e ratures. ratures. Dairy Dairy Sci . , , 36: 36: 817-824. 817-824. 1953. 1953.

days days and and more more slowly slowly during during th e e fourth, fourth, while while th e e ce ntrat e d d and and R eco mbin e d d M ilk s s During During Storag e e at at Low Low

c ulture ulture grew grew rapidly rapidly at at 38 ° ° F. F. for for Morris the the , , first first H. H. A . . thre Chang e e es es in in Bact e rial rial Counts Counts and and Flavor Flavor of of Con

J . . Jr. , , J. , , 16. 16. Olson , , C. , , Ni e ls en, en, A. A. 'Ihomas , , and and E. E. L. L. The The Achromobacte1· Achromobacte1· two two cultures cultures and and Alcaligenes Alcaligenes the the

J. J. Ps e udomonas udomonas Dairy Dairy fmgi fmgi .. .. S c i. , , 24 : : 9-18. 9-18. 1941. 1941.

; ;

grew grew

more more slowly slowly than than did did the the other other four . .

15. 15. Morrison, Morrison, H . . B. B. and and Hamm er, er, B. B. Distribution Distribution of of \i\ 1 . .

J . . during during the the entire entire four four days. days. Three Three of of Milk Milk the the and and culhtres culhtres Food Food Techno!. , , 17 : : 86-90 . . 1954. 1954.

teriological teriological Sh1di es es of of a a Farm Farm Bulk Bulk Milk Milk Handling Handling Syst e m. m. storage storage days. days. Two Two of of the the cultures cultures grew grew at at similar similar rat es es

J. J. 14. 14. Marth, Marth, H. , , Hunt e r , , E. E. E. E. a nd nd Frazier , , \ 'V. 'V. C. C. Bac

continued continued to to grow grow at at a a slower slower rate rate for for th e e last last two two

T ec hno!. , , 20: 20: 79-83 . . 1957 . .

grew grew rapidly rapidly and and steadily steadily for for th e e first first two two days days and and

J . . Numbers Numbers of of Bact e ria ria in in tl1 e e Original Original Milk. Milk. Milk Milk and and Food Food

storage storage period . . Most Most of of Ps eudonw1ws eudonw1ws th e e culhu e s s H e ld ld at at Farm Farm Bulk Bulk Cooling Cooling Tank Tank Tempera tur es. es. II. II. Eff ec t t of of

bacterium bacterium were were able able to to grow grow during during 1 the the 3. 3. Martl1 four four , , E. E. d ay ay H . . and and Frazi e r, r, W. W. C. C. Bacteriology Bacteriology of of Milk Milk

and and S eas on on of of Y e ar. ar. J. J. Milk Milk and and Food Food T ec hno!. , , 20: 20: 72-78. 72-78. 1957. 1957. some some culhues culhues of of each each of of th e e genera genera except except Flavo

Tim a e nd nd Temp e ratur es es During During Storag e, e, Farm Farm Sourc e e of of Milk Milk

milk milk held held at at 38

° ° F. F. was was studied , , it it was was found found that that

h e ld ld at at Farm Farm Bulk Bulk Cooling Cooling Tank Tank Tempe ratur es. es. Effect Effect of of I. I.

When When the the ability ability of of these these cultures cultures to to grow grow in in raw raw

12. 12. Martl1, Martl1, H . . and and Frazier , , E. E. C. C. Bacteriology Bacteriology of of Milk Milk V • / . .

Biot e ch ch Publication s, s, G e n e va, va, N. N. Y. Y. 1946 . .

genes, genes, Flavobact 'e ritun ritun Ps et and and t . domO'Iw.s. domO'Iw.s. ' '

11. 11. i 'vl a nual nual of of Metl1ods Metl1ods for for Pm e e Culture Culture Study Study of of Ba c t e ria

. .

fowing fowing genera: genera: Achromobacter, Achromobacter, Aerobacter, Aerobacter,

Alcali -

37: 37: 1164-1172. 1164-1172.

1954. 1954.

temperatures temperatures were were identified identified as as belonging belonging to to the the fol

St e r·il e e a nd nd Laboratory Laboratory Pastemiz e cl cl Skimmilks. Skimmilks. J. J. Dairy Dairy Sci., Sci.,

from from raw raw milks milks stored stored at at farm farm bulk bulk cooling cooling tank tank T e mp e ratur es es on on th e e Growth Growth of of Psychrop hilic hilic Organisms Organisms in in

10. 10. L a wton, wton, V l . . C. C. and and Selected Selected N e l so n, n, F. F. cultures cultures E. E. The The Eff of of ec gram gram t t of of Storag negative negative e e rods rods isolated isolated

and and Butt e r. r. J. J. Dairy Dairy Sci . , , 29 : : 439-452 . . 1946 . .

J. J. J. J. 9. 9. J ski, ski, eze and and Macy, Macy, H . . Cryophili c c Organi s m s s in in \ 'Va t e r r

SUM1VIAR Y Y

1 vlilk. vlilk. La . . Agr. Agr. Exp . . Sta. Sta. Bul. Bul. 344. 344. 1942. 1942.

l\ l e thods thods and and Pr·omptn e ss ss of of Cooling Cooling Aff ec ts ts th e e Quality Quality of of

J ., .,

8. 8. G e lpi , , A. A. .tvlcCleskey, .tvlcCleskey, C . . S . . and and S e ath, ath, D. D. lv l. l. How How portance portance in in the the bulk bulk handling handling of of milk milk on on the the farm . .

T e c hno!. , , 29: 29: 238-242. 238-242. 1951. 1951.

th e e prevention prevention of of such such contamination contamination is is of of utmost utmost im

n.'

· ·

in in Edmonton Edmonton Milk Milk and and Cr e am. am. Kinds. Kinds. Canadian Canadian Jour. Jour.

e nter nter the the milk milk as as contaminants contaminants during during production , ,

7 . . Erdman, Erdman, an d d Thornton, Thornton, I. I. H. H. E. E. Psychrophilic Psychrophilic Bacteria Bacteria R. R.

philes, philes, able able to to grow grow in in the the milks milks at at low low temperahtres, temperahtres, 1919. 1919.

R e duction duction · rest rest in in Ch J a . . ract raw raw e ri z milks milks ing ing B ac held held t e ria. ria. at at Bact. low low , , temperatures. temperatures. 4 : : 267-290. 267-290. Since Since psychro

6. 6. Conn , , H. H. ]. ]. and and Br ee d, d, R. R. S. S. Th e e Use Use of of th e e itrat e e 1 1 th e e occurrence occurrence and and rapidity rapidity of of bacterial bacterial growth growth in in

\ V ilkins ilkins Co ., ., Baltimor e , , Iv lcl . . 19 48 . .

the the

importance importance

of of kinds kinds

of of

bact

e ria ria

in in determining determining

lv lanual lanual ot ot D e

t e rminati

ve ve

Ba c

t e riology

, , 6th 6th

eel. eel. vVilliams vVilliams

and and

later later part part of of the the storage storage period. period. This This then then points points to to

5. 5. Bre e d, d, S., S., I vlurra y , , G. G. R. R. a nd nd Hit c h e ns, ns, E. E. A. A. P. P. B e rg e y's y's

storage storage period , , while while others others grow grow rapidly rapidly during during th e e Count. Count. U.S.D.A . . Bul. Bul. 642 , , 45 -59 . . 1918. 1918.

Es s e ntial ntial Factors Factors in in th e e Production Production of of Milk Milk of of Low Low Bact e rial rial studied studied grow grow rapidly rapidly during during th e e early early part part of of th e e

Ay e rs , , S . . H. , , Cook , , B . . and and Cl e mm 4. 4. e r L. L. , , P . . W. W. Th e e Four Four

The The results results indicate indicate that that some some genera genera of of bact e ria ria

1943. 1943.

lized lized in in an an autoclave. autoclave. M e thocts thocts on on Bacteria Bacteria in in J 'vlilk. 'vlilk. P e nna. nna. Agr. Agr. Exp. Exp. Sta. Sta. Bul. Bul. 454. 454.

3 . . Anderson, Anderson, J . . T. T. G. G. and and Nicholas, Nicholas, E . . Influ ence ence of of Cooling Cooling milk milk which which had had been been pasteurized pasteurized or or had had been been steri

R es. , , 19: 19: 294 - 301. 301. 19 52. 52.

in in fresh fresh raw raw milk milk as as well well as as or or better better than than in in the the same same

logy logy of of Milk. Milk. 4. 4. Th e e Gr a m m e gativ J. J. e e Rods Rods in in Milk. Milk. Dairy Dairy 1 1

chrophiles chrophiles discussed discussed here here since since of of those those tried tried all all grew grew

2 . . Abd e l- i \llalek, \llalek, Y. Y. and and Gibson, Gibson, Studi T. T. es es in in th e e Bact e rio

germicidal germicidal substances substances have have much much effect effect on on the the psy

York, York, Y . . , , 1948 1953. 1953. 1 1 . .

higher higher temperatures . . is is also also doubtful doubtful It It

that that

th ese ese

fu r r th e e Examination Examination u f f Dairy Dairy p.,.oclu 9th 9th e c el t s, s, . , , lOth lOth e el. el. e w w

99 99 BACl'.ERlOLOGY BACl'.ERlOLOGY OF OF MILK MILK 100

1 PENETRATION O·F PROTECTIVE COVERINGS BY INSECTS

JoHN E. DESPAUL , Quarter=ter Subsistence Test·ing Laboratory, ', 1819 West Pershing Road, i A' Chicago 9, Illinois I

where the bags Stored cereal products are subject to infestation by the seams and at the top or bottom fabrics offer the several species of insects. Insect infestation of whole are sewn. The more closely wo'ven Bags made of paper, and milled grains can •be so rapid that within a very greatest resistance to penetration. back-filled fabrics, and short period great inroads can be made in the quantity, paper laminated to cloth or resistance to insect as well as the quality of the cereal products by the cartons of fiberboard offer more or jute bags. Unless presence of thousands of insects, skins, webbing and penetration than ordinary cotton sealed, however, small excreta. Such contamination results in tremendous such containers are adequately grain beetle and losses, and, in the United States alone the yearly flat beetles, such as the saw-toothed and moths, may ,easily damage is reported to be up to 300,000,000 dollars the larvae of other beetles where the seals ( 3, 7). The study of insect infestation is of particular penetrate through minute openings 1 methods of sealing : interest to the Department of Defense because of the are imperfect. Most commercial If the bags are · necessity for purchasing great quantities of grains and bags and cartons are inadequate. ends must be protected cereal products for distribution to the Armed Forces closed by sewing, the sewed that will cover all needle in all parts of the world. by the use of a gummed sh·ip holes. For fiberboard cartons the application of a Unfortunately the many kinds of beetles, weevils wet-wrap cover offers the best protection. Experi which are prone to infest storage houses, and moths mental work with insect repellents for incorporation bakeries, cereal product factories, boxcars, mills, in the adhesives used to seal fiberboard cartons and are very hardy and very prolific. Adult beetles etc., paper bags may help solve the problem. survive two years or more in cold, unheated buildings. Within a period of two years the female of certain Impregnation of fabric and paper bags with pyre species will produce about 1,000 eggs which hatch thrins or pyrethrins and synergists !has been found to in from five to twelve days into larvae ( 6). In properly afford considerable protection against penetration by heated storage areas several generations might de insects. In bbric bags this protection is more efficient velop annually. As a result, the difficult problem of when the weave is close enough to offer some decontaminating storage areas, processing' and han mechanical resistance against penepoation. More dling grains and cereal products and providing uncon powerful insecticides such as DDT, be,pzene hexach taminated means of transportation is of considerable loride, and chlordane also are effective in resisting economic importance. penetration when used to impregnate bags, but be of the danger e>f contaminating the food are not Grain and cereal products are so ath·active to in cause for use in insect-proofing bags intended for sects that they have to ·be packaged in containers that practical packaging food. Insect-repellent chemicals may offer afford them the greatest protection from infestation best means of providing an insect-proof container. during later storage. the Packages impregnated with them are particularly use products have com Most insects that infest cereal ful in resisting the invasion of certain insects that have cannot cut through paratively weak mouth parts and wood-boring habits. substantial wrappers. Many can thrust their ovi troublesome of the positors through the meshes of fabric bags and lay their The cadelle, probably the most of stored eggs directly in the cereal products within the bags. boring insects, feeds on a wide variety The immature stages of many insects also can crawl commodities and is widely dish·ibuted. It is primarily through the meshes and through needle holes along a pest of grain and flour and is commonly found in railway boxcars, ships, warehouses, farm granari~s, and other places in which foodstuffs are stored or 1 is the first of a series of papers which were presented This to form at the Second Conference on Problems of Extraneous matter in h·ansported. The larva bores into woodwork foods, arranged by Dr. J. D. Wildman, Department of Plant a sheltered place in which to hibernate or to h·ans and held at Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, form to the pupal or adult fonn. It has jaws powerful institution April 16, 1956. Other papers in this series will that enough to cut through many types of packages. It appear in this or subsequent issues of the Journal.

The The two two beetles beetles know1; know1; to to damage damage cooper cooper ar e e both both loss loss of of water water under under adverse adverse conditions. conditions. Insects Insects living living

do do so so if if they they would would come come in . . eon eon tact tact with with the the metal. metal. is is 90 90 to to 94 94 per per cent, cent, thus thus allowing allowing some some leeway leeway for for

sheets sheets or : : foil · . : : Probably . . many many other other insects insects could could humidities. humidities. The The water water content content of of the the blood blood of of insects insects

moths moths are are on : : record record as as perforating perforating very very thin thin aluminum aluminum needed . . Absorption Absorption is is most most rapid rapid at at high high relative relative

ia ia quarter quarter of of an an inch inch without without great great difficulty. difficulty. Three Three air. air. A A relative relative humidity humidity of of 50 50 per per cent cent or or more more is is

a a considerable considerable thiqkness thiqkness may may be be penetrated, penetrated, probably probably insects insects and and ticks ticks can can absorb absorb water water from from vapor vapor in in the the

moisture moisture near near the the · cab~es. cab~es. _Lead _Lead is is soft soft enough enough or or dry dry so so that that areas areas as as their their needs needs require. require. A A number number of of

sea~_on, sea~_on, dry dry appat : eritly eritly because because of of condensation condensation have have humidity humidity of of receptors receptors which which help help them them seek seek moist moist

cables cables seriously seriously damaged ~e ~e . . by by teimites teimites during during the the hardiness hardiness and and potential potential menace menace to to mankind . . Insects Insects

their their galleries ' . . In In parts parts of of Al1stralia Al1stralia buried buried conditions conditions elech·ical elech·ical of of relative relative humidity humidity contributes contributes to to their their

only only when · · they they encoun ' ter ter it it in in this this the the problem course course . . of of Their Their making making ability ability to to survive survive under under adverse adverse

or or other other wood. wood. Probably Probably most most termites termites damage damage pecially pecially lead lead well well equipped equipped physiologically physiologically to to cope cope with with

beetles beetles wJ:lich wJ:lich would would ordinarily ordinarily bore bore into into branches branches especially especially urgent urgent problem . . They They are , , therefore , , es

oth ' er er cases cases lead lead metabolism, metabolism, is is used used as as water water a a place place conservation conservation of of pupation pupation in in by by insects insects is is an an

from from wood wood which' which' has has ' been been Due Due covered covered to to their their with with high high lead. lead. surface surface In In volume volume ratio ratio and and active active

perforation perforation by by beetles beetles or or bees bees attempting attempting survived survived to to emerge emerge more more than than 210 210 days days over over strong strong sulfuric sulfuric acid. acid.

to to damage damage it. it. In In food food some some is is available. available. cases cases the They They · · damage damage excrete excrete is is dry dry due due urine. urine. to to Meal Meal worms worms

surprising surprising flour flour beetle beetle that that a a avoid avoid fairly fairly moist moist long long list list environments environments of of insects insects are are as as known known long long as as

insects insects Since Since lead lead such such is is as as the the the the softest softest meal meal common common worm, worm, clothes clothes metal, metal, moth, moth, it it is is not not and and

content, content, and and are are resistant resistant to to starvation. starvation. Xerophilous Xerophilous are are injurious injurious to to several several different different metals metals ( ( 10). 10).

environments , , eat eat dry dry food, food, have have a a low low body-water body-water from from metals metals or or even even ingest ingest them. them. Nevertheless, Nevertheless, they they

metabolic metabolic water. water. Water-saving Water-saving insects insects live live in in dry dry Insects Insects apparently apparently do do not not derive derive any any nourishment nourishment

ability ability to to relieve relieve desiccation desiccation by by extra extra production production of of

no no guarantee guarantee against against insect insect infestation. infestation.

success success in in reducing reducing their their loss loss of of water water and and in in their their

brought brought up up in in this this discussion, discussion, cellophane cellophane

wrapping wrapping

is is

live live in in dry dry conditions . . This This is is partly partly due due to to their their

feet. feet. For For this this reason, reason, and and due due to to another another cause cause to to

be be

Insects Insects are are the the only only really really small small animals animals able able to to

cellophane cellophane if if they _ _ can can get get leverages leverages for for their their hind hind

smoothness. smoothness. adult adult How~ver, How~ver, weevils weevils can can penetrate penetrate ( ( 6). 6).

