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IMG/N0360959.Pdf?Opene Lement> Middlesex University Research Repository An open access repository of Middlesex University research http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk Charalambides, Ioannis Charalambou (2009) Evaluation of the Turkish accession to the European Union, the structural changes and EU cohesion. DProf thesis, Middlesex University. [Thesis] This version is available at: https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/2696/ Copyright: Middlesex University Research Repository makes the University’s research available electronically. Copyright and moral rights to this work are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners unless otherwise stated. The work is supplied on the understanding that any use for commercial gain is strictly forbidden. A copy may be downloaded for personal, non-commercial, research or study without prior permission and without charge. Works, including theses and research projects, may not be reproduced in any format or medium, or extensive quotations taken from them, or their content changed in any way, without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). They may not be sold or exploited commercially in any format or medium without the prior written permission of the copyright holder(s). Full bibliographic details must be given when referring to, or quoting from full items including the author’s name, the title of the work, publication details where relevant (place, publisher, date), pag- ination, and for theses or dissertations the awarding institution, the degree type awarded, and the date of the award. If you believe that any material held in the repository infringes copyright law, please contact the Repository Team at Middlesex University via the following email address: [email protected] The item will be removed from the repository while any claim is being investigated. See also repository copyright: re-use policy: http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/policies.html#copy Evaluation of the Turkish accession to the European Union, the structural changes and EU cohesion I. C. CHARALAMBIDES DPROF 2009 A project submitted to Middlesex University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Professional Studies In International Relations and European Studies DPS 5260 By Ioannis Charalambou Charalambides DProf Candidate number M00089327 Evaluation of the Turkish accession to the European Union, the structural changes and EU cohesion A research on the Turkish accession to the EU and whether such accession will threaten -or not- the cohesion of the EU National Centre for Work Based Learning Partnerships Middlesex University April 2009 Evaluation of the Turkish accession to the EU, the structural changes and EU cohesion CONTENTS Acknowledgments p. 5 Summary p. 6 Chapter 1 - Introduction 1.1 General Introduction p. 7 1.2 Working Position and Project Rationale p. 8 1.3 Importance of the Project p. 9 1.4 Themes and Problems under Investigation p. 12 1.5 An Appropriate Project p. 13 Chapter 2 - Terms of Reference/ Aims /Objectives and Literature Review 2.1 Aims and Objectives p. 14 2.2 Research Questions p. 14 2.3 Literature Review and Theoretical Approach p. 15 2.3.1 The EU: A 'Sui Generis Organisation' p. 16 2.3.2 Classical Realism, National Interest and Power Games p. 17 2.3.3 Structural Realism and Changes in the International System p. 19 2.3.4 Functionalism, Neo- Functionalism, Integration and Common Interest p. 21 2.3.5 Cohesion Policy in the EU p. 22 2.3.6 Absorption Capacity p. 26 2.4 Conclusions and EU Cohesion p. 28 Chapter 3 - Research Methodology 3.1 Introduction p. 29 3.2 Rationale for Research Approach p. 30 3.2.1 Scope of the Project p. 34 3.3 Methodological Design and Research Procedures p. 36 3.4 Rationale for Selection and Application of Data Collection Techniques p. 38 3.4.1 Qualitative Approach p. 38 3.4.2 Secondary Sources p. 43 3.4.3 Quantitative Approach p. 44 1 Ioannis Charalambides Evaluation of the Turkish accession to the EU, the structural changes and EU cohesion 3.4.3.1 Pre - Testing the Survey Instrument p. 46 3.4.3.2 Pilot Study p. 49 3.4.3.3 Questionnaire Rating Scale p. 50 3.4.3.4 Population and Sampling Frame p. 52 3.5 Data Analysis p. 53 3.6 Ethical Considerations p. 54 3.7 My Role as a Worker/ Insider Researcher p. 55 3.8 Research Limitations p. 56 Chapter 4 - Evaluation of the Turkish Political System and the Turkish Accession to the EU 4.1 Introduction p. 57 4.2 Euro- Turkish