The Appearance of Nicholas Mirzoeff Black Lives Matter — 3 — 83 Figures II. The Space Nicholas Mirzoeff of Appearance — 9 #BlackLivesMatter Preface — 135 — 15 III. The Space of Ouverture: Nonappearance: Black Lives Matter The Murder of Michael Brown — 37 I. Prefiguring — 173 Appearance: Afterword From Haiti to Reconstruction and 1968 1 2 Nicholas Mirzoeff Figures The Appearance Black of Matter Lives 3 Ouverture: Black Lives Matter 2.15 Freedman, When Do the Eyes Change? When Does the Child Die? 1.01 Black Lives Matter Millions March 2.16 Freedman, Untitled (Eviction of Resurrection City) I. Prefiguring Appearance: From Haiti to Reconstruction II. The Space of Appearance and 1968 #BlackLivesMatter Nicholas Mirzoeff 2.01 O’Sullivan, Untitled [Slaves [sic] at J. J.Smith’s 3.01 Jean-Baptiste du Tertre, Indigoterie (1667) Plantation] (1861), Getty Museum, Los 3.02 St Louis Medical Examiners’ Office, Canfield Angeles Green, Ferguson MO, August 9, 2014 2.02 Timothy O’Sullivan, Five Generations (1861), 3.03 John J. Kim, Lamon Reccord, 2015 (Tribune Library of Congress Newspapers) 2.03 Plat of Scanlonville, SC, 1894 3.04 Anonymous, Untitled (Palestinian Girl), 2014 The Appearance Black of Matter Lives 2.04 George N. Baranard, Alexander Knox, Library 3.05 Brooke Anderson, Oakland Bridge Action, of Congress 2016 2.05 Barnard, South Carolina Views (Cotton 3.06 Anonymous, Black Lives Matter Protest at Ginning, Knox’s Plantation), ca. 1870a Trump’s Inauguration, 2017 2.06 Barnard, South Carolina Views (Cotton Barn, 3.07 Cell-phone video still, Ferguson, MO, August Knox’s Plantation), ca. 1870 9, 2014 2.07 Barnard, South Carolina Views (Returning 3.08 Still from Vine posted by Antonio French, from the Fields), ca. 1870 August 9, 2014 2.08 Barnard, Fifteenth Amendment: A Good 3.09 Still from Vine posted by Antonio French, Specimen, ca. 1870 August 10, 2014 2.09 James E. Taylor, “Plowing in South Carolina,” 3.10 “Hands Up!” New York City, August 20, 2014 Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Paper, 1866 (author) 2.10 Anonymous, 15th Amendment, or the Darkey’s 3.11 Anonymous, “Die In,” Grand Central Station, Millenium, 40 Acres of Land and a Mule, ca. December 3, 2014 1867. 3.12 “Police Turn Backs on Protesters,” Precinct 75, 2.11 Jill Freedman, Dignity from Old News (1970) New York City, December 27, 2015 (author) 2.12 Freedman, Call Me Madam 3.13 Edited video still from Chicago PD dash-cam 2.13 Freedman, Brenda, Soul Child of the shooting of Laquan McDonald, 2014 2.14 Freedman, Rev. Frederick Douglass and 3.14 Edited video still from dash-cam showing the Desiree arrest of Sandra Bland, July 13, 2015 4 5 3.15 Edited video still from CCTV showing Philip Coleman in Chicago prison, Dec. 12, 2012 3.16 Still from Diamond Reynolds, Facebook Live video, July 6, 2016 3.17 Still from Diamond Reynolds, Facebook Live video, July 6, 2016 Nicholas Mirzoeff 3.18 Photo released into public domain by Charlotte District Attorney Andrew Murray, November 30, 2016 3.19 “Balls Matter,” Setauket, NY, November 11, 2016 (author) III. The Space of Nonappearance: The Appearance Black of Matter Lives The Murder of Michael Brown 4.01 Michael Brown’s body. Photograph entered into evidence State of Missouri v. Darren Wilson 4.02 Placards indicating evidence. Photograph en- tered into evidence State of Missouri v. Darren Wilson 4.03 Panorama shot of Canfield Green. Photograph entered into evidence State of Missouri v. Darren Wilson 4.04 Darren Wilson in hospital, Aug. 9, 2014. Photograph entered into evidence State of Missouri v. Darren Wilson 6 7 8 Nicholas Mirzoeff Preface The Appearance Black of Matter Lives 9 I participated in my first Black Lives Matter action on August 14, 2014, four days after the death of Michael Brown. It followed a march in solidarity with Palestine in which activists dropped a banner in support of Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions (BDS) from the Manhattan Bridge. In similar fashion, the Black Lives Matter march was “wild- cat,” meaning that it did not have official permission to Nicholas Mirzoeff march from the police and no route had been submitted to the city authorities. Heading through the Lower East Side to the East Village and into midtown, it was remarkable how many people were galvanized by the march—running out of apartments, bars, and restaurants to be part of what was happening. In keeping with that urgency and the drive to have the murdering police officers indict- The Appearance Black of Matter Lives ed, I began writing about Ferguson and the Black Lives Matter movement online. As the killings continued and no convictions followed, the movement grew into what many people have seen as the third phase of the Civil Rights Movement, after Reconstruction (1865–77) and the Civil