tration tration of of cellophane cellophane presents presents a a problem problem due due to to its its al al kinds , , have have been been recorded recorded as as boring boring through through metal metal

including including aluminum aluminum foil foil 0.002 0.002 inch inch thick. thick. The The pene caterpillars caterpillars of of several several moths moths and and adult adult wasps wasps of of sever

some some insect insect species species will will penetrate penetrate most most packaging, packaging, of of at at least least a a dozen dozen different different families, families, besides besides the the

of of damage damage have have been been tha~ tha~ observed. observed. The The adults adults of of them them within within a a year year after after they they were were laid laid down. down. Beetles Beetles

enjoy enjoy boring boring holes. holes. This This is is apparent apparent from from some some types types insulation insulation inclosing inclosing underground underground cables, cables, thus thus runing runing

insects insects bore bore holes holes merely merely as as a a pastime pastime because because they they . similarly similarly bored bored through through the the lead lead pipe pipe and and the the cotton cotton

and and a a protected protected area area in in which which to to lay lay their their eggs. eggs. Some Some out out of of use use for for from from 1 1 to to 10 10 days. days. Termites Termites have have

penetration. · · In In addition addition they they try try to to find find seclusion seclusion found . . A A single single hole hole may may put put from from 50 50 to to 60 60 telephones telephones

way way into . . · :dark :dark areas. areas. This This could could be be one one cause cause of of As As many many as as 125 125 holes holes to to a a span span of of 100 100 ft. ft. have have been been

food food is is available available to to them. them. Insects Insects try try to to find find their their causing causing about about one-fifth one-fifth of of all all aerial aerial cable cable troubles. troubles.

in in the the room room even even though though unpackaged unpackaged and and unprot e cted cted California California this this type type of of insect insect injury injury is is reported reported as as

vanah, vanah, Georgia . . The The insects insects will will attack attack packages packages left left necessitating necessitating splicing splicing and and resheathing. resheathing. In In southern southern

tine, tine, United United States States Department Department of of Agriculture, Agriculture, Sa water-soaked water-soaked and and ruined ruined for for an an appreciable appreciable length , ,

ments ments conducted conducted by by the the Department Department of of Plant Plant Quaran and and cause cause short short circuits; circuits; often often the the insulation insulation becomes becomes

tective tective materials materials has has been been demonstrated demonstrated by by experi aerial aerial telephone telephone cables. cables. These These holes holes admit admit moisture moisture

always always searching searching for for food food boring boring in in through through pro habit habit of of eating eating holes holes through through the the lead lead sheathing sheathing of of

which which do do not not contain contain food. food. That That insects insects are are not not name name of of lead lead cable cable borer borer because because of of its its troublesome troublesome

It It is is well well established established that that insects insects attack attack packages packages A A species species of of powder powder post post beetle beetle has has been been given given the the

( ( 9). 9).

not not zinc , , aluminum aluminum or or brass. brass.

the the urge urge to to migrate migrate in in the the search search of of pupation pupation quarters quarters

The The larder larder beetle beetle can can penetrate penetrate lead lead and and

tin tin

but but

The The larvae larvae of of many many insects, insects, when when fully fully grown, grown, have have

insects, insects, including including moths , , beetles, beetles, and and wood wood

wasps. wasps.

or or in in warehouses warehouses with wooden wooden with floors floors that that are are infested. infested.

actual actual composition composition has has been been perforated perforated

by by several several

packages packages that that are are stored stored in in warm, warm, damp damp locations, locations,

is is suffici e ntly ntly soft soft so so that that at at least least tinfoil tinfoil of of unstated unstated

Termites Termites also also burrow burrow through through cartons cartons and and other other

against against attack attack of of the the vast vast majority majority of of insects . . Tin Tin

wrapped wrapped carton carton overnight. overnight. stances, stances, and and apparently apparently even even copper copper foil foil is is no no proof proof

will will cut cut through through a a multiwall multiwall paper paper bag, bag, or or metal-foil noteworthy noteworthy for for their their ability ability to to bore bore into into hard hard sub

101 101 PENETRATION PENETRATION OF OF PROTECTIVE PROTECTIVE CovERNINGS CovERNINGS BY BY INsEcrs INsEcrs 102 PENETRATION OF PROTECTIVE CovERNINGS BY INsEcrs on dry food eat excess food which is used for the movement. Is is commonly called "bran bug" by worms" production of metabolic water. They also reabsorb it millers and grain dealers. The larvae or "flour from the excreta before defecation. The contents of as th e~ are commonly called, are about one qua ~t er and vary in color the hindgut are semifluid at the anterior end, quite of an mch lo~ g when fully grown to yellow. The eggs are oval dry in the rectum, and a dry powder in the excre from white at molting of an inch in average ment. In most insects food material in the hindgut and are about one-seventy-fifth . These are sticky and the material in which is partly dehydrated before elimination. The urine diameter ey are laid adheres to the S\-lrface making it easier is often semi-solid. Insects utilize the same metabolic th to find them. They hatch in one week, mature in device as snakes and birds in that th ~ end product about twenty days, pupate over. a period of ten days, of nitrogen metabolism is the slightly soluble uric and then emerge as adults. Under favorable conditions acid rather than urea. Thus, when water is actively a life cycle may be completed iri three or four months resorbed by the rectal epithelium, a much smaller (5, 6, 8). osmotic gradient has to be overcome to precipitate urea to uric acid than would be necessary to cause Twgodenna versicoloT Creutz, known to be injurious crystallize ( 11 ) . to stored wheat and rice, is a cosmopolitan species of in the island of Cyprus, in India, and in A new line of attack has been launched on cello beetle found and is apparently synonomous with Trogo phane wrapped military rations by the class Insecta Europe incluswn (Leconte) . Several specimens of Tro- 1 in their ceaseless struggle with mankind for a greater denna godenna versicolor ( Creu tz) have been misidentified.· share of the earth's victuals. The insects were dis as TwgodeTma ornata (Say) or as TwgodeTma tarsalis covered invading the emergency ration cereal bars ( Melsheimer). Although closely related to Twgoderma which form part of the breakfast menu of soldiers in veTsicolot· ( Creutz), Twgodenna fwst-i (Casey) is combat. This first came to light when Quartermaster classified as a separate species. inspectors noted the presence of these insects in the Quartermaster stored cereal bars. Investigation by The Indian meal moth, Plodia inteTpunctella ( Hueb showed that the eggs, Subsistence Testing Laboratory ner), originally a pest in the Old World is found every were larvae, and adult insects infesting the rations where, particularly in California where it is abundant those of beetles of the species T1·ibolium confusum in stored dried fruits. This insect was first described in ( du Val) also of beetles of the species Trogodenna 1827 by J. Huebner, and its destr~tctive work on the ve1·sicolor ( Creutz, ) and of the Indian meal moth dried fruits of California was recorded as early as of the species Plodia inte1punctella (Huebner). 1895 by Chittenden ( 4). The Indian meal moth is the most troublesome of the moths and was first The history of these insects shows a long record found in corn meal from which it derives its name. of destruction. Specimens of the confused flour bee Being one of the most desh·uctive · pests of food tle, TT'iboliwn confusum or the rust-red flour beetle, products, it will eat any food material, altered or T1·ibolium castaneum, were found in a jar of grain vvhole, that is stored anywhere. The ravages of this inside the tomb of one of the Pharaos of th ~ 6th insect are easily detected because after the larvae Dynasty about 2,500 B. C. One of these two species eat all they need they come out to spin cocoons and of beetles was named confusum by Jaquelin du Val cover the remaining material with extensive webbing in 1868 to distinguish it from the other with vvhich and excreta. The caterpillars feed on cereals candies it had been confused frequently ( 3). Both beetles shelled nuts and dried fruits. The adult ha~ a win~0 are found in all parts of the world, but the confused spread of about three-fourths of an inch and can he flour beetle, first reported in the United States in easily distinguished by the coppery brown color of 1893, occurs in greater numbers in the northern oart its forewings which have a pale gray band at the base. of the United States than elsewhere ( 6). The confused The female moth may lay as many as 350 eggs or flour beetle prefers milled and processed cereal pro singly or in clusters on the desired food. The ducts to other types of food. It feeds especially on more, white eggs hatch in from two days to two parts of milled grains which include the germ and minute into whitish, or lightly tinted pink, yellow outer layer not used in making flour. This insect weeks larvae. They attack the food and spin a is unable to feed on whole, raw grains but is found or green to pupate. Under favorable environmental in all types of flour, ground or rolled grains, breakfast cocoon ons the moth may emerge in four days. In foods, shelled nuts, spices, drugs and other food items conditi the presence of adequate nourish of vegetable origin. It can easily be recognized by the warm climates in tions will develop within a reddish-brown color of its oval, flattened body which ment, complete genera For this reason the is about one seventh of an inch long, and by its slow month and in rapid succession. PENETRATION OF PRoTECTIVE CoVERNINGS BY INsECTs

dried fruit industry in Calfornia suffers great loss es control bars. The beetles then laid their eggs inside each year (2, 4, 5, 6, 8). '· the wrapper on the surface of the bar. Here the egg~ developed into the larval stage. Later, th_e lai'vae_' w ~ rfo I NSECT PENETRATION OF CERAL RATION BARS observed leaving the bars by puncturing holes ·"in the wrapper. Outside of the bar, ,the larvae comj)leted Cereal ration bars which had been in storage were their development forming the adult insect, thereb.y found to have been infested with these three species of completing the cycle. A reexamination of the holes i~ insects. The composition of these rations bars is as the orginal insect infested ration ba1's revealed . ~h<'\t follows: the holes seen were exit holes. · , · ~~ Cereal Ingredient · 60% Thus it was observed that the adult insecis. that• ·sucrose 14% invaded these cereal bars could flatten themselves Nonfat dry milk solids 14% sufficiently to slip under the folded ends- of 'the Shortening 10% cellophane wrapper, · partake of the contents, lay Glycerol 2% their eggs and then depart. The eggs would hatch 'an9- Samples of these infested i·ation bars were fur develop on the n~1h·ients into ~tropg and . po'ijed~l nished the Quartermaster Subsistence Testing Labora larvae, . for it was the larvae,·. and not the beetles tory for analysis. The problem presented to the that had the capacity to get through the wrapper b); Quartermaster Subsistence Testing Laboratory con boring from within. After metamorphosis into the sisted of resQlving whether or not adult insects pene adult form, the insects would repeat the cyde. In trated the cellophane wrapper by boring through time, the wrappers contained numerous holes. This the wrapper, or gained access into the bars through allowed the entrance of moisture and microorganisms, some other avenue. The cellophane wrappers were thereby making the bars subject to complete Sjj).oilage. found to be punctured with numerous holes, and The results of the study indicate that cleanliness and insects and larvae were observed crawling on the I frequent inspection are vitally necessary. A better seal inside of each infested case. Initial examination of the of the folded ends is recommended so as to help pre infested cereal bars showed extraneous matter inside vent possible insect infestation while in storage. But the bars, wihch consisted of living larvae arrd frag ·the· prime consideration is prevention through vigil ments of Triboleu.m confusu.m, Trogodenna versicolo1·, ance, sanitation and cleanliness. and Plodia in.terpunctella. Further study on the bars was conducted by break CoNCLUSIONS ing pieces from the surface of the entire bar. These· separated gently by hand into smaller piec;~s in a l. Adult insects of the species Tribol-iu.rn confu.swn dish, then covered with gauze and placed i~ an in- are not able to penetrate a cellophane wrapping by cubator. The period of incubation was six w~eks boring through the wrapper under conditions where at 29 degrees centigrade and 70 per cent relative it is not possible for the insects to obtain firm leverage' hum~dity . The results revealed that the larvae had for their hind feet. metamorphosed into the two beetle fm:ms: Triboletirn 2. T1·ibol-ium confu.sum adult beetles are able to confusum and Trogoclerma versicolor, and into 'the flatten t11emselves very effectively so that they can moth species Ploclia interpunctella.. enter between the f~lded ends of the cellopha11e As a control experiment, cereal ration bars of wheat wrapper covering the cereal ration bars. flakes, sucrose, nonfat J!lilk solids, shorte11ing and . . .3.' T1·ibolitmi· confusum adult beetles are thereby glycerol were prepared for experimental study. ac~. able to Jay theii· eggs inside of the cellophane wrapped cording to the general formula for cereal bars pre- - ration bars. viously given. These bars were wrapped in cellophane 4. Larvae of Triboliu.m confu.sum are able to exit in the same manl!er as the bars that were procur~d~ from the inside of a cellophane wrapped cereal bar ~md later became infested. . by boring holes through the cellophane wrauper. r At the same time that the infested bars ,¥ere being . 5. A more effective seal of the folded ends of cel!p- . incubated,- these c~nb·ol bars were placed in a dish.' . phane wrapped cereal bars than heretofore available in '~l1ich adult. beetles, T1"iboliU1n confusum, wm:e- is ·necessary if there is danger of extrinsic insect added and then. incubated under the same' conditions infestation. ·of "tempera hire, relative humidity and length of time 6. Constant vigilance must be practiced to asst~: e ·as the infested bars. freedom from fnsect infestation of milital'y ratiorls It was .. observed that the adult beetles crept under through eradication, cleanliness and other preventive the folded' cellophane comers of the wrapping of the measures. 104 P E NETRATION OF PROTECTIVE CovE RNINGS B Y INsECTS

, with Special A CKNOW LEDGMENTS stuffs from Insect Damage. 1. Packaging Problems Reference to the Protection of Dehydrated Foods. Quarter for the Armed Forces, : The author thanks ~1r s. Joan F . Fried n O\¥ \:vith th e Argonne master Food and Container Institute , Office of the Quarter ~a tion a l Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois for the performing the Research and Development Division Berkeley, California . ~ experiments c onducted in this study. m aster G eneral, University of California, pp. 8-9, 16-17, 27, 78, 152, 184-85. Metcalf, C. L., vV. P. Flint, Destructive and Useful In R EF E RENCES 6. evised by R. L. Metcalf, pp. 35, 882-3, 890, 4 sects. 3rd Ed. R J.' 1951 and 2nd Edition 1939. rsonal correspondence fron1 Joan F. Fried to the a uthor. ' v» l. Pe 7. Packard, C. M. Insect Enemies of our Cereal Crops. From . 1954 Smithsonian R eport for 1942, pp. 323,' 338. g Insects ··~ 2. Cotton, R. J., and F rankenfield, J. C. Controllin 8. Shephard, Harold H. Insects Infesting Stored Foods, Bul. e, Circular No. 1n Flour Mills, U. S. Department of Agricultur 341, Reprinted June 1947. University of Minnesota Agricultural 720. pp. 14-16, 12-13. 1945. Experiment Station. pp. 9-11, 16-17. · 3. Cotton, Richard T. Insect ·Pests of Stored Grain and Grain 9. Yearbook of Agriculture, U.S.D.A., Washington, D. C., Products . Second Printing. pp . . 9, 16-17, 26-27. Burgess Pub Insects, pp. 638-9. 1952. lishing Company, Minneapolis, Minn. 1952. 10. Report O.S.R.D. No. 2091 , Insects and Other Animals es H. Blake, pp. ;~ 4. f!amlin, J. C. , W. R. Reed, Phillips, M. E. Biology of the of Interest to the Quartermaster Corps, Charl Indiah-Meal Moth on Dried Fmits in California, U. S. D ept. 49-50. Sept. 1953. of Agr., Tech . Bul. No. 242, pp. 4, 19-23, 1-2, Sept. 1931. 11. Roeder, K. D., Insect Physiology. John Wiley and Sons, 193, 198, 332. 1953. ·'' 5. Linsley, E . Gorton, Protection of Dried Packaged Food- New York, pp. ·'

AMENDMENT To ... 3-A SANITARY STANDARDS FOR STAINLESS STEEL AUTOMOTIVE MILK TRANSPORTATION TANKS FOR BULK DELIVERY AND/OR FARM PICK-UP SERVICE

Formulated by ' International Association of Milk and Food Sanitarians, Inc. United States Public Health Servi.ce The Dairy Industry Committee April 30, 1957

1956, In accordance with action taken by the 3-A Sanitary Standards Committees on December 13, Milk Trans Para. D ( 7) "Manhole Dust Cover" of the "3-A Sanitary Standards For Stainless Steel Automotive , is further portation Tanks For Bulk Delivery And/Or Farm Pick-Up Service, Amended April 28, 1954" a mende~ to read as follows: e smooth, readily clean 7. ~ifanhole Dust Cover: The interior finish of the manhole dust cover shall b able and free from bolts and screws. Round or oval head rivets shall be deemed acceptable. Welded interior attachments shall have a minimum radii of 1/ 16 inch. A suitable vent shall be provided to relieve vacuum and pressure when dust cover is closed. The dust cover when closed shall provide as a an effective seal to prevent entrance of dust. If a rubber, rubber-like or plastic gasket is used a seal, it shall be smooth, either removable or firmly bonded to manhole dust cover to provide smooth, easily cleanable sudace without crevices. Locking device on dust cover shall be designed to provide a tight seal. Deck plate, if attached to the outer jacket, shall be effectively sealed. Dust cover shall have suitable provisions for the use of a sealing device to prevent tampering. .... No. 0501 (Amendment) .

s e ri e s s will will app e ar ar in in thi s s or or subs e quent quent issues issues of of the the Journal. Journal.

to to be be broadly broadly appli e d. d. There There is is no no further further spellin & &

h e ld ld at at that that institution institution April April 16, 16, 1956. 1956. Other Other papers papers in in this this

sanitary sanitary conditions conditions ar e e

g e neral neral reqmrements reqmrements

t t

at at are are

.. ..

h h ' '

b b

Plant Plant Sci e nces, nces, Syracuse Syracuse Univ e rsity , , Syracuse, Syracuse, New New York, York, and and 0 0

concernina concernina the the abs e nc e e of of filth filth and and production production under under

J. J. in in foods , , arranged arranged by by Dr. Dr. D. D. Wildman, Wildman, D e partment partment of of

should should be be born e e in in mind mind It It that that those those requirements requirements at at th e e S e cond cond Conf e r e e e nc on on Probl e ms ms of of Extran e ou s s Matt e r r

J. U' his his is is th e e se c ond ond of of a a se ri e s s of of pap e rs rs which which w e r e e pres e nt e d d tog e th e r r in in purpos e e and and application . . ' '

the the inspectional inspectional and and analytical analytical fields fields as as they they come come I I , ,

sanitation sanitation aspects aspects of of food food production production that that combin ' e e The The early early regulatory regulatory work work in in this this field field was was

carried carried

! !