Relations p. 59 4.3 European Streams of Thought p. 61 4.4 The Stance of European Citizens p. 65 4.5 Turkish Republic and the Principles of Ataturk p. 80 4.6 Turkish Political System and the European Union p. 83 4.6.1 Turkish Economic Background p. 83 4.6.2 The Evaluation of the EU p. 86 4.6.3 Black Holes p. 87 4.7 Cohesion Policy, Turkey and the EU p. 91 4.7.1 The Lion's Share p. 97 4.8 The Turkish Army in the System p. 100 4.8.1 The Role of the Army in the Economic System p. 102 4.8.2 The Black Box, the Army and the AKP p. 103 4.8.2.1 The Delphic Sword p. 105 4.8.2.2 The Beacon of a Moderate Islam p. 106 4.8.2.3 Risks and Human Rights p. 107 4.9 Turkey in the European Security and Defence Policy p. 111 4.9.1 Traditional Power p. 112 4.9.2 US, NATO and ESDP p. 113 4.10 The Institutional Power of Turkey in the EU p. 120 4.11 Conclusion p. 128 Chapter 5 - Survey Findings and Analysis 5.1 Introduction p. 130 5.2 The Role of the US p. 131 2 Ioannis Charalambides Evaluation of the Turkish accession to the EU, the structural changes and EU cohesion 5.2.1 Defence Deficit, Soviet Syndrome and Babylon State p. 140 5.3 Negative Reasons p. 143 5.4 Leading Countries and Power- Sharing p. 147 5.5 Positive Reasons p. 150 5.6 Turkish Contribution to the EU and the Strengthening of the EU Position in the Global System p. 153 5.7 Redistribution of Power p. 158 5.8 Structural Changes p. 160 5.9 The Cohesion of the EU p. 163 5.9.1 The Threat p. 164 5.9.2 National Interests and Balance of Power p. 165 5.9.3 The Role of the US and Conflicting Interests p. 166 5.9.4 Double Structural Changes p. 167 5.10 Democracy and Human Rights p. 168 5.10.1 Political Rights p. 168 5.10.2 Women's Rights p. 169 5.10.3 Religious Rights p. 169 5.10.4 Minority Rights p. 169 5.10.5 Freedom of Expression p. 170 5.10.6 Corruption p. 170 5.10.7 Turkish Army p. 172 5.10.8 'Democratic Deficit' p. 174 5.11 The Reforms p. 174 5.12 List of Variables p. 180 5.13 The Next Step p. 182 Chapter 6 - Recommendations and Conclusions 6.1 Introduction p. 183 6.2 Theories and Justifications p. 184 6.3 Variables and Model of EU Cohesion p. 186 6.3.1 The Main Pillars of EU Cohesion p. 191 6.4 Recommendations p. 193 6.4.1 First Scenario: Negative p. 193 6.4.2 Second Scenario: Positive p. 194 6.4.3 Third Scenario: the Two Capitals of the EU and the Historical Circle p. 196 6.4.4 Fourth Scenario: Worst Case Scenario and Crisis p. 197 6.4.5 Fifth Scenario: Democracy in Relation to Turkish Accession to the EU p. 201 3 Ioannis Charalambides Evaluation of the Turkish accession to the EU, the structural changes and EU cohesion 6.4.6 Sixth Scenario: the EU Institutions and Turkish Accession to the EU p. 202 6.4.7 Seventh Scenario: Cohesion Policy and Turkish Accession to the EU p. 205 6.4.8 Eight Scenario: Economy and Turkish Accession to the EU p. 206 6.4.9 Ninth Scenario: Society and Turkish Accession to the EU p. 207 6.5 Conclusions p. 209 6.5.1 The Model of EU Cohesion p. 209 6.5.2 Third Road and Unpredictable Development p. 212 6.5.3 Epilogue and Impact p. 214 References p. 215 Bibliography p. 234 List of Visual Representations p. 237 List of Appendices p. 241 Appendices p. 242 4 Ioannis Charalambides Evaluation of the Turkish accession to the EU, the structural changes and EU cohesion ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special acknowledgements I owe to my friend Dr. Antonis Theocharous and my colleague Maria Spanoudaki for their unique support and contribution to this project. I also heartily thank my family for their endless support whenever I needed it. Last but not least, I deeply thank MEP Yiannakis Matsis for providing me with all the means to conclude this Project and his continuous professional and spiritual support advice and experience. 5 Ioannis Charalambides Evaluation of the Turkish accession to the EU, the structural changes and EU cohesion SUMMARY The main question that this research attempts to tackle is whether the Turkish accession to the EU will threaten or not the cohesion of the EU. This question is answered in the framework of: 1) The evaluation of the Turkish accession to the EU, especially through the relevant EU decisions and the Turkish political, economic, social, military and institutional reality. 2) The various theories of International Relations (Realism, Structural Realism, Functionalism, Neo-Functionalism). What I try to do is examine the structural changes which could occur as a result of the Turkish accession to the EU.
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