Rights era (1954–68). It became clear that this was a defining issue of our time. I decided that I wanted to gather my writing and think it through as a coherent whole. At the same time, as a person defined who is identified as “white” by the US color line, I did not want to put this book through the usual academic channels, where it might be perceived that I was trying to profit, whether financially or in career terms, from a Black-led movement. I also wanted the book to be available free of charge, so that if anyone did want to read it, they could. The result is this project. I want to thank Gean Moreno and everyone at the Institute of Contemporary Art, Miami, for making this book possible. The section on Michael Brown’s murder first appeared in Tidal: Occupy Theory, Occupy Strategy, 10 11 and later, a revised version appeared in Social Text (whose collective I have since joined). I thank Social Text for tak- ing on a project that other academic journals had veered away from. “The Space of Appearance” is derived from an essay that first appeared in Critical Inquiry, whose ed- itors forced me to think more clearly and precisely about what I meant. In particular, my thanks go to Kathleen Nicholas Mirzoeff Wilson, Pamela Brown, Patrick Deer, Nicole Fleetwood, Amin Husain, everyone in Free University NYC, Reclaim and Rename, and the Anti-university (London). I have given talks on this material in too many locations to list— in five countries and fifteen states—but I have learned more from each and every one of those conversations. I became aware in that process that my role was to help The Appearance Black of Matter Lives the (predominantly but not exclusively) white academic and art-activist audience engage with Black Lives Matter in solidarity, with humility and with respect. To the ex- tent that I have succeeded, it’s due to the collective wis- dom of a remarkable movement, and to the extent that I have (inevitably) failed, I can only promise to fail better next time. 12 13 14 Nicholas Mirzoeff Black Lives Matter Lives Black Ouverture: The Appearance Black of Matter Lives 15 Opening, Toussaint L’Ouverture. All saints opening. Not for the first time. (Vehement pause). A city street. A square. Now. Enter people, the people. Murmuring. Voice. Vision. Nicholas Mirzoeff Action. Police killings captured on cell-phone video or photo- graphs have become a hallmark of United States visu- al culture in the twenty-first century. What these low- resolution photographs and videos have revealed is the operations of the maintenance of a law-and-order so- The Appearance Black of Matter Lives ciety that inflicts systemic violence on Black01 people. The America that is seen here is at the intersection of three streams of visibility. First, the witnessing of these scenes, depicted in cell-phone videos and photographs, supplemented by machine-generated imagery taken by body cameras, dash cams, and closed-circuit television footage. Next, the embodied protests and actions taken to claim justice and to make injustice visible. Finally, the sharing of these images and actions on social media that in turn have made their way into mainstream media. Here I will call the interface of what was done and what was seen and how it was described as “appearance,” especially as the space of appearance, where you and I can appear to each other and create a politics. What is to appear? It is first to claim the right to exist, to own one’s body, as campaigns from antislavery to reproductive 01 I am capitalizing “Black” against convention in keeping with the practice of Black Lives Matter and my own conviction that a distinction between Black people, blackness, and black is structural under regimes of white 16 supremacy. 17 rights have insisted, and are now being taken forward by debates over gender and sexual identity. To appear is to matter, in the sense of Black Lives Matter, to be griev- able, to be a person that counts for something. And it is to claim the right to look, in the sense that I see you and you see me, and together we decide what there is to say as a result. It’s about seeing what there is to be seen, in Nicholas Mirzoeff defiance of the police who say “move on, there’s nothing to see here,” and then giving the visible a sayable name. People inevitably appear to each other unevenly—the social movement process is about finding ways for people to learn how to treat each other equally in circumstances where they are not equal, whether in material terms, or those of relative privilege. To take the foundational exam- The Appearance Black of Matter Lives ple, the indigenous person in the Americas always knows that the land in which we appear was stolen from them and so the work of creating the space of appearance is always decolonial.