· ' '

1938, 1938, th e re re has has been been an an increasing increasing emphasis emphasis on on those those

tical tical information. information. I I

of of the the Federal Federal Food , , Drug , , and and Cosmetic Cosmetic Act Act <2- f f

copic copic analytical analytical methods methods

are are providing providing

useful useful

prac

contaminated --. " " With With the the advent advent provisio~ provisio~ of of these these

reliable reliable

procedures, procedures,

data data

obtained obtained

by by th

ese ese micros

sanitary sanitary conditions conditions whereby whereby (they) (they) may may have have become become

development development of of techniques techniques

and, and,

now now

that that

we we have have

ated ated if if they they are are " prepared , , packed , , or or held held under under in

passed passed

this this early early

period period

of of

rapid rapid

exploration exploration

and and

in in addition , , provides provides that that foods foods or or drugs drugs are are adulter

ar e e constantly constantly undergoing undergoing

improvement

, , we we

have have

the the sam e e basic basic r e quir e m e nt nt m e ntioned ntioned abo v e, e, - .. .. ~nd, ~nd,

At At the the present present time, time,

while while many many

of of

the the

methods methods

Cosmetic Cosmetic Act Act of of 1938 1938 contains contains in in section section 402 402 ( a ) ) ( ( 3) 3)

Chemists. Chemists.

vegetabl e e substance." substance." The The Federal Federal Food , , Drug , , and and

groups groups

such such

as as

th e e Am e

rican rican

Association Association

of of Cereal Cereal or or in in part part of of any any filthy filthy or or decompos e d d animal animal or or

sociation sociation

of of Official Official

Agricultural Agricultural

Chemists Chemists

and and other other out out agains t t foods foods and and drugs drugs that that c onsist e d d "i n n wh o l e e

regulatory regulatory analysts. analysts. This This was was done done through through the the As

, . . same same time time made made generally generally available available to to industry industry and and

n n o mi c roanalytical roanalytical m e thod s . . . . · · need need for for th ese ese methods methods to to be be standardized standardized and and at at the the

ci a tion tion of of Official Official Agri c ultur a l l C h e m is t s s and and is is a n n expe rt rt

routine routine analytical analytical

work. work.

Also

, , there there

was was

a a growing growing

r e f e r ee ee on on

e xtr

a n e ous ous matt

e r r food food p roduct

s s

fo in r r th e e As s o

a a degree degree of of perfection perfection that that permitted permitted their their us e e in in

ins e ct ct and and rod e nt nt c ont ami na tio n n of of f o ods. ods. Mr . . Harris Harris is is

materials. materials. In In 1945 1945 many many of of the the methods methods had had reached reached is is a a re c ognized ognized au thority thority i n n the the fi el d d of of food food s anitation anitation an d d

tration , , Departm e nt nt o f f H ea lth , , Educa tion, tion, a n d d vVe lf a r e . . H e e dling dling of of foods foods when when they they were were examined examined for for exh·aneous exh·aneous

Branch

, , Division Division

of of

M i c robiolog

y, y,

F ood ood

d d Drug Drug

A dmin i s

work work that that would would pennit pennit the the more more or or less less routine routine han

K. K. Mr. Mr. Harris Harris i s s Ass ocia L. L. t e e C hief hief of of th e e M i c roa na lytic a l' l'

for for procedures procedures to to be be used used in in microscopic-analytical microscopic-analytical

Up Up to to about about 10 10 years years ago ago there there was was an an acute acute need need

to to the the impact impact of of the the microscopic-analytical microscopic-analytical methods. methods.

of of foods foods and and food ' ' production production in in this this country country are are due due

many many of of the the marl,

to to detect detect contamination contamination and and adulteration . . Today , ,

law-enforcement law-enforcement officials officials and and industry industry with with the the tools tools

food food and and drug drug control. control. These These methods methods provided provided both both

to to the the time time when when it it had had become become an an int e gral gral part part o f f

developing developing this this work work from from its its early early rudiments rudiments through through

organized organized t . his his meeting meeting played played important important roles roles in in

J. J. of of that that Division , , and and Dr. Dr. D. D. Wildman, Wildman, who who has has

J. J. Administration. Administration. Mr. Mr. B. B. Howard , , who who was was Chief Chief

Microanalytical Microanalytical cf cf Division Division the the U. U. S. S. Food Food and and Drug Drug

able able number number of of years , , centered centered around around the, the, then , ,

in in 1906. 1906. Much Much of of the the work work in in this this field , , for for a a consider

tration, tration, since since the the passage passage of of th e e first first nure nure food food law law

been been of of vital vital concern concern to to the the Food Food and and Drug Drug Adminis

Problems Problems of of extran e ous ous materials materials in in foods foods hav e e

and and Welfam , , Washington D. D. , , C . .

Food Food and and Administrat-ion Drug Drug , , D e partment partment of of Health , , Ed u cati o n , ,

Division Division of of M i crobiology, crobiology,

L. L. KENTON KENTON HARRIS HARRIS

THE THE ROLE ROLE OF OF MICROSCOPIC MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS ANALYSIS IN IN FOOD FOOD AND AND DRUG DRUG CONTROL

1 1 105 105 106 MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS pro out of the legal requirements under the Food, Drug, proached as a means of 'examining the finished com and Cosmetic Act. The law provides no tolerances for duct to see whether or not it conforms to certain filth and no specific standards for food-industry sani mercial or legal requirements. Such an approach is of ere is tation. The burden of proof is on the Government to practical value to regulatory agencies where th pari, establish by a preponderance of evidence in civil a necessity of proving a case based, at least in actions· and beyond a reasonable doubt in criminal upon the analytica:I results of the article that is offered cases that a violation has occurred. It is the obligation for sale. In some instances this is all that the regula or of the food and drug indusb·ies to make the best use tory official has to work with. While it is useful, of their facilities for the production of a legal pro even necessary, to set forth star1dards of purity that duct. The language of the Act is general and the serve as ·guides to judging the acceptability ·Of some with courts have consistently held that it should be inter products, a goal of meeting legal ):equirements preted in its common or us:ual sense recognizing that out making an effort to obtain basic sanitation im there may be unavoidable minute amounts of con provements is simply a means of "getting by." Un tamination present that do not render the product fortunately this approach ,often results in not even violative. The producer is called upon to exercise getting by. This should be ·one of the least fr:~quently the food producer ~ ufficient care to protect the integrity of his product; used purposes of this work and it will be used by consumers who depend upon this who has at his disposal all of the information that can protection. Present conditions of large urban popu be obtained from a knowledge of the kinds of :r;aw lations totally dependent on others to produce and material used and from the processes by which the process their foods under large-scale ·commercial oper finished product was produced should make use of ations demand that something more than "good in this basic information available to him. _tentions" be used to guarantee .fl!le production of clean It may be of value to the regulatory official to de foods. In most instances this calls for the establishment tennine the mold count of a tomato product, but for of raw material and production -~~ ontrols that are a the food manufacturer to keep his Howard mold count part of good commercial practice. low by constantly checking the count of the finished would be to ignore the fact that the Howard Adequate conb·ol means the us~ : o£ t11e most reliable product . count is a measure of the use of de~omposed means . to evaluate the wholesomeb ess of the product. mold and this might be better and more directly These means may consist of what we in the Food and tomatoes not allowing rotten material to get into Drug Administration. separate into inspection and conb·olled by It is possible to make I insect fragment analysis although the two are so closely interdepen the product. flour and attempt to reduce this count by dent that the whole subject is now considered as one counts of of the raw materials and with both phases assuming their proper perspectives. continual manipulation system but a much more direct approach Even though the laboratory and inspectional tech flouring clean wheat in a clean mill and allow niques are widely different, the underlying goal of would be to mill count to take care of itself. If the preventing food and drug adulteration provides a the insect fragment is followed only insignificant insect common motivation. This common aspect has so ce latter procedure will be obtained on the finished pro mented the term "microanalytical methods" with the fragment counts a place for these microscopic concept of "sanitation" that in some quarters they are duct. True, there is but their usefulness is only being a1most synonymous. 1,'his may be fortunate, for there analytical methods, if the accent is placed upon final is an obvious advantage to the centralizing of all partially realized the practices that went into this aspects of what has been variously termed "quality results while ignoring comes from rot, good commercial control," "sanitation," "biological control," etc., under final result. If mold plant pay attention to rot. one responsible authority. practice requires that the If rodent hairs come from ground-up rodent excreta, It is not the purpose here to present a manual of good commercial p~:a ctice requires that the plant food and drug sanitation or to provide a compendium either not use raw mater:ial contaminated with rodent ~y which various aspects of adulteration can be de excreta or that it clean up a'·rodent infestation within ~ected in the finished product. Rather, the aim is to the plant so that their product will not be defiled. snow the scope of the work, the regulatory approach However, where these methods will shed light on used in this microscopic analytical work, and the the quality of the raw material, and so prevent adul :alues and approaches of such techniques to indusb·y teration of the product, then the raw material should m product control. This aim encompasses the needs of be subjected to such examinations. Not only will this analysts, inspectors, administrators, attorneys and type of analytical work permit the avoidance of con jurists. taminated raw materials, but it will also serve to keep • The microscopic-analytical field is sometimes ap- out of the plant certain types of contamination that MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS 107

will spread through stored raw materials or the pro A similar condition prevails in determining whether cessing equipinent with an accompanying contami an undesirable condition can be removed by passing nation of previously ·uninfested materials. It is better the food or raw material through a Pl:lr.ticular process ing operation, or in judging the -- re;~tive efficiencies to know in advance that a raw in~terial should be re of different ~echnologic~l pi·ocesses. -:5' jected, or that it. needs fu~igation before it spreads an ins~~t i~fe~tation . through the equipment, th_an to Finally microscopic;;.-an_alytical procedures have a place in finished prol:1uct Data obtained from accept it blindly and be obliged to. follow up with an ~oiJ.!rol. such techniques provide with the means expensive clean-up and fumigation .after it is used. m~ri~gement of checking compliance by the production staff with It is much better to realize that a particular roat .er~al operating procedures designed to insure the pro has so much rot in it that it cannot possibly_:be handled duction of clean, sound and legal products and it is by the sorting and trimming ..available at a plapt than possible to obtain information on the presence or to attempt to handle it unsuccessfully and so en.d up abscence of certain contaminants that may have crept with a violative product ·It is :-short sighted to hold, in unnoticed during processing. This phase of the work up production trying to make a satisfactory :produ,ct is receiving special attention at tnls time and you may out' of unsatisfactory material and so keep sound ma be interested in some new developments along this terial -on the rec.eiving platform .Wltil it . becomes rotten. line. Wher1 the. use of these p~~c~ dures heads off a sour~J Many of the microscopic-analytical methods are of potential trouble, the~ · !hese methods are · being procedures for the extraction of insects and insect used to a better advantage tban when they are used fragments from foods and drugs. Although the identi to find out too late that thJ product is violative. Thus, fication of insects follows the characters set forth in the first use of the microscopic-arfalytical apprqach is the usual entomological literature, the identification in niw materials pontroL In this regard, the role of of insect fragments is made on the basis of other char microscopic analysis is to determine by the most simple acteristics that are sufficiently durable to withstand and direct means just what the condition of the raw the grinding and pulping that are part of the food materials is. In some cases this phase may be best Proc;essing operations. Observations on a wide variety handled by field men who are aware of general crop of,pr,t~ ~ucts are now underway, and we now recognize conditions and the specific problems of individual pro- thqt i;~js possible to differentiate between insect frag ducers. However, there ·are other instances where meljl,ts . contributed by the raw materials, insect £rag laboratory control is required to determine the pres- ments contributed by insanitary factory conditions, ence of undesirable characteristics that are not visible and insect fragments contributed by infestations after to the unaided eye. This might be the case when processing. Although much information on food plant . partial processing of an ingredient has obscured the sanitation is developed through plant inspections, i condition of the product. Microscopic analysis would qualitative determinations of the insect fragments be useful in judging the quality of a raw material in present actually can be used to throw some light on which there was an opportunity to remove certain factory conditions. Such information can be used by superficial or obvious evidence of adulteration or the plant management as a check upon sanitation contamination while leaving the basic contamination co~h:ol, and it can similarly be used by regulatory within the material. Microscopic analysis has been offrcrals_to proyide tangible evidence that a food was used for years to detect the presence of adulterants " prepareq_,_packed, or held under insanitary conditions. deliberately added so that a desirable material is~,, ·Work aleng this line is now appearing in the literature debased by tl:ie addition of a less valuable component. ~-~d, ~~ i}~ .is is no: the purpose of this paper to go In all of these instances the examinat}on may 'not only - mto ' ~ensrve. · details along this line, it appears ap reveal some basic information useful in accepting or propnate to crte some examples of this type of work. rejecting a commodity. but these techniques can be Without going into the complexities of insect mar used in investigating how reliable a processing opera- phology, and the friability and structure of the insect I , Y ! tion is in doing a given job. A test of the adequacy of a exoskeleton, it may be stated that when insects pass cleaning or reconditioning operation would probably thm a food processing operation the exoskeleton, in I , I employ such analytical methods for here the original, eluding the appendages, may be broken into many peThaps obvious, nature of the adulteration might be fragments. The mouth parts of many groups of insects so obscured by the reprocessing that laboratory analy- consist, in part, of a strong, toothed, chewing structure sis might be needed to determine whether the material called the mandible. The very presence or absence of was, in fact, cleaned, or whether the• con t amma· ti on man d i bl es wi ll serve to differentiate certain groups, was now merely more obscure. ' but even within the mandibulate insects the mandibles 108 MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS

They ha·ve a Jurther useful characteristic of being ex tracted _hy th.e microscopic-analytical methods relative ly ea~ily, ~nd :they are readily identified microscopi c~lly~ ':pqttii~g· all of these characteristics together, some t work ~as 'done on the possibility of distinguishing that may have arisen from betvir ~e 1i insect- fragments i inter-rial insect infestation in grain and insect fragments ( arising from mill and/or bakery insanitation. Know ii1g that, for example,:. the rice and 'granary weevils are primarily pests of ·grain, and that the Tr-ibolium beetles are primarily pests of milled 'or partially-milled FIGURE l. Ri ce weevil larva mandible. _! . . I ( materials and of the establishments: where such ma J .J .' terials are handled, it is relatively .easy to see that the identification of their ma;ndibles would provide a· due as to the source of .contamination. Insert man dibles can be identified by their -m.tcromorphological characteristics as shown in Figures: 1 and 2. Figure 1 is a photograph of a rice weevil larva mandible, aud Figure 2 shows the mandible from the l~rva of the saw-toothed grain beetle. This is a· simple example of a type of investigqtion that can be in1d .is being carried ·' 01~ at this tim ~, so that the mere quantitative counting of iniscell~neous insect fragments that has served us so well for. many years is finding a ·new assist from the _qualttative appraisal of the insect parts. F IGURE 2. Sawtoothed grain beetl e larva mandible. Thus in microscopic-analytical methods the manu can be used to differentiate between groups or actually facturer has at his disposal techniques for the selection can be used to distinguish specific insects. Moreover, of raw materials and the establishment of a final the mandibles are rather durable structures that will check upon his output that may provide management survive a good deal of rough mechanical handling. with information on- the entire produqtion _operation. ·, : . ....

·' :

FORTY-FOURTH ANNUAL ·MEETING .. ~ 1 BROWN HOTEL- LOUISVILlE; KY., OCT0BER 8, 9, 10, 1957 . ·: ' ~ (20th Anniversary- Journal of Milk and· Food Technology.)

. '' .'

. .~ .. _.

Stat e e College

, , Bozeman. Bozeman. two two smaller smaller concen trations trations of of t e rramycin rramycin with with poly-

addr~ss: addr~ss: 2Pre se nt nt "Departm e nt nt of of Dairy Dairy Industry , , Montana Montana

the the

same same calcu

lat e d d

amounts amounts

of of

antibiotics antibiotics

excep

t t th':lt th':lt

ct1ltural ct1ltural Experiment Experiment

Station Station

as as

esearch esearch

Paper Paper

No. No. 418. 418.

weeks , , a a new new

s e t t of of sampl es es was was pr

e par e d d using using

ri~proval ri~proval lPublished lPublished with with of of the the Director Director of of the the Idaho Idaho Agri

After After data data had had been been co ll ected ected for for a a numb e r r of of

· 1 1

0 ° ° to to l0 ° F. F. ' '

pl es. es. Five Five hundred hundred mi. mi. of of eac h h sample sample was was

pre-

., ., a a cold cold room room wh e r e e th e e t emperature emperature ranged ranged from from

' ' hibiting hibiting substances, substances, was was used used in in preparing preparing th e e sam

vials. vials. These These vials vials w e re re plac e d d in in froz e n n storag e e in in

. . previously previously tested tested and and known known to to be be free free of of growth growth in

the the milk , , 9 9 ml. ml. portions portions w e r e e pipetted pipetted into into small small

Mixed Mixed milk milk from from the the University University of of Idaho Idaho dairy dairy herd , ,

After After the the antibiotics antibiotics were were thoroughl y y mi xed xed with with

being being determin~d determin~d by by bioassay bioassay as as described described above. above.

inhibiting inhibiting substances. substances.

mated mated - that that of of 0 . 1 1 to to 0.2 0.2 units units of of penicillin, penicillin, th e e latter latter

previously previously te s t ed ed and and known known to to b e e fre e e fr om om growth growth

Streptococcus Streptococcus on on lactis lactis typ e e dairy dairy cultures cultures approxi

reconstituted reconstituted to to 9 9 percent percent solids. solids. Th e e latter latter wa s s

in in such such concentrations concentrations · _that _that th eir eir inhibiting inhibiting power power

the the antibiotics antibiotics and and the the oth e w r as as nonf at at dr y y milk milk

Various Various antibiotics antibiotics were were added added to to milk milk samples samples

same same milk milk used used to to prepar e e the the sampl e s s containing containing

comparing comparing the the zones zones of of inhibition. inhibition.

Two Two controls controls were were used . . On e e was was a a p ortion ortion o f f t he he

dish dish and and incubated incubated at at 35.5 ° C. C. for for eig ht ht hours hours before before

cenb · ations ations are are shown shown in in Tabl e e 1. 1.

milk milk to to b e e tested tested all all were were placed placed in in this this on e e culture culture

par e d . . Th e e various various an tibi otic s s u se d d an:! an:! th eir eir con

titi es es of of penicillin penicillin and and the the sterile sterile disc disc containing containing the the

temperature. temperature. Standard Standard discs discs containing containing varying varying quan

with with a a similar similar plate plate and and allowed allowed to to cool cool to to room room

in in Europ e . .

placed placed in in a a

9-inch 9-inch pyrex

· · pie pie

plate. plate.

This This

was was

covered covered

World World

War War

II , , h e e served served

with with

th e e 94th 94th

Infantry Infantry

Di v

i sion sion

spore spore suspension. suspension. Fifty Fifty mi. mi. of of th e e seeded seeded

agar agar

was was

bandry bandry at at th e e Univ e rsity rsity of of Id aho. aho. While While in in t he he an ny ny durin g g

at at 50 ° C. C. was was seeded seeded with . . 1 1 ml. ml. of of Ba cillus cillus a a subtilis subtilis August , , 1954 , , h e e b eca m e e Assistant Assistant Professor Professor of of Dairy Dairy Hus

for for Darigold Darigold in in Br e m e rt on on a nd nd S p ok a n e, e, Vlashington. Vlashington. In In this this study study ( ( 3). 3). On e e hundred hundred mi. mi. of of sterlized sterlized whey whey agar agar

From From 1951 1951 to to 1954 1954 h e e served served as as quality quality co ntrol ntrol

s up e

r visor visor

The The Difco Difco Bioassay Bioassay kit kit for for penicillin penicillin

was was

used used

in in

from from th e e Stat e e Coll eg e e of of · w as hington hington in in F e bruary , , 1 951. 951.

1947 1947 and and 1948 1948 resp ectiv e ly. ly. H e e r e cei ve d d th e e PhD PhD de gr e e e PROCEDURE PROCEDURE

Dairy Dairy Manufacturin g g from from th e e Unive r s ity ity of of Florid a a in in

Rob e rt rt A . . Hibbs Hibbs r ece i ve d d th e e B . S. S. and and M . S. S. d e gree gree in in

analysis analysis for for antibiotics. antibiotics.

serve serve such such samples samples without without interferring interferring with with the the

samples samples containing containing antibotics antibotics could could be be used used to to pre

out out in in 1954 , , was was determine determine tp tp if if frozen frozen storage storage of of milk milk

central central laboratory. laboratory. Th e e objective objective of of this this study , , carried carried

method method of of pres erving erving the the samples samples for for analysis analysis at at a a

were were collected collected from from a a wide wide area. area. This This requir ed ed some some

supply supply were were th e e cause . . of of this this trouble , , milk milk samples samples

troubl e. e. To To determine determine whether whether antibiotics antibiotics in in th e e milk milk

years years exp~rienced exp~rienced increasing increasing amounts amounts of of starter starter

Th e e cheese cheese industry industry of of Idaho Idaho has has in in th e e past past few few

reducing reducing the the accuracy accuracy of of the the results . .

samples samples can can be be frozen frozen and and stored stored for for at at least least 12 12 weeks weeks without without

Before Before being being analyzed analyzed for for growth growth inhibiting inhibiting substances substances milk milk

prevent prevent the the growth growth of of the . . starter starter culture culture in in the the cheese cheese milk. milk.

penicillin penicillin will will be be detected detected even even though though their their concentrations concentrations will will

for for cheese cheese manufacture, manufacture, it it is is seldom seldom that that any any antibiotic antibiotic other other than than

is is used used for for the . . detection detection of of growth growth inhibiting inhibiting substances substances in in milk milk

When When the the Difco Difco Bioassay Bioassay Kit Kit using using whey whey agar agar and and B . . subtilis subtilis

( R eceived eceived for for publication publication October October 3 , , 195 6 ) )

D e partm e nt nt of of Dairy Dairy Husbandry , , Uni . versity versity of of Id ah o, o, M o sc o w w

J. J. A. A. R. R. C

. . HIBBS HIBBS AND AND BoYD

2 2

' · ·

FOR FOR ANTIBIOTICS

1 1

SOME SOME OBSERVATIONS OBSERVATIONS ON ON TESTING TESTING MILK MILK SAMPLE~ SAMPLE~ 169 169 ':i:i6 tEsTING Mux SAMPLES FoR ANTIBIOi.1C:s

ANTiBIOTics TABLE 1 - · THE lNIUBlTiNG EFFECT oF VARI:.> lls CoNCENTRATIONS oF SEVERAL

Titratable Diameter of Coagulation Calculated acidity (av. zone of inhi- (av. of replicates) Treatment concentration of 7·12 rep! icates) bition• , . I (per ml.) (%) (mm.) ~ 1. Control J' complete • Reconstituted milk none .84 0 finn, 2. Control, herd milk 0 weak-firni, complete d 1st series none .74 .77 0 weak-firm, complete c 2nd series none -- ...... , 3. Procain Penicillin G in aqueous solution F ,none-slight a lst series 0.1 units .58 19 none b 1st series 0.2 units .29 23 · none-complete ' :! ;:· c 2nd series '\ 0.1 units .68 12 d 2nd series 0.2 units .35 19 none 4. P-35-10b oil base slight a 1st series 0.2 units .53 21 none-very none b 1st series 0.4 units .26 24 .1 0.2 units .76 12 slight-complete c 2nd series ·4 cl 2nd series 0.4 units .65 19 none-slight 5. Tenamycin with t\ polymyxin B sulfate •.·; / L'' .;_, _. a 1st series 1.55 micrograms .20 . 0 none ·' b 1st series 310'''iY'. " .18 15c none t ~ 0 none c 2nd series " o:62 .Jt' ·" .25 ' j.' ~ d 2nd series 1.24 .-"' .22 0 none 6. Neomycin I a 1st series 2.0- .51 0 slight-complete I b 1st series 4.0 .31 0 none c 2nd series 2.0 .55 0 none:slight 0 none . d 2nd series 4.0 .28 "t' • . c.;:: !": 7. Terramycin hydrochloride .-. a 1st series 0.2 .49 0 none-slight b 1st series 0.4 .29 0 none c 2nd series 0.2 .57 0 none-slight d 2nd series 0.4 .31 0 none 8. Dihydrostreptomycin . 0' (weak) ., a 1st series 0.8 .60 slight-complete () slight b 1st series 1.6 .39 none-very c 2nd series 0.8 .68 0 none-slight d 2nd series 1.6 .47 0 none-slight 9. Aureomycin ' : ·,· 0 none-very slight a 1st series 0.1 .46- .· .. · -. b 1st series 0.2 .28 0 none " c 2nd series 0.1 .50 7 0 none-very slight " 'L.i .d 2nd series 0.2 .28 0 none

.25--units, 23mm; aDiameter of zone inhibitions given by penicillin standard assay disc were .05 units, 12 mm; .10 units, 19mm; .5 units, 27mm. based only on bP-35-10 contains penicillin, streptomycin, neomycin, sulfanilamide, suffamerazin, and sulfathiazole (calculation penicillin content). cMost samples were zero, only 2 samples showing slight inhibition.

subt-ilis as the my~in ; B · were used. These samples are shown· •in The Difco Bioassay method using B. Table 1 · as 5c and 5d and contain 0.62 and 1.24 test organism, and acid production when the milk sam micrograms per ml, respectively. ples were inoculated with 1 per cent commercial

when when

t t

l eas

t t half half

of of th e e vial vial was was clott e d , , and and as as 1. 1. Th ese ese a r e e averag e e valu es es obtain e d d from from a ll ll sam-

e e enti

r e e

contents contents

of of th

e e vial vial were were clott e d , , as as slight slight A A summary summary o f f th e e r es ults ults will will b e e found found in in Tabl e e

n oted. oted. Coagulation Coagulation was was r eco rd e d d as as complete complete when when

Th e e t ype ype and and d eg r ee ee of of coagulation coagulation

a lso lso were were

R ESULTS ESULTS

H1 e e titr atab l e e ac idit y y of of th c e ontrol ontrol samp l es . .

• •

acidity acidity

produ

d d

was was

not not mor

e e than than 75 75 p e c r e nt nt of of t e rval s, s, usu

a ll y y we e kl y, y, 15 15 fo r r 1 7 7 t o o weeks. weeks.

. .

influen

ce ce

of of

a a

gr o w th th

inhibitor inhibitor

when when

e e titrat a bl e e

ness ness of of th e e clot. clot. Th e e samples samples we r e e analyzed analyzed a t t in

" "

! !

ntibiotic 2

s. s.

A A

sample sample

was was

considered considered

as as showing showing th e e ' ' p l e t e l y y coagulated , , a a n ot atio n n was was mad e e as as to to firm

16 16

hour

s, s,

w e

r e e used used to to d e t ec t t th e e pres ence ence of of t he he bo ttom ttom p ortio n n of of th e e vial. vial. vVhe n n a a sa mp l e e was was com

l ac

ti c c st a

rt e

r r organi

s ms ms and and

i ncub a ted ted a t t 70 ° F F for for ve r y y slig ht ht whe n n coagu l atio n n was was noticabl e e in in th e e

"Numb e rs rs in in par e nth es e s s r e fe r r to to identification identification of of sam pl es es as as giv e n n in in Tabl e e l. l.

Bott

om om row: row: dil1ydrostreptomycin dil1ydrostreptomycin ( 8 ( b ), ), aur e omycin omycin ( ( 9b 9b ), ), and and unl-:nown unl-:nown m ilk ilk samp l e e ( lOb ) . .

4 th th row: row: dih y drostr e ptomycin ptomycin ( ( 8a ), ), a ur eo mycin mycin ( ( 9a ), ), tm tm kn own own milk milk sa mple mple (lOa) . .

c in in H H C! C! ( 7 b ) . .

3 r

cl cl r ow: ow:

c o ntro

l l (2), (2),

penicillin penicillin

( 3b ), ), P - 35-10 35-10 (4b) t , e rram yc i n n with with pol ymyx in in B B ( Sb ), ), neom ycin ycin ( 6b ), ), an d d te rramy

cin cin H H Cl Cl ( 7a ) . .

2nd 2nd

row: row: contro

l l (

1 )

peni

c illin illin (3a), (3a), P-35-10 P-35-10

(4a), (4a), terramycin terramycin , , with with polymy x in in

B B ( Sa ), ), neomycin neomycin ( 6a ), ), an d d t e rra my 0

l l

Top Top

o w: w: c o l ored ored di sc, sc,

p e nicillin nicillin assay assay s tandards , , 0. 0 5 5 units, units, 0.1 0.1 uni t s, s, 0.25 0.25 units , , 0.5 0.5 uruts uruts a nd nd 1 1 unit. unit.

FrcURE FrcURE · Bio as l. l. s ay ay for for antibiotics , , l ef t t to to right : :

TESTI MILK MILK N G G SAMPLES SAMPLES FoR FoR ANTllliO TICs TICs 112 TESTING MILK S AMPLES FoR ANTIBIOTICS pies for each treatment for the first 12 weeks of ed out that the Difco Bioassay kit was developed · to frozen storage. These data show that the controls gave test for penicillin and for this we found it to be satis reasonable acid production and that the vials of milk factory. The use of B. subtilis does not appear satis were c ompletely coagulated. However, the coagulum factory for detecting the presence of other antibiotics , varied in the degree of firmness. that are common for the treatment of mastitis and . , The samples containing antibiotics varied from nor which may appear in milk from time to time. l A' mal acid production to no acid production. The The only antibiotic other than penicillin that gave I bioassay method consistently detected only those positive results with the bioaSS!J-Y was the terramycin samples containing penicillin. with polymyxin B sulfate. The zone of inhibition was The results shown in Figure 1 are typical of the occasionally present only in the highest concentration bioassays obtained for the a and b series of samples. used in the first series and did not show at all when ( se~ T able 1 ) The c and d series gave similar results the trial ~a s repeated. Yet, the samples containing with the exception of terramycin with polymyxin B. the terramycin with polmyxin B sulfate had the lowest Sample 5b containing terramycin with polymyxin acid production of any of the samples used in this B produced a small zone of inhibition in some rep study. licates of series 1 but not in others. The inhibiting Work recently reported b y Johns and Berzins ( 2) power of this antibiotic on lactic c ultures is far indicated that improvements in the bioassay method greater than indicated by the bioassay. would increase the sensitivity of the method making it more useful. These workers suggested that a dif- # DISCUSSIO T ferent test organism may be found which will be more suitable for the different antibiotics. There was no noticeable effect of frozen storage On the basis of inhibition of acid production in on the ability of an antibiotic to prevent normal relation to concentration of the antibiotic added, growth of lactic type s tarter organisms for periods aureomycin appeared to have the strongest inhibitory up to 12 weeks. Due to the destabilized condition of effect; however, further comparisons between terra the milk protein, the thawed samples were unsatis mycin with polymyxin B sulfate and aureomycin factory a fter the 12 weeks time for the observations using more dilute concentrations than those used in on curd formation or type of coagulation. This con this experiment should b e made. dition was attributed to the temperature fluctuation in the c old storage room. CoNCLUSIONS The antibiotic level in some samples (see 3c, 4c, Milk samples can be satisfactorily stored in a frozen 6a, and Sa in Table 1 ) appeared to be added at condition up to 12 weeks without influencing the threshold levels. In these samples an inoculation of analysis for antibiotics. one percent of lactic starter was enough in some The Difco Bioassay method of analysis for peni cases to obtain coagulation while in other cases cillin is not reliable for use in assaytng for other the acid production was stopped before the proper antibiotics at levels that restrict growth of starter pH for clotting had been reached. Milk containing organism s. antibiotics at this level could probably be made into cheese by the use ..of increased amounts of starter R EFERENCES inoculation ( 1 ). 1. Hibbs, R. A. and Boyd, J. C. Cheese Starter Problems In most samples containing antibiotics other than in Idaho. Proc. Meeting of Western Division, Am erican D airy penicillin, concentrations sufficient to be inhibitory Science Assoc. Laramie, Wyo. 1955. to lactic type cheese starter organisms were not 2. Johns, C. K. and Berzins, I. Observations on the Deter detected by the bioassay. Dairy plants that use the mination of Antibiotics in Milk. J. Milk and Food Techno!., 19: bioassay to check vats of milk for freedom from 14-17. 1956. 3. Sta11dard Methods for the Examination of Dai1y Products. antibiotics could easily miss many samples which lOth Ed. p. 320. Am. Pub. Health Assoc. Inc. New York, N. Y. would not support :proper ~row th . It should be point- !953,

N e w w

Y ork, ork, on on

F e bruary bruary 14 , ,

1957. 1957.

simplify simplify

the the

problem problem

of of

official official

inspection inspection

by by

such such

ducts ducts

Improv

e ment ment

Institut

e~ e~

c., c., Hot e

l l

a tl e r , ,

N e w w York, York,

skir

ts ts

of of

e e

city city

in in

which which

e e

milk milk

is is

consumed consumed

ese does does

e d d

t t th e e T e nth nth Annual Annual M

ting ting of of

1 th

e e

D a ii ·y ·y Pro

ca tion tion

of of a a number number of of such such y y dair farms farms on on the the out

e e

is is

phasi

s s

on on

dairy dairy

farm farm inspection, inspection,

the the

a is is lik

e ly ly to to continu

e . . Certainly Certainly

e r

e e

is is

no no

reason reason

to to

cows cows

and and

growing growing

of of

f ee d d being being

done done e lsewhere. lsewhere.

If If

supervising supervising

inspectors inspectors

on on

th e e

city city

p ay roll. roll.

This This

trend trend

mor e e

cows cows

and and

a a milking milking

parlor parlor

with with

all all

breeding breeding

of of

service service

men men

whose whose

work work

was was

subject subject

to to approval approval

b y y

consis

ting ting

of of a a pen pen

and and feeding feeding

area area

for for a a hundred hundred

or or

r e

quiring quiring the the

milk milk

industry industry to to

provide provide

qualified qualified

field field

mor

e e

compact compact

dairy dairy

farms farms

of of th

e e Los Los Angeles Angeles

type type

politan politan

milk milk

supplies, supplies,

some some

turned turned

to to

th e e

alternative alternative

of of

There There

also also

is is

th e e possibilit

y y for for

the the

development development

of of

rous rous dairy dairy

farm farm

ins , p

e ctors ctors

required required

to to

cover cover

metro

this this carries carries

with with

it it the

_ promis

e e of of improved improved

sanitation. sanitation.

budg e t t appropriations appropriations

necessary necessary

to to support support

the the

nume

e e tr end end will will

continue continue

in in

that that

direction

. . Fmtunately, Fmtunately,

When When

it it

b ecame ecame

increasingl

y y difficult difficult

to to get get

th e e

to to

stay. stay.

e cause cause

of of

labor-saving labor-saving

and and

other other

economies economies

time time

health health

officer officer

with with

his his

staff staff

of of

{arm {arm

insp ec

tors. tors.

e e farm farm

pick-ups pick-ups

of of milk milk

by by

tank tank

tmck tmck

have have

come come

insp

ec tor tor

only only

to to

b e e

replaced replaced

in in

lat

e r r yea

rs rs by by

a a full

e e pip e e lin

e e milker

, ,

e e

farm farm milk milk

storage storage

tank, tank,

and and

e e part-time part-time

health health

officer officer

employed employed

a a dairy dairy

farm farm

b e e

modifi

e d d materially materially

by by

advances advances

in in

equ

ipm ent

. .

carried carried down down through through

the the years. years.

Milk Milk

sheds sheds

ex panded. panded.

In In

th e e futur

e e th

e e

t ask ask

of of dairy dairy

farm farm

inspecti

on on may may

in in

which which th e e milk milk is is consumed consumed and and

which which

has has

been been

beli e v

e e th

t t it it

will will

e e check e d d

or or

r eve

rs e d. d. spection spection by by th e e h ea lth lth authority authority of of th e e community community

Thus Thus

was was established established the the basic basic principle principle of of in

too too scientific, scientific,

advice advice

on on

how how

to to

produce produce

safe safe

milk

. .

; ;

n a

tional tional

A ss oci

a tion tion

of of

Milk Milk a

nd nd

Food Food

Sanit ar

i ans. ans.

dairy dairy

farmer farmer

e e

nefit nefit

of of

his his

capable

, ,

but but

then then

not not

of of

Milk Milk

Sanit

a rians rians

and and

is is

a a

past past

pr e sid ent ent

o f f the the Int

by by

hors

e e

and and

buggy buggy

and and

attempt attempt

to to e

d e give give man man the the wa s s part-tim sec r e t ary ary e e of of th e e N e w w York York Stat e e A ssociation ssociation

natural natural E x p

e rt rt

Committe for for

him him e e to to on on stop stop Food Food at at th Hygi e e dairy dairy e ne F . farm farm or or many many in in his his years years rounds rounds Mr. Mr.

s e rv e

d d

1e 1e

vVorld vVorld

Healili Healili Org a niz

ation ation attending attending

as as Chairman Chairman

in in his his urban urban of of i ts ts and and mral mral practice. practice.

was was It It

only only

s s

in in c harge harge

of of the the

milk milk

sanit

ation ation

program. program.

In In 1955 1955

he he

ciated ciated

milk milk

with with

some some

of of

e e

cases cases

of of disease disease

he he

was was

witl1 witl1

tl1 e e New New

York York St a

t e e

D e p artment artment

of of Healili Healili

where where

he he

physician

, , serving serving

as as

part-tim

e e health health

officer, officer,

asso

B e for

e e going going to to Ann Ann Arbor Arbor

h c e o mp

l eted eted twenty

- five five years years

practice practice

originated originated

in in the the

t t days days th

e e S c when when hool hool of of Publi th e e c c family family H ea lt h h of of tile tile Universi ty ty of of Michigan. Michigan.

tati o n n

First Founda , , l e tion tion

t t us us Testing Testing cons Laboratory Laboratory id e r r dairy dairy and and farm farm Resident Resident insp L ec ecturer ecturer tion. tion. This This

! vir. vir.

Ti e d e m a

i n s s Executive Executive Director Director o f f the the T ati o nal nal Sani

DAIRY DAIRY FARM FARM I NSPECTION NSPECTION

! !

applies applies to to most most milk milk products. products.

fluid fluid

cream cream and and that that control control of of pasteurization pasteurization also also

standing standing

that that most most of of th e e discussion discussion also also applies applies to to

control control

of of the the s anitation anitation of of fluid fluid milk milk with with th e e und er

charlatan . . For For the the sake sake of of br evi t y y l e t t us us consi der der the the

to_ to_ superior superior

that that followed followed by by th e e crystal crystal gazer gazer or or

This This procedure procedure is is b y y no no means means ex act act but but is is perhaps perhaps

tr e nds nds p e rhaps rhaps as as far far as as or or into into th e e tw e nty-first nty-first century. century.

in in ord

e r r to to es tablish tablish a a basis basis for for th e e ex h · apolation apolation of of

back back to to about about the the beginning beginning of of th e e tw e ntieth ntieth century century

fac

e ts ts of of the the official official control control of of milk milk sanitation sanitation by by going going

e ngineering ngineering approach approach and and plot plot th e e tr e nds nds in in various various

proph

e t t is is a a new new one one to to me, me, how eve r , , I I will will tak e e an an

milk milk

and and milk milk products products is is welcomed. welcomed. The The role role of of

ve lopm

en ts ts in in the the official official control control of of th e e sanitation sanitation of of

e e opportunity opportunity

to to tak e e a a long long look look ahead ahead on on d e

School School

of of Publ ic ic H e alth , , Univ z r si ty ty o f f Michigan , , Ann Ann Arbor Arbor

D. D. WALTER WALTER TIEDEMAN TIEDEMAN

OF OF

MILK MILK AND AND MILK MILK

PRODUCTS

1 1

THE THE FUTURE FUTURE OF OF THE THE SANITARY SANITARY CONTROL CONTROL 114 F u T URE OF THE SANITARY CoNTROL city because of decreased numbers and the convenient This leads to the prediction that the next fifty years location of such farms. However, it is quite likely will bring less and less official dairy farm inspection that economics will govern this development rather with the shifting of this burden to industry. In all in than farm inspection requirements. dustries today, including those making strictly mechaq. Currently there exists in the United States several ical products, there is increasing emphasis on QUAL different patterns of official control by cities in which ITY CONTROL with considerable expenditures to work on dairy farm inspection varies, according to maintain staffs and laboratories for the purpose. The Dahlberg's survey (1 ) from zero in the case of Boston milk industry does tl1is to a considerable extent at to 10.6 inspections per farm per year in the case of present but may a nticipate increasing demands from BiTmingham, Alabama. Between these extremes w e public health officials for them to assume this respon have Chicago with at least 2 dairy farm inspections a sibility. It is hoped that this will not take the form of year to meet the Public H ealth Service Ordinance in regulations prescribing e xactly what must be done, effect there, and ew York City with only a s mall especially in the line of dairy farm inspection, but staff of inspectors to make c heck i nspections of dairy more properly what must be accomplished from the farms. It should be borne in mind that one farm in standpoint of milk quality. spection a year is made by official state health depart ment insp ectors at state expense on all dairy farms A LLOCATIO T OF :\llrLK located outside the s tate; and that within the state, industry-employed field service men are required to Anticipated future increases in the density of poim , make at least one inspection of each dairy farm each lation is sure to result in further o verlapping of metro year. Furthermore, in Massachusetts the D epartment politan milk sheds b eginning in the Northeast. This of Agriculture of the Commonwealth is required to will lead increasingly to consideration of milk as a make annual inspections of dairy farms which in public utility. Of course there a re more devious ways cludes those supplying Boston with milk. of allocating limited supplies of milk than by public In upstate New York cream for the manufacture of decree. The e stablishment of F ederal Marketing Areas ice cream is not required to be from dairy farms under and more general adoption of regulations encouraging official inspection; and during shortage periods, cream the interstate shipment of fluid cream, and perhaps of for all purposes h as been brought into Boston without 3 to 1 concentrated fluid milk, may accomplish the advantage of any dairy farm inspection. purpose of allocating and piecing out limited supplies In metropolitan areas, like Boston for instance, ef of milk without establishing milk as ,a public utility. forts to adhere to the o ld principle of the inspection It is quite likely that control of increases in population of dairy farms by the health officials of the c ommunity will precede the exhausting of the possibility o f ex in which the milk is c onsumed l eads to multiplicity of panding the milk supply along the lines indicated to responsibility for inspection, duplication of work, and meet demands. impossible situations as to travel requirements and costs. SAFETY OF MILK-PASTEURIZATION The conclusion is correctly drawn from the data One rather simple future solution of the problem of presented b y Dr. Dahlberg in his report for the sanitation would be the production of synthetic National Research Council ( 1 ) that increased em milk This would reduce official control to that re phasis on dairy farm·· inspection is reflected slightly milk. quired for food processing plants. Taking into con in the quality of the milk. However, differences in sideration present substitutes for butter and cream number of inspections as previously stated ranged be rather audacious to say that milk never from none or perhaps o ne to 10.6 per farm per year. it would will be manufactured from organic c onstituents but On the other hand no claims are made for increased it can safely be predicted that synthetic milk will not safety of the milk and the reported improvement in be commercially feasible within the next century. Con quality is very slight. If the c ity of New York with tinued r eliance must be placed upon pasteurization to perhaps 0.5 official farm inspections per y ear were make milk and milk products safe. to step this up to the number m ade by Birmingham, or even to the minimum of 2 inspections per year re Since the turn of the century, stupendous strides quited by the Public H ealth Service Code, many have been m ade in applying the pasteurization process additional d airy farm inspectors w ould be required. to milk and in developing dependable commercial In the light of present knowledge and with the facts equipment for everyday use in protecting the health at hand, it is not at all likely that public health officials of millions of people. Starting with the Endicott tests, would or could persuade budgeting a uthorities to ap the faults of vat type pasteurizers were disclosed, in propriate funds for such increases in staff. · efficient types discarded, and effective equipment was

. . end tr this this to to govern govern ly ly e lik are are ics ics some some om against against public public the the immunizing immunizing at at rts rts effo their their

econ and and Availability Availability space. space. refrigerator refrigerator household household ease ease of of es, es, i econom affect affect to to trying trying . or apathy apathy public public to to or or

economy economy of of standpoint standpoint e e th from from containers containers quart quart two two ranks" ranks" "c of of opposition opposition the the to to yielding yielding officials, officials, lth lth ea h

of of favor favor in in said said be be could could Much Much pouring. pouring. for for spout spout in in which which in in communities communities some some in in obtaining obtaining now now that that

built with with e e lop enve plastic plastic e e th is is field field this this to to in in y y ilit sib uivalent uivalent eq be be could could result result The The limits. limits. rea~onable rea~onable

pos Another Another ts. ts. an restaur for for plants plants milk milk by by container container all all below below _ service service this this cut cut to to pruners pruners budget budget the the of of

this this in in servings servings idual idual v indi in in up up put put e e b

will will cream cream appeals appeals e e th to to en en list will and and ease ease dis communicable communicable of of

! !

' ' ·'

e e coffe that that y y likel more more is is it it , , However

milk. milk. of of portions portions outbreaks outbreaks e e born milk milk of of absence absence the the by by sleep sleep to to lulled lulled • •

small small packaging packaging for for place place a a find find may may ers ers tain con e e b will will officials officials lth lth ea h that that however, however, , , danger the the is is

paper paper edron edron h eh·a t Swedish Swedish new new The The coatings. coatings. ere ere Th plastic plastic performed. performed. .intelligently .intelligently is is it it usual, usual, is is as as when, when,

to to paraffin paraffin from from end end tr observable observable an an is is there there tainers tainers service service this this value value operators operators plant plant milk milk progressive progressive and and

con service service single single In In accepted. accepted. been been ve ve ha r r e plants plants dispens pastemization pastemization over over supervision supervision official official taining taining

milk milk bulk bulk approved approved e e th and and container container paper paper main service service of of e e importanc the the realize realize em em th of of Most Most public. public.

single single e e th recently recently More More e. e. lin cream cream e e th accentuating accentuating e e th of of health health e e th of of protection protection e e th for for essential essential is is

from from emphasis emphasis e e th removing removing shape, shape, convenient convenient more more milk milk of of tion tion euriza past that that e e her everyw officials officials health health

and and weight weight lighter lighter much much of of bottles bottles by by phiced phiced e r been been y y b agreement agreement unanimous unanimous practica-lly practica-lly is is e e ther y y Toda

has has bottle bottle glass glass necked necked long long heavy heavy old old The The doorsteps. doorsteps. milk. milk. pasteurized pasteurized safe safe in in bring bring · · to dealers dealers city" city" "big "big the the

on on pails pails filling filling door door to to door door from from went went and and truck truck to to permits permits issue issue to to used used ef r and and supply supply milk milk raw raw able able

his his on on dipper dipper a a with with milk milk of of can can a a put put fanner fanner dairy dairy question highly highly the the of of quality quality the the of of boasted boasted who who trict trict

the the when when day day the the since since way way long long a a come come has has bution bution dis metropolitan metropolitan e e th of of fringe fringe the the of of community community rural rural ; ;

distri for for milk milk of of packaging packaging the the of of t t en lopm eve D the the of of officer officer health health the the with with deal deal to to had had we we ago ago years years .'

25 25

as as

recently recently As As

pasteurization? pasteurization? pr:ocess pr:ocess vital vital e e th of of areas. areas. distribution distribution larger larger covering covering permits permits

control control for for

store store

in in hold hold

future future e e th does does en, en, th , , What fewer fewer ard ard tow is is end end tr fuh1re fuh1re the the s, s, unit district district or or

county county as as century. century. such such half half , , next next units the the health health e e within within larg ard ard tow d d en pastemization. pastemization. tr e e th but but

replace replace will will process process the the , , that that , , principles economy these these only only practical practical not not of of consideration consideration into into Taking Taking

standpoint standpoint e e th from from , , code. code. likely sanitary sanitary not not is is and and it it law law health health e e th accomplished accomplished of of be be requirements requirements witl1 witl1

y y ma this this While While sterilization. sterilization. of of comply comply d d ea to to inst applicant applicant e e th of of pasteurization pasteurization e e failur for for only milk milk of of e e l sa

' '

' ' to to ivalent ivalent equ extent extent an an to to the the for for bacteria bacteria permit permit of of a a deny deny destruction destruction should should officer officer lth lth ea h a a that that is is

the the accomplish accomplish to to ·ying ·ying b to to principle principle diverted diverted basic basic being being is is Another Another search search communities. communities. other other 41 41 for for safe safe

Re enzymes. enzymes. e e th e e destroying destroying b in in should should it it difficulty difficulty the the to to , , community community things one one in in consumption consumption human human

other other among among , , due for for milk milk safe safe the the is is of of milk milk ties ties er if if prop regulations, regulations, physical physical other other enforcing enforcing ly ly effective are are

and and flavor flavor the the ruining ruining in in officials officials resulted resulted that that have have · · assuming assuming , , radiations by by that is is overlooked overlooked been been times times

milk milk sterilize sterilize to to some has has experimenters experimenters that that by by principle principle attempts attempts One One All All milk. milk. zation. zation. of of sale sale e e th mencing mencing

pasteuri replace replace will will com type, type, efore efore b gamma gamma well, well, or or as as bata bata board board of of control control whether whether milk milk a a or or official official

and and radio-isotopes radio-isotopes from from or or agricultural agricultural state state accelerators accelerators a a lectron lectron e generally generally but but , , him from from permit permit

speed speed high high from from written written whether whether a a get get to to radiations, radiations, and and by by milk milk official official of of health health ment ment local local e e th satisfy satisfy

treat e e th that that prospect prospect no no to to is is ere ere th necessary necessary it it is is opin_ion opin_ion my my only only In In Not Not forever. forever. gone gone are are "Yes", "Yes",

said said Doc Doc and and milk milk sell sell uld uld co e e h if if street street the the on on Jones, Jones, process. process. temperature temperature

"Doc" "Doc" officer, officer, health health village village part-time part-time e e th ed ed k as low low Smith Smith historic historic e e th by by milk milk cream-line cream-line of of pastemization pastemization

John John when when , , permits urb-stone" urb-stone" "c so-called so-called of of days days e e th by by possible possible is is than than t t effec heat heat in in safety safety of of margin margin

e e Th change. change. further further to to subject subject be be will will doubt doubt no no and and greater greater a a give give to to serves serves , , milk homogenized homogenized of of larity larity

century century half half past past e e th during during changed changed has has milk milk of of popu sale sale ed ed increas the the with with ther ther e tog , , This . . gradually

and and distribution, distribution, packaging, packaging, e e th over over control control Official Official develop develop to to continue continue will will and and developing developing is is creator creator

va the the as as equipment equipment such such ratures ratures e in in mp e t higher higher

DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION still still AND AND . . at at tion tion pACKAGING pACKAGING emiza past toward toward trend trend e e th and and continue continue

will will pasteurization pasteurization e e r eratu temp high high of of use use increased increased

products. products. milk milk The The process. process. time time short short - rature rature e temp high high e e th by by

to to tent tent ex greater greater even even an an to to . . applies This This teurized teurized as sold. sold. p was was milk milk milk milk homogenized homogenized e e th of of cent cent per per 99 99

the the of of quality quality e e th as as well well as as safety safety e e to to th 87 87 over over from from control control and and milk milk cream-line cream-line e e th of of cent cent per per 99 99

maintain maintain to to industry industry upon upon e e mor and and more more to to 77 77 depending depending from from study, study, the the in in included included markets markets city city large large

toward toward and and otherwise, otherwise, or or budget-pruning budget-pruning of of result result ight ight as as e e ,a ,a th in in that that showed showed survey survey 's 's Dahlberg process. process.

er er ith e responsibility, responsibility, public public side-stepping side-stepping of of time time direction direction short short - e e tur era temp high high the the y y b pastemization pastemization

the the in in be be to to sure sure quite quite is is trend trend The The for for t t disease. disease. equipmen such such safe safe of of development development the the in in resulted resulted

of of outbreak outbreak serious serious a a with with faced faced is is public public e e th health health result result public public and and industry industry milk milk the the in in workers workers search search

a a as as and and control, control, er er und brought brought been been has has that that disease disease re een een tw e b cooperation cooperation Further Further used. used. and and developed developed

115 115

CoNTROL CoNTROL FuTURE FuTURE SANITARY SANITARY THE THE - OF 116 FUTURE oF THE SANITARY CoNTROL will increase in us efulness as experi After some 44 years we still have with us the old applications and . regulation requiring the placing of the day of pas ence ·develops for the exami teurizaiton on the caps of bottled milk. It may be said The advantages of the coliform test shouiJ to the credit of the state and city health officials and nation of pasteurized milk and milk products milk should ,,' the Public Health Service that there ·is no insistence not be overlooked. Properly· pasteurized upon introducing this requirement in places where it is not contain organisms of the coliform group notwith~ i plain them f not in effect. Although, in some instances, health de standing the efforts of some sanitarians to ex should not partments have favored r equests from industry to away. Even they should agree that. coliforms concen rescind such requirements, a ttempts to do so have not be present to the extent of 1 per ml. which count is met with much success. After witnessing, with Dr. tration is indicated when the colifprm plate around the Dahlberg, within the past few months, a public hearing used. Some well-regulated plants operate is not in at which an unsuccessful attempt was made to rescind calendar without a positive coliform test. This standard of such a requirement in one of our large cities, I predict criticism of the commonly used minimum under that some such requirements, although becoming more not more than 10 per ml. which is quite useful should and more meaningless, are likely to remain in effect present conditions. However, high quality milk the future for the next half century. show much lower coliform counts and trend should be in that direction. We may anticipate of milk is another field in which The home delivery a simpler test for coliform organisms' in milk that may any changes in recent years. Every there have been m be used b y small milk dealers and rural health de ery has been r eplaced b y deliveries other day deliv partments with no more extensive equipment than a k in many localities. If dating were ·' three times a wee very small 35° C. incubator. A Gennan in-

' '

I I ' '

Sciences , , National National R esea rch rch Council, Council, Washi ngton, ngton, the the human human D.C. D.C. body body r e quires quires certain certain trac e e elements elements which which

Adams , , and and M. M. E. E. H e ld . . Publication Publication 25 0 , , Natio nal nal Academy Academy of of bring bring similar similar results. results. We We also also should should bear bear in in mind mind that that

Nu tritiv e , , and and Oth er er Qualities Qualities of of Mille Mille A . . C. C. Dahlberg , , H. H. S. S.

equally equally searching searching

inquisition inquisition

of of

other other

foods foods

would would

Sanitary Sanitary

Milk Milk

Control Control and and l. l. It s s R e l ations ations to to the the Sanitary , ,

may may accumulate accumulate in in the the bone bone marrow. marrow. Perhaps Perhaps an an

ease, ease, and and that that the the radio radio isotop e e strontium strontium 90 90 in in milk milk REFERENCES REFERENCES

cancer, cancer, that that excessive excessive milk milk fat fat ma y y cause cause heart heart dis

. . ing ing e fforts fforts to to dir e ct ct official official activity activity e ls ew h e re. re. gators gators feel feel that that may may play play a a role role in in stimulating stimulating ~ilk ~ilk

ab l e e during during the the next next fifty fifty years years or or more more notwithstand- " pot pot shots" shots" at at milk milk by by reporting reporting that that some some investi

a lways lways will will b e e necessary necessary and and no no doubt doubt will will b e e ava il Quite Quite recentl y y some some of of the the n ews ews media media have have taken taken

some some well well dir e cted cted official official control control of of milk milk sanitation sanitation milk milk was was a a good good food food for for humans. humans.

milk milk products products but but of of market market milk milk as as well. well. How eve r , , directed directed and and adding adding that that h e e was was not not eve n n sur e e that that

a a warranty warranty as as to to the the quality quality and and safety safety not not only only of of emphasis emphasis on on ' control control of of milk milk sanitation sanitation might might b e e re

an d d more more th e e public public will will look look to to th e e milk milk d ea ler ler for for by by an an emine11t emine11t health health official official suggesting suggesting that that now now th e e

as as well well as as th e e qualit y y of of public public milk milk supplies. supplies. More More r ea ched ched in in New New York York State State my my compl ace ncy ncy was was jarr e d d

po ssi bl e e of of th e e responsibilit y y for for maintaining maintaining th e e safety safety About About two two decades decades ago ago when when 'this 'this point point had had be en en

officials officials to to saddle saddle th e e milk milk indush ·y ·y with with a s s much much as as phoid phoid fever , , and and streptoco . ccal ccal sore sore throat. throat.

trol trol th e re re will will b e e an an increasing increasing . . . t e ndency ndency for for h ea lth lth spreading spreading such such common common diseases diseases as as tuberculosis , , t y

is is quite quite c e rtain rtain that that It It und e r r th e e lash lash of of budg e t t con control control procedures , , eliminated eliminated milk milk as as m a e dium dium for for

d~ction d~ction and and improvement improvement of of pasteurization pasteurization and and other other

SuMMARY SuMMARY ation ation of of the the leaders leaders in in public public health , , through through the the intro

years years progressed progressed the the milk milk industr y y with with th e e cooper

disease. disease. milk milk as as " nature 's 's most most nearly nearly p e rf e ct ct food" . . As As th e e

t erms erms of of devastating devastating dis eases eases suc h h as as cancer cancer an d d heart heart and and death. death. Some Some even even went went so so far far as as to to characterize characterize

tho se se h ea lth lth officials officials who who now now can can think think only only in in many many instances instances its its consumption consumption was was causing causing sickn ess ess

interest interest in in milk milk and and milk milk sanitation sanitation on on the the part part of of ized ; ; and and the the more more progressive progressive on e s s knew knew that that in in

an an unmixed unmixed ev il il as as it it may may serve serve to to create create a a r enewe food food d d for for humans, humans, even even though though it it was was then then unpasteur

To To my my thinking thinking th e e raising raising of of th ese ese doubts doubts is is not not proclaiming proclaiming cow 's 's milk milk and and its its products products as as excellent excellent

time time physici~ns. physici~ns. They They were were practically practically unanimous unanimous in in fiction. fiction.

turn turn of of the the century century health health officials officials were were mostly mostly part spo nsoring nsoring rese a rch rch designed designed to to separate separate fact fact and and

on on the the __ __ dj.rection dj.rection of of effort effort in in health health programs. programs. At At th e e co urs e, e, th e e milk milk industr y y is is faced faced with with th e e need need for for

rectors rectors appear · · to to be be exerting exerting eve r r greater greater influence influence would would b e e toxic , , however , , in in m uch uch greater greater quantity. quantity. Of Of

11 1 1 FuTURE FuTURE OF OF SANITARY SANITARY niE niE CoNTROL CoNTROL i18 MicHIGAN AssoctA'i'roN b:lf AFFILIATES uf SANITARlANS International Association ot i\1\llk and food Sanitarians Pres., Dr. Clyde Smith ...... East Lansing 1st. Vice-P1·es., Orville Nelson .. Rockford AMERlCAN INDIAN SANITARlANS Virecto-rs: . Vice-l:'res., William Wade .... Flint Emmitt Dozier ...... Jacksonville :d-nd AssociATION ~ec.-Treas., Robert Lyons, Lansing-log- Austin Graha111 ...... vVmter Haven Dept., City Hall, l:'res., Joseph Medina .... Bernallilo, N. M. Jacksonville ham County Health Lillian Pomar ...... Room 207, Lansing. 1st. Vtce-t'res., Thomas J. Stevens J. D. Robinson ...... Plant City ...... Packer, Arizona S. D. Williams ...... Jacksonville Corresponding Sec., L. G. Harmon Vice-l:'res., John Adams Mich. State U. Dairy Dept. East Lansing ~ 2ml. Laboratory Section Chairma.n: F, ...... Dodson, Montana Mrs. Ruth Vrooman Directors: Sec.-'J'reas., Frank C. Estes ...... North Miami Beach ...... Flint Dakota .. Past Pres., Dale Brooks ...... Sisseton, South Kenneth Kerr : ...... Grand Rapids Auditor: Verlyn Owen GEORGIA CHAPTER OF THE Harold Skeoch ...... Coral ...... Rosebud, South Dakota INTERNATIONAL AsSOCIATION OF MILK Smith ...... Kalamazoo INC. Ferris AruzoNA AssociATION OF AND FOOD SANITARIANS, Armin Roth ...... ~ ...... Wyandotte MILK AND FooD SANITARIANs P·res., Carl Williams ...... Rome Elco Morris ...... Atlanta AssociATION Pres., Claude C. Cox ...... Cave Creek Vice-Pms., MINNESOTA SANITARlANS Sec. -Tt·eas., John J. Sheuring, Pres.-Elect, George R. Griffin .... Douglas Pres., J. J. J ezeski ...... St. Paul Henry Ware, 2237 N. 14th Dairy Dept., U. of Georgia, Rapids Sec.-Treas., ...... Athens Vice-l:'res., E. C. Sparen .... Grand Place, Phoenix...... Minnesota De- of Directors: Sec.-Treas., G. H. Steele! Executive Board: Board partment of Agricu ture, 515 State S. E. Region ...... Frank Golden ta. Glen C. Lester Walker Office Building, St. Paul, Minneso John W. Beakley E. C. Region ...... Henry W. C. Region ...... Milton Moore Directors: St. Paul NOIS MILK SANITARlANS N. E. Region ...... Keith Fitch H. E . Birdsall ...... AssociATED ILLI Piland ...... Bertha ...... Springfield S. W. Region ...... Jesse R. W. Koivisto Pres., Paul N. Hanger J. R. Shurling Ness ...... Litchfield ephen J. Conway, Chicago N. W. Region ...... Chester P1·es.-Elect, St C. Omundson ...... Albert Lea 1st. Vice Pres., Robert \V. Coe E. and IDAHO SANITARlANS AssociATION 0. M. Osten ...... Minneapolis ...... Rock Isl Boise G. Gibson Pres., C. J. Hammond ...... R. J. Schneider ...... Rochester 2nd Vice Pms., Gilbert Orlando Dalke ...... Boise ...... Chicago 1st. Vice-l:'res., C. E. Cotton, Idaho Dept., AssociATION OF MILK AND Sec.-T-reas., P. Edward Riley, Illinois Sec.-1'reas., Missouru .I Health, Box 640, Boise FooD SANITARlANs ~ Dept. of Public Health, 1800 W. l'ublic City Fillmore St., Chicago. INDIANA AssociATION oF Pres., Bernie Hartman ...... , Kansas Howard McGuire Vernon Cupps .. Lebanon Sergeant-at-A1·ms, FooD SANITARlANs 1st. Vice-Pres., ...... Champaign MILK AND 2nd. Vice-Pres., 0. D. Niswonger, Jr. Executive Board Members: Pres., Edmund H. Stay ...... Poplar Bluff C. A. Abele ...... Evanston ...... New Albany Sec.-Treas., John H. McCutchen, Director Harry Cohen ...... Chicago P·res.-Elect, David E. Hartley Bureau of Food and Drugs Division A11Clitors: ...... Indianapolis of Health, Jefferson City, Mo. Norman F. Cree ...... Chicago 1st. Vice-Pres., William Komenick, ...... Gary A11ditors: Louis W. Pickles ...... Peoria ...... Mo. 2nd. Vice-Pres., Harold S. Adams, Gerald Cook .... Fredericktown, CALIFORNIA AssoCIATION OF DAIRY ...... Indianapolis Tom Baker ...... 3p Topping Lane, AND MILK SANITARlANS Sec., Karl K. Jones, 1330 W. Michigan Kirkwood, Missoun. Pres., E. R. Eickner ...... San Francisco St., ...... Indianapolis 1st Vice-Pres., W. N. Wedell Treas., Clarence L. Taylor .. Indianapolis NEw YoRK STATE AssociATION oF ...... Riverside Auditors: MILK SANITARlANS 2nd Vice-Pres., H. H. Herspring Robert W. Webb ...... Bloomington Albany Pres., Dr. Geo. H. Hopson ...... Oakland J. Wendell Ballard .... New . Poughkeepsie L. Samsel ...... Sec.-Treas., E. IowA AssociATION OF 0. Skinner Jose City Health Dept., Pres.-Elect, William ...... San MILK SANITARlANS .... White Plains Market St., San Jose, Calif...... 285 S.E. Cedar Rapids Sec.-Treas., R. P. March .- Regional Directors: Pres., Burt Haglan ...... Fresno Vice-Pres., Lyle Cunningham ...... 118 Stocking Hall, Cornell U., T. Christenson ...... Ithaca Jr...... Sacramento ...... Des Moines ...... P. J. Dolan, Health Board: Past Pres., S. Gavurin ...... Los Angeles Sec.-Treas., Ray Belknap, State Members of the Dept., Des Moines, Iowa. James C. White ...... Ithaca CoNNECTICUT AssociATION oF Executive Board: Robert Metzger ...... Syracuse DAIRY & FooD SANITARlANS Dr. M. P. Baker ...... Ames Walter H. Grunge ...... N.Y.C. Pres., G. Emerson Sartain ...... Hartford Grover Seeberger ...... Mason City William Gay ...... Owego Vice-Pres. , Eaton E. Smith .... Hartford KANsAs AssociATION oF MILK OREGON AssociATION oF MILK Sec., H. Clifford Goslee, SANITARIANS Hartford SANITARlANS ...... 256 Palm St., Tichnor ...... Topeka Chaffee ...... Hartford Pres., Kenneth ., Roy Stein ...... Corwallis Treas., Curtis W. Vice-Pres., Dean Duke ...... Marion Pres oF Vice-Pres., Kenneth Carl ...... Salem DAIRY SANrrARlANS AssociATION Sec.-Treas., FrankL. Kelley, Kansas State PENNINSUALA Sec.-Treas., Archie Miner, 568 Olive THE DEL-MAR-VA Board of Health, Topeka Oregon, Eugene Ricker, Jr...... Street, Eugene, Pres., Dr. Harry G. Auditors: Farmers Creamery...... Rehoboth Beach, Del. Sam Hoover ...... Junction City Vice-Pres., Carlton Parker David Monk ...... Wichita Auditors: Greensboro, Md. Al Tiesdal ...... Salem ...... KENTUCKY AssociATION OF MILK Sec., Richard J. Weaver, Grover C. Poe ...... Portland Oxford, Pa. AND FooD SANITARIANS Executive Committee: .... 422 Wheeler Blvd., Louisville M. Jaqueth Pres., Louis Smith ...... Spencer George ...... Tillamook Treas., Dr. J. Ball ...... Newport ...... Betterton, Md. Vice-Pres., Frank K. H. E. Killion ...... Portland Sec.-Treas., Frank H. Osborn, 1051 East OF MILK FLORIDA AssoCIATION Main St., Louisville. PENNSYLVANIA DAIRY SANITARIANS AND FooD SANITARlANS Directors: AssociATION ...... Louisville P1·es., Dwight Lichty .... W est Palm Beach J. M. Durbin Pres., Homer Young ...... Glenshaw Vice-Pres., J. S. Massey ...... Pensacola Phil \Vilson ...... Lexinlrton ...... Oxford ...... Lexington Vice-Pres., Alan Miller Sec. -T1·eas., W. A. Krienke, Dairy Dept., T. R. Freeman Arnold ...... Vanderbilt Gainesville A. P. Bell ...... Louisville Sec., Walter U. of Florida ...... Treas. , C. 0. Herbster ...... Selinsgrove Past-P·res., S. 0 . Noles ...... Jacksonville L. E. Mayhu~ ...... Louisville

University University of of Florida Florida College College of of Agricultur e e and and Ex- He He is is m a e mber mber of of the the American American Dairy Dairy Science Science As-

A A native native of of Wisconsin , , . he he joined joined the the staff staff of of the the Sanitarians Sanitarians since since 1952. 1952.

e xt e nsion nsion work. work. of of the the International International Association Association of of Milk Milk and and Food Food

l giv e e full full time time to to th e e fruit fruit crops crops r e search , , teaching teaching and and Florida Florida Association Association of of Milk Milk Sanitarians Sanitarians since since 1950 1950 and and

as as assistant assistant dir e ctor ctor since since July July Dr. Dr. Sites Sites will will 1. 1. now now Dr. Dr. Wilkowske Wilkowske has · · been been secretary-treasurer secretary-treasurer of of , the the

been been acting acting head head of of the the fruit fruit crops crops department department as as well well science science subjects. subjects.

Dr . . Wilkowske Wilkowske succeeds succeeds Dr. Dr. John John W. W. Sites , , who who has has published published 33 33 scientific scientific and and popular popular papers papers on on dairy dairy

In In the the sev e y n e ars ars he he has has and and been been mys e lf. " " Florida Florida he he has has in in

Stat e s s Navy. Navy. Exp e riment riment Station ' ' to to work work with with Dr. Dr. Roger Roger Bledsoe Bledsoe

From From 1942 1942 in in to to animal animal 1945 1945 he he science science was was an an on on officer officer the the aclminish·ative aclminish·ative the the United United staff staff in in of of the the

pointm e nt , , says says "vVe "vVe are are glad glad to to have have a a man man trained trained his his advanced advanced degr e es. es.

Dr. Dr. J. J. B e ck R. R. e nbach , , who who recommended recommended his his ap nolocial nolocial College College and and Iowa Iowa Stat e e College College while while getting getting

y e ars ars each each in in th e e dairy dairy departments departments Wayn e e Reitz Reitz at at and and Texas Texas Provost Provost Tech William William M . . Fifield. Fifield.

torat e e from from Iowa Iowa State State College College trol. trol. His His in in 1949. 1949. J. J. appointment appointment He He worked worked was was two two submitted submitted by by President President

obtained obtained a a master's master's degree degree perim there there e nt nt in in Stations Stations 1942 1942 and and today today his his ~oc by by the the State State Board Board of of Con

A A 1940 1940 gi;acluat e e of of Texas Texas rector rector Technological Technological of of th e e Univ e Colleg~, rsity rsity he he of of . . Florida Florida Agricultural Agricultural Ex

Dr. Dr. Howard Howard H . . Wilkowsk e e was was nam e d d assistant assistant eli h e e will will continue continue as as dairy dairy technologist . .

sociate sociate dairy dairy t e chnologist chnologist July July 1 , , 1954. 1954. In In his his

new new post post

RECEIVES RECEIVES

PROMOTION PROMOTION

dairy dairy science science department department He He was was promoted promoted

to to as

DR. DR. HOWARD HOWARD

H. H. WILKOWSKE WILKOWSKE

p e riment riment Station Station March March 1 , , 1950, 1950, as as assistant assistant in in the the

NEWS NEWS RND RND EVENTS EVENTS

Pres., Pres., T. T. P. P. And e rson rson ...... Pr e s. , , Co lu M. M. mbi K. K. : 1 1 Cook Cook ...... Roanoke Roanoke Don Don H a rt rt ...... Sun Sun Prairi e e

SANITARIANS , , INC. INC. Alvin Alvin Noth Noth ...... Re e dsburg dsburg AND AND

FooD FooD

SANITARIANS SANITARIANS

SouTH SouTH CAROLINA CAROLINA AssociATION AssociATION oF oF

VmciNIA VmciNIA

AssociATION AssociATION OF OF MILK MILK

DiT e ctors: ctors:

Lige Lige Fox Fox ...... 1 1 ( ( yr) yr)

H e rman rman A. A. Matheny Matheny ... . . Covington Covington Pa s t t P · r es . , , Robert Robert M . . K e own own ...... Elkhorn Elkhorn W. W. W. W. Clarkson Clarkson ...... (2 (2 yr ) )

vV . . E. E. Cr ee ch ch ......

Morristown Morristown

L. L. M. M. Hollar Hollar ...... (3 (3 yr ) ) istry istry Bldg., Bldg., U. U. of of Wis Wis ...... Madison Madison

Auditors: Auditors:

Sec.-Treas . , , L. L. Wayne Wayne Brown, Brown, 421 421 Chem- S ec tion tion Council: Council:

Vice -P -res ., ., Jam e s s T. T. Judd Judd ...... Shawano Shawano Se c 1 · etary, etary, David David H. H. Evans Evans ...... Au s tin tin ...... 1490 1490 Lambuth, Lambuth, Jackson Jackson

S e c. - Tr e as., as., R. R. A. A. Rhodes Rhodes P · r e s. , , Burd e tt e e Fisher Fisher ...... Kiel Kiel : : ...... Fort Fort Worth Worth

P · r e s . -Elect, -Elect, Arthur Arthur IV!. IV!. Teefer Teefer .. .. Memphis Memphis Vice-Chairman, Vice-Chairman, Don Don Shaddo x x

Pr es. , , John John P. P. Montgomery Montgomery AND AND FOOD FOOD ...... SANITARIANS SANITARIANS Dresden Dresden Chairman, · · Carl Carl H . . Scholle Scholle ...... Dallas Dallas

WiscoNsiN WiscoNsiN

AssociATION AssociATION

oF oF Mn.K Mn.K

HEALTH HEALTH AssOCIATION AssOCIATION SANITAIUANS SANITAIUANS

SANITATION SANITATION SE C TION TION TEXAS TEXAS P u uLic uLic TENNESSEE TENNESSEE AsSOCIATION AsSOCIATION OF OF

Orville Orville

DeFrain DeFrain

......

e el el B e

nn e tt tt ......

....

......

Seattl

e e

...... Sioux Sioux Falls Falls Larry Larry Gordon Gordon ......

Ele c ted ted member, member, Ray Ray Kallemeyn Kallemeyn Harold Harold J.anzen J.anzen ...... Yakima Yakima Auditors: Auditors:

Past Past Pr es. , , Ira Ira DeHaai DeHaai

...... Spearfish Spearfish Auditor s : :

Wyo. Wyo. Exewtive Exewtive Board Board

State State

Dept. Dept. of of H e alth , , Ch e yenn e, e, Dept., Dept., Public Public Safety Safety Bldg., Bldg., Seattle. Seattle.

...... State State

Dept. Dept.

oF oF Health, Health,

Pierr e e

S ec .-Tr e as., as., John John E. E. Guinn, Guinn, Wyoming Wyoming Sec . -Tr eas . , , Frank Frank W . . Logan . . City City Health Health Sec.- Tr e as., as., Louis Louis E. E. Remily Remily

...... Pres.-Elect, Pres.-Elect, ...... PT Salt Salt ~ s .- Lak Charles Charles Elect e e , , City, City, Halloran Halloran Utah Utah ...... Pierre Pierre C . . C. C. Pronty Pronty ...... Pullman Pullman

P1·es., P1·es., 2nd 2nd

Vi Howard Howard

ce ce Pms Froiland Froiland . , , Paul Paul ...... Fre .. .. e bairn bairn Aberdeen Aberdeen P · r e s.; s.; Jam e s s G. G. Gre e nway nway ......

Seattle Seattle

...... Pueblo, Pueblo, Colo. Colo.

OF OF SANITAniANS SANITAniANS Vi ce -P-r e s., s., AssociATION AssociATION Charles Charles W · alton alton

SouTH SouTH DAKOTA DAKOTA AssociATION AssociATION WASHINGTON WASHINGTON ...... MILK MILK ...... SANITARIANS SANITARIANS Sheridan, Sheridan, Wyo. Wyo.

Pr es .- El ec t, t, Carl Carl Rasmuss e n n

P · r es ., ., v V m. m. E. E. Polz e n n ...... Denv e r, r, Colo. Colo.

J. J.

P . .

Still Still .

...... Orangeburg Orangeburg

J . . W . . Mosohler Mosohler ...... Richmond Richmond OF OF MILK MILK

AND AND FOOD FOOD

SANITARIANS SANITARIANS

Rudolph Rudolph McCormack McCormack ...... Ridg eland eland

RocKY RocKY

MouNTAIN MouNTAIN

AssoCIATION AssoCIATION

A. A. L. L. Lewis Lewis ...... Richmond Richmond Alan Alan Kolb Kolb ...... Columbia Columbia

. .

W. W.

Vincent Vincent

...... Auditors: Auditors: . ...

. . . Conway Conway

......

. ..

......

...... Provid e n ce ce

J . . D. D.

Kirby Kirby

....

.. ..

. .

...... Greenwood Greenwood

...... Richmond Richmond

T m a

s., s.,

Dr. Dr.

Thom

s s

J . . Gr e nan , , Jr. Jr.

James James H. H.

Moore Moore

......

. . Charleston Charleston

Health, Health, State State OfFice OfFice Bldg . , , · · wi c h h Av e ., ., ...... v Va rwi c k k

Di1·ectors: Di1·ectors: Sec.-Treas., Sec.-Treas., J. J. F. F. Pace, Pace, State State Dept. Dept. of of S ec., ec., Dr. Dr. Ri c hard hard M. M. Parr 158 158 y, y, Gr ee n-

Vi ce

-P · r es . , , Ch a rl es es R oss oss ...... Provid e n ce ce ...... Staunton Staunton

5302, 5302,

Five Five

Points Points

Station, Station,

Columbia. Columbia.

P · r es., es.,

Dr. Dr.

Jam

es es vV . . Cobbl e e ...... Kin gs ton ton 2nd. 2nd. Vice-Pres . , , T. T. L. L. Anderson Anderson Sec.-Treas . , , C. C. W. W. Harrell, Harrell, P. P. 0. 0. Box Box

OF OF DAIRY DAIRY AND AND FOOD FOOD SANITARIANS SANITARIANS ...... Sumter Sumter ...... Danville Danville

RHODE RHODE IsLA N D D AssociATION AssociATION Vice-Pres., Vice-Pres., Marshall Marshall Hildebrand Hildebrand 1st. 1st. Vice-Pres., Vice-Pres., E. E. H. H. Phillippe Phillippe

N E WS WS AND AND EVENTS EVENTS · n9 n9 120 NEW S AND EVENTS sociation,. advisory member of the Florida Dairy As POS ITION WANTED sociation, member of Sigma Xi scientific fraternity, Christian Defert, 200 6th St., S. E., Washington 3, ~~ and deacon in the University Lutheran Church. He is D. C. -French, invited by U. S. Deparhnent of Agri married and ·has three chilchen. culture, studied milk processing in France, England and U. S. (Cornell University 6 months ) would b e glad tq communicate 'JV:ith any person interested in employing me in Milk Processing, possibly as trainee. .4. I CO NCER NS HOLDING AUTHORI ZATI ONS TO AFFIX THE 3-A SYMBOL TO STAINLESS ST EE L STORAGE TANKS FOR MILK OR MILK PRODUCTS # 1 Chicago Stainless Equipment Co., 5001 Elston Here's proof Ave., Chicago 30, Ill. Models: E, ERS, ERW, ERWA, ERSS, ERWS, ERWMS, S, RS, RW, Oakite RWM, RSS, RWS, RW MS, R, RRS, RRW, RRWM, RRSS, RRWS, RRWMS, V, VRS, General Clea ner VRW, VRWM, VRSS, VRWS, VRWMS. Au- sani tizes fa ster thorization expires 4/30/57. , Fill two milk bottles with # 2 Creamery Package Mfg. Co., 1243 Washington water, one containing any Blvd., Chicago 7, Ill. Tanks not designated by average cleaner, one with Oak ite General Cleaner. Drop in model numbers. Authorization expires 4/30/57. to each bottle a small square Stainle s ~ ,_ Inc., 15048 Delano St., Van uys, of felt. vVatch how the square # 3 in the bottle with Oakite Gen Calif. Models: B' (rectangular) 0 ( Cylindri eral Cleaner sinks to the bot- cal). Authorization expires 6/ 18/57. tom instantly - because the wetting-out action vital for #21 The J. A. Gosselin Co., Ltd., Box 308, Drum cleaning takes place instantly. mondv:ille, Quebec. Models: CH, CV, and RH. The otl1er square may stay afloat as long as a minute. Authorization expires 9/19/57. More details? ' iVrite Oakite Cherry-Burrell Corporation, 501 Albany Road, Products. Inc .. 38C Rector St. #28 New York 6, New York. Little Falls, New York. Mod-els: DHP, DHS,

DHCW, DVP, DVCW, EHP, EHS, EHCW, ~ ~~D INDUSTRIA & C( £ EVP, EVCW, ER, EHW, R, and RW. Authori zation expires 10/ 2/57. #31 Walker Stainless Equipment Co., New Lisbon, OAKiiE "'"'~rt •• ...... ' '"" ''\ 1 Wis. Models: HHT-1000 to 1000, HHT-1000R 11 -"lS • M ETH ODS 'S to 10000R, HET-750 to 3100, HET-750R to Technical Service Representatives Localed 'in 3100R, RT-1000 to 10000, RT-1000R to 10000R, Principal Cities of United Stales and Canada· VHT-800 to 1800. Authorization expires 10/3/ 57. #39 Stainless & Steel Products Co., 1000 Berry Ave., St. Paul 14, Minn. tfodels: Cylindrical: ST-3E 1000 to 8000. Vertical: ST-3E 1000 to 8000. Rec tangular: ST-5E 1500 to 7000. Authorization expires 10/ 19/57. . - #45 The Heil Company, 3000 Mont~na, Milwaukee 1, Wis. Tanks not designated by model num bers. Authorization expires 10/ 25/57. #53 The Pfaudler Co., 1000 West Avenue, Ro~hester QUALITY AND HELPFUL 3 New York. Models: Cylindrical - Horizontal SERVICE-for you and and Vertical. Rectangular. Refrigerated. Au your patrons thorization expires 1/ 9/58. THE~ #54 Blackburn Stainless Steel Products, 9744 Fire ~MFG. COMPANY Gen'l and Export Offices: stone Blvd., Downey, Calif. Models: Horizontal 1243 W. Washington Blvd., al. Rectangular. Author Chicago 1, Ill. and Vertical. C ylindric Sales Branches in 2 3 Principal Cities ization expires 1/22/ 58.

DETROIT DETROIT 1 , , M I C HIG AN AN

0 1 1 F CO CO LA BORATORIES BORATORIES

Difc o o Manual Manual and and o t he r r desc riptiv e e lit e ratur e e available available on on re que st st

Compl e t e e Stocks Stocks 24 - hou.r hou.r Sh ip ment ment F F a.st a.st Service Service

UNIFOR MITY MITY STABILITY STABILITY EC O N OMY OMY

6 0 0 years ' ' e xp e rience rience in in th e e pr e paration paration of of D i f co co produ.cts produ.cts assures assures

Carb oh ydm t e s s Bi ochemica l s s

Enzyme s s Enrichm e n t s s Dyes Dyes Indicators Indicators

Pepton e s s Hyclrolysat e s s Amin o o Acids Acids

Diagnostic Diagnostic H e agent s s Sensitivity Sensitivity Disks Disks Unidisks Unidisks

Serologi cal cal Reagents Reagents Antise r a a

Tis s ue ue Cultural Cultural and and Virus Virus Me di a a

Microbiolo gi cal cal A ssa y y Media Media

Cultur al al Media Media

.. .. the the o nly nly c om pl et e e lin e e of of microbiological microbiological rea gents gents and and media media

S P E CIFY CIFY

versi t o y f f was was G eor~i ve r y y a a successful. successful. Over Over 80 80 wh o o Con tinu e d d dili ge nc e e in in enforcement enforcement phase phase against against

for for Continuing Continuing Educati on on o n n the the c a m pu s s of of the the Uni lines , , som e e in in their their entirety. entirety.

Conference Conference held held on on January January 10-ll 10-ll at at the the n e w w Center Center Sta nd ard s. s. This This at at firs t t required required rep lacem en t t of of man y y

The The annual annual meeting meeting of of the the Chapt e r r and and Sanitarians' Sanitarians' " C l e a ne d d place " " milk milk in in lines lines to to meet meet 3A 3A Sanitary Sanitary

A nn u al al Me et in g g First First t o o es t a blish blish and and enforce enforce a a polic y y re q i.iiring i.iiring

, ,

MARCH MARCH 19 5 7 7

s h e d. d.

OF OF MILK MILK AND AND

FOOD FOOD

SANITARIAN

S S

dards dards an d d having having vermin vermin resis t an t t lids lids

on on this this milk milk

INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL

ASSOCIATION ASSOCIATION

approxima t ely ely 400 400 bulk bulk milk milk tanks tanks meeting meeting 3A 3A Stan

THE THE

GEORGIA GEORGIA

CHAPTER CHAPTER

dards dards and and have have vermin vermin r esis tant tant lids . . Toda y y th e re re are are

that that bulk bulk milk milk t anks anks c o mply mply wi th th 3A 3A S anitary anitary S tan

award

e by by d d him him th e e G e rgia rgia o Ch a p t e r , , !Ai\ I FS FS . . . First First to to e st a blish blish enfo~·c and and e e a a policy policy of of requiring requiring

ounty ounty

H e alth alth D epartm e nt, nt, Atlant a, a, G e orgi a a cit a tion tion > Vi th th

on on his his milk milk shed. shed.

Harv e y y W . . And e r s on, on, Chi e f , , 1 ilk ilk S a nit a tion tion S ec tion , , Fult o n n

heavy heavy od d s s r esul t ed ed in in the the elimination elimination of of wa t ere d d milk milk

of of mi lk lk in in 195 0 0 a n d d 1951 , , wh ich ich has has in in the the face face of of

The The a d o pti on on of of a a positive positive polic y y ag a inst inst a du lt era ti on on

Georgia Georgia continuously continuously maintained maintained since since 1948 . .

lis t ing ing of of the the fi r st st milk milk shed shed o f f significant significant size size in in

" I n n reco g nition nition of of the the a tt ainm e n t t of of an an "H onor onor Roll " "

An der son: son:

1 0 0 the the following following c it a tion tion was was awarded awarded to to Har vey vey W. W.

At At the the banquet banquet hel d d durin g g the the e vening vening of of January January

Citations Citations Aw ar d ed ed

with with the the wh ol e e pro gram. gram.

attend e d d exp r e ssed ssed themselves themselves as as b eing eing highly highly ple a sed sed

1 21 21 NEWS NEWS AND AND EVENTS EVENTS EWS AND EVENTS 122

matter, adulteration, excessive bacteria and foreign permits during evidenced by the suspension of 66 the first eleven months of 1956. ,. of modemi . (; High degree of success in promotion milk plants zation of milk plants and dairies. Seven extensively re and 62 farm dailies have been either during the first mo d~led or new facilities provided of this milk 11 months of 1956. Approxiinately 90% led plants. supply is processed at the new or remode indush·y Highly respected by leaders of the milk progressive at for sound judgment, fair dealing and titude. Georgia to The first and only milk sanitarian in his milk shed. initiate a continuous program of rating of field per Benefits derived are continuous training and more dili sonnel, standardization of field duties gent effort on the part of field personnel. and success that the It is for this faithful zeal spoon of Milk Each bottle of lo-Ba x contains a measuring Georgia Chapter, Intemational Association ' for achievement in and Foo~ Sanitation now honors the field of milk sanitation." a little Lo-Bax HARVEY W. ANDERSON Chief, Milk Sanitation Section goes a long way Fulton County Health Department citation was On the same occasion the following awarded to Milton P. Moore: in protecting the first res "In recognition of the attainment of to exceed 90% taurant sanitation program in the nation milk quality recommended compliance with Public Health Service Ser , evidenced by an official Public Health standards milk quality, the chlo , in' April 1956, rated in 93.25% Wherever bacteria threaten vice restaurant survey or LoBax-W rine sanitizing action of Lo-Bax Special compliance. kills eating and wetting agent) gives quick and effective Promotion of regulations governii1g (with -grading type minimize spoilage and rejects. drinking establishments of the non to of Health in ast-dissolvipg Lo-Bax adopted by the Spalding County Board Just one-half teaspoonful of f of rinse solution for 1952. Special* gives two gallons person hands, cows' udders, Organize and conduct annual food service gentle, positive protection of for manage and other danger nel conferences (food handler schools) milking machine parts, utensils erators in meet ment and employees thus aiding the op spots. and mailltailling a high level of success ing local requirements Here's a product whose long and increasing operational standards. results. Tip your suppliers off to Lo-Bax enter, is due to te with the Communicable Disease C still, supply them with the free Coopera today ... or, better ·I of the food sanitation film lin Mathieson USPHS, in the preparation samples and informative literature O was photographed strip series SS -S148K. This series will gladly send you. Just write. in Spalding County. city officials Arrange cooperative licensing. code with ts would be issued ri':••• eooo : • •• {JJ•••·:~ so that city licenses and health permi ~ tJ or revoked simultaneously. cation of Inspection each thirty days and publi the press and approp1iate numerical ratings through c·~~ ~ B establish radio, creating a competitive spirit among ments, readily accepted by industry. lo·Bo "' ® is a tra demark on records. Systematic maintenance of food sanitati tion program Conduct a general environmental sanita of regulations in Lamar County, including adoption LO·BAX ~·.,~ CORPORATION ~ OLIN MATHIESON CHEMI CAL • BALTI MORE 3, MD. - ~~-"; I INDUSTRIAL CHE MI CALS DIVISION NEws AND EvENTS 123 governing eating and drinking establishments by the the Shoreham were ideal for this unusually large as .. Board of Health in 1952, attaining official State De semblage and terminated in the most successful of partment of Public Health rating of 90.35% in 1955. all the Klenzade seminars yet held. The general meet Local health depa1tment representative with State ing was called to order in the main ballroom of the Department of Health and Welfare on the Joint School hotel on Thursday, February 28, 1957. Among the Lunch - Public Health Committee in 1955. principal speakers in the morning session were Mark It is for this faithful zeal and success that the D. Hollis, Assistant Surgeon General, Chief Engineer, Georgia Chapter, International Association of Milk Public Health Service, D epartment of Health, Edu and Food Sanitarians, now honors, for achievement in cation and Welfare, Washington, D. C.; Dr. P.· R. the field of food sanitation." Elliker, Chairman, Department of Bacteriology and MILTON P. MOORE Hygiene, Oregon State College, Corvallis, Oregon; Dr. Sanitarian Paul H. Tracy, Prof. Daily Teclmology, Department of Spalding and Lamar Counties Food Teclmology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illi Both citations were signed by Louva G. Lenert, nois; Dr. K. G. Weckel, Prof. of Dau·y and Food Indus C hairman of the A wards Committee; John J. Sheur tries, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; ing, Secretary, and Garnett H. DeHart, President. Prof. Harold S. Adams, Director of Sanitary Science Courses, Deparhnent of Public Health, Indiana Uni KLENZADE HOLDS 19TH SEMINAR versity Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana and Lewis Dodson, Klenzade Products, Amarillo, Texas. Over 700 6f the nation's leading scientists, bacterio The afternoon program was given over to panel sessions logists, sanitation specialists, health officials, dairy and which continued throughout Thmsday evening, Friday food processing plant and institutional and hospital and Friday evening. Subjects covered included Sani personnel attended the Klenzade 19th Educational tation Chemistry, Sanitation Bacte1iology, Corrosion Seminar recently held at the luxmious Shoreham Hotel Prevention, Dail·y Farm Sanitation, Dau·y and Food in Washington, J?· C. The superb accomodations of Plant Sanitation, Cleaning Procedures in Dairy Process-

Bulk Milk pic~up Tanks 4~-----

This photograph shows the separate stain less steel compartments arranged for the fast, convenient, and sanitary handlin g of bulk milk. Every Certified tank is custom designed and engineered to the specific require ments of each operator. Each is individu ally balanced for proper weight distribu tion on the truck chassis of the buyer's selection, assuring legal operation in the states in which the unit will operate. Send for Bulletin N o. PUT-1. Informa tion also available on our complete line of milk transport and storage tanks.

Shown at the right is one of 7 Certi fied Bulk Mil k Pick- up Tanks owned and operated by the Carnation Milk Company in Waterloo, Io wa and Oconomowoc, W isconsin.

STAINLESS & STEEL PRODUCTS CO. 1000 Berry Avenue • Midway 6-8833 • St. Paul 14, Minnesota EVENTS 124 NEWS AND Chairman - Dr. N. P. Ralston, Head, ing Plants, Sanitation Control in Food Processing Department of Dai1y, M.S.U. Plants, Recirculation, Spray and Automation Cleaning, r Mechanical Dishwashing, Kitchen Sanitation for Bette 9:30- 9:45 Welcome - Dean T. K. Cowden, Col Food Flavors, Modern Chemistry in Instih1tion Sani lege of Agriculture, M.S.U. , tation, and Special Problems in Food Service Sani ;. 9:45-10:00 Definitions and Terms- to acquaint the , Consulting sessions were also held on Wed tation. audience with the meaning of words and Thursday evenings covering a broad nesday and terms related to bulk milk handling variety of special sanitation subjects and problems. to be used durin!S the conference. Many of the nation's outstanding leaders served as chairmen on these various consulting sessions including 10:00-10:30 Why Bulle Milk Handling? - Objec such well known personages as Dr. R. F. Holland, tives, changes in design, changes in milk Head, Department of Dairy Industry, Cornell Uni handling, e ffects, adoption, impact, versity, Ithaca, New York; Dr. C. K. Johns, Officer-in future trends. Walter Ahlsb·om, Techni Charge, Dairy Technology, Department of Agriculture, cal Control Director, Fresh Milk and Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; E. Russell Jackson, Sani Ice Cream Division, Carnation Com tarian, Bureau of Sanitary Engineering, Florida State pany, Los Angeles 36, Calif. Board of Health, Jacksonville, Florida; Wade D. Bash, 10:30-12:00 Panel Discussion: Supervisor, Public School Lunch Division, Ohio D e FROM CANS TO BULK partment of Education, Columbus, Ohio; and A. J. Shifting from Cans to Bulk Factors 1 Steffen, Director of Sanitation, "Wilson and Company, to consider, volume of milk, milkhouse, .' Chicago, Illinois. The guest list was by far the largest organizing bulk milk routes, · (Farmer - and most distinguished in the long history of Klenzade hauler - plant). J. B. Smathers, Mmy seminars. Subjects and programs were also greatly ex land and Virginia Milk Producer's As panded and encompassed virtually all of today's most soc., Inc., Washington, D. C. (20 min.) important sanitation problems facing the nation in the Methods of Fi1wncing - Banks, dairies, handling of food production of all types, as well as, en standard deduction from milk check, vironmental sanitation. Cheesebord luncheons were federal aid, F.H.A., e tc. John Clusen, . served each evening, and the main banquet with Dr. Pure Milk, Chicago, Ill. ( 20 min. ) E. C. Thompson as Toastmaster and the internationally The Dairy Producer and Bulle Tanks - known Rev. Norman Rawson as speaker was held on Use of bulk tank on qan route, labor re Friday evening. Panel sessions continued through quirements, use of pipe line, milkhouse, Saturday morning ·with a closing luncheon at noon milkhouse ventilation. Mr. Faye Ew with Dr. B. H. Jarman of George Washington Univer bank, Michigan Milk Producer's Assoc., .sity as the speaker. Copies of the major papers pre Imlay City, Michigan. (20 min.) .sented at the Seminar will be available. Interested Discussion - 30 min. ,, parties are invited to write to Klenzade Products, Inc., Beloit, Wisconsin for a check list of subjects. oon - Luncheon, Kellogg Centei:

~onday afternoon - May 13 Selecting the Tank - Performance, ON 1:15- 1:45 NATIONAL CONFERENCE operating characteristics, direct expan BULK MILK HANDLING sion, ice bank, refrigeration, conb·ol, y) temperature variation in tank, air cooled ~1a y 13 and 14, 1957 (Monday and Tuesda and water cooled condensers, vacuum STATE UNIVERSITY, MICHIGAN tanks. Professor John Nicholas, Professor East Lansing, Michigan of Agricultural Engineering, Pennsyl ents of Agri Sponsored cooperatively by the Departm vania State University, University Park, \oVith culhual Engineering and Dairy in cooperation Pennsylvania. and industry. state and federal agencies 1:45- 2:40 Panel Discussion: FREQUENCY OF -Kellogg Center Assembly BULK MILK PICK-UP Meeting Place - Anthony Hall, Dairy Building Every-Day versus Every-Other-Day Meals -Kellogg Center or Union - Quality of Product - Bac Co-Chairmen - Carl W. Hall and Donald L. Pick-Up teriological changes, enzyme changes, Murray agitator speed, sampling, tests, rancid Monday morning - May 13 ity. (20 min.) 8:30- 9:30 Registration NEws AND EvENTS 125

Econom·ics of Every - Day versus Every 10:45-11:15 Sanitat-ion and Cleaning of Tank and Other-Day Pick-Up - Farmer, hauler, Tanke·r Responsibility, location, processor, Joseph Cowden, A.M.S., U,S. methods, including mechanized clean D.A. (20 min.) ing, procedures. Dale Sieberling, Dept. D-iscussion - 15 min. of Dairy Technology, Ohio State Uni versity. 2:40- 3.00 Intermission 11:15-11:45 Regulation of Haulers of Milk - Pros 3:00- 3:30 Installation. of Bulk Milk Tanlc - Get and cons of licensing, state regulations, ting milk into and out, calibration, requirements for licensing. Ray Watts, metering, drain, location, setting and Ohio Department of Health, Columbus, fastening of tank, lighting, water sup Ohio. ply, space, wiri1ig, remote compressor. / Bob Mojonnier, Iojonnier Bros., Chi 12:00 Luncheon - Kellogg Center cago, Ill. Tuesday afternoon - May 14 ·· 3:30- 4:00 Gaging and Testing Tanks- Procedure, Chairman - Dr. A. W. FarraH, Head, accuracy, problems experienced. M. vV. Department of Agricultural Engineer Jensen, Assistant Chief, Office of ing, Michigan State University. " Weights and Measures, National Bureau of Standards, Washington 25, D. C. 1:15- 1:45 Bulle Handling and Its Effect on Plant Operat-ion - Losses, equipment, cost, 4:00- 4:30 Pipel·i·ne Ha·ndli.ng of Milk -Materials, procedures, methods of evaluation. L. C. installation, sanitation, mete1ing, qual Thomsan, University of Wisconsin, ity of milk. J. M. Jensen, Michigan State Madison, Wisconsin. Uhiversity. Discussion - 10 min. 1:45- 2:15 Responsibilities of Plant Management and Fieldman - Driver training, qual 6:00- 8:00 Banquet - Kellogg Center, Cow Con ity control program, milk rejection. firmation for Bulk Tank Procurements. Jim Hays, Michigan State University. 2:15- 2:45 Does Bulk Milk Handling Fit Into TANKER AND PLANT Dairy Farm Operations? - Myron Clark, Farmer, Former Commissioner of Tuesday morning - May 14 Agriculture, State of Minnesota, pre sently with A.D.A., 20 N. Wacker Drive, Chairman - Charles 0 . Davis, Jr., Edi Chicago 6, Ill. ,. tor Manager, Milk Plant Monthly. 2:45- 3:00 Observations and summary. Dr. A. W. 9:00- 9:30 3-A Standa1'Cls for the Tank and Tanker FarraH. -Representative of 3-A Standards Com mittee. Mr. L. T. Gustafson, General Sales Engineer, Creamery Package, Chi By: National Planning Committee cago, Ill. ( 3-A Standards Committee). D. B. Falconer, Vice President, Detroit Creamery, De 9:30-10:00 Factors to Consider in Tanker Selection troit, Michigan. - Classification types, materials, plas tic, baffle plates, size, cost, tandem, and L. C. Peckham, Milk & Food Program, U. S. Dept. of single axle. Tom Burress, Heil Com Health, Educ. & Welfare, Chicago. pany, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. J. E. Bullis, Asst. Vice President, Carnation Co., Los 10:00-10:30 Advantages and Disadvantages of Com Angeles 36, Calif. pany Owned vs C ontmct Hauling - C. 0. Davis, Editor-Manager, Milk Plant Monthly, Cost, procedures, responsibilities. Kansas City 5, Mo. Panel discussion - Robert Mears, Gen F. M. Skiver, Chief, Dairy Division, Mich. Dept. of eral Foods, Evart, Michigan (co-own Agriculture, Lansing, Mich. ed); Russell Koehler, Detroit Creamery Co., Detroit, Michigan (contract D. L. Murray, Dairy Dept., Michigan State University. hauler). C. W. Hall, Agriculhual Engineering Dept., Michigan 10:30-10:45 Intermission State University. 126 INDEX TO ADVERTISERS :------1-B- L__ _ Babson Bros. Co ... ------Back Cover atory ...... Page 126 Baltimore Biological Labor STANDARD METHODS'~ Creamery Package Mfg. Co ...... Page 120 i MEDIA ~ MILK PLATING ' Classified Ads ...... Pages 120, 126 Difco Laboratories ...... Page 121 for total counts Ex-Cello-0 Corp ...... II, III BBL #298 Plate Count Agar Johnson & Johnson ...... I (M-PH Medium) Klenzade Products Corp ...... IV for coliform counts Laboratories Lazarus BBL # 114 Desoxycholate Division West Disinfecting Co ...... Page 126 Lactose Agar Mojonnier Bros., Co ...... VI 20 Oakite Products, Inc ...... 1 Folder #298 Sent on Request Olin Mathieson Chemical Corp ...... Page 122 '' 1Oth ed. Standard Methods - Dairy Products Penn Salt Mfg. Co ...... Inside Front Cover BALTIMORE BIOLOGICAL ...... VI John Wood Co ...... LABORATORY, INC. Schwartz Mfg. Co ...... Inside Back Cover A Division of Becton, Dickinson & Co. BAL TIM.O·RE 18, MD. Stainless & Steel Products, Co ...... Page 123 Universal Milking Machine Co. Division ational Cooperative, Inc ...... IV

IOSAN® CLASSIFIED ADS FOR SALE: Single service milk sampling tubes. For further infor PREVENTS MILKS-T.ONE! mation, please, write: Bacti-Kit Co. 2945 Hilyard Street, Eugene, Oregon.

FOR SALE: New fiberglass in sulated sample case with individual compartment for each bottle and a convenient carrying bail. Bacti Kit Company, Box 101, Eugene, our da iry specialist in Made by Lazarus Laboratories Inc. Avai lable from arus Laboratories Inc., your territory • Your hauler or loca l dealer • Or Laz Oregon. Long Island City, N. Y. Division of West Di sinfecting Co., 42-16 West St.,

· · · · for for mastitis mastitis detection detection

The The BLACK BLACK Disc Disc

SCHWARTZ SCHWARTZ MANUFACTURING MANUFACTURING Rivers, Rivers, Wise CO. CO. . . Two Two

yours yours for for the the asking . . Ju s t t write write direct direct to to

The The whole whole story story an d d samples samples for for complete complete t es ting ting are are

harm harm milk- and, and, best best of of all, all, cost cost nothing nothing extra. extra.

DETECTOS DETECTOS fun c tion tion ju s t t lik e e a a cotton cotton di sc- do do not not

There's There's no no extra extra work work involved- no no special special handling . .

a nd nd to to cure. cure.

eas il y - steps steps can can be be tak e n n ea rly rly to to prevent prevent spreading spreading

of of th e e filter filter disc. disc. Inf ect ion ion in in the the herd herd can can b e e spotted spotted

th ese ese WHITE WHITE flak es es s how how up up sharply sharply against against th e e BLACK BLACK

stages stages by by "white "white flakes" flakes" in in the the milk. milk. On On DETECTOS DETECTOS

Where Where mastitis mastitis is is pr ese nt , , it it is is indicated indicated in in its its early early

infection infection early, early, regularly regularly and and easily. easily.

de s ign e d d to to filter filter milk to to , , and and show show up up signs signs of of m ast itis itis

with with DETECTOS . . This This new new BLACK BLACK milk milk filt er er disc disc is is

enormous enormous loss loss appreciably . . The The means means is is now now at at hand hand

Prompt Prompt detection detection of of this this dread dread disease disease can can cut cut down down this this

lions lions of of dollars dollars n ee dl ess ly ly wasted. wasted.

ot ot no no extra extra

cost cost mastitis mastitis are are staggering . . O ceans ceans of of milk milk rej ec ted - mil

The The annual annual losses losses to to you you and and the the dairy dairy industry industry from from

PERFECTION PERFECTION DISCS DISCS

Prompt Prompt Mastitis Mastitis Detection Detection Made Made Easy Easy

Availahle Availahle only only with with

OF OF MILK MILK

SAVE SAVE THIS THIS

\ \

j j ! ! For the Last F. y lVe ears E very Surge M an and E S urge Deal h very C er as Carried . ,' a opy of this Memo: i A' I

MEMO TO ALL SURGE SER VICE D !'E ALERS

COPY TO ALL BRANCH AND DISTRICT MANAGERS

COPY TO ALL BABSON FIELD MEN

Before you install any kind of Pipe Line Milker, whether in a Surge Parlor or as a Stanchion Pipe Line, be sure that you check with the responsible local Health Officer and get his approval. ·'

If you already have a similar installa tio11 'which has been approved or approved as corrected, inspection and approval is simplified ... but ••o don't neglect getting it.

Further: - Before you install any Pipe Line Milker, be very sure to check the water supply to make sure that there is enough water and that the flow into the milk house is at a rate that will proper care and cleaning practical. Before the installation make i goes in is the right time to make sure of an adequate water supplyo Also TEST the water for hardness and iron content and decide how y~u are going to handle it.

Finally: - Do NOT install a pipe line with a riser, as t4at almost certainly will lead to trouble .•• it always has .•. it: seems to us that it always wille If there is just no possible · way to install the line without a riser, then don't sell or in stall it.

Pipe Line Regulations vary widely in various places and for some time to come they will vary ••• it is up to you to comply with local requirements.

George Mather Babson Bros. Coo 2843 West 19th Sto Chicago 23, Ill.