Episódios Da Transformação Urbana De Barcelona

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Episódios Da Transformação Urbana De Barcelona EPISÓDIOS DA TRANSFORMAÇÃO URBANA DE BARCELONA EPISODES IN THE URBAN TRANSFORMATION OF BARCELONA Zaida Muxi Tradução espanhol-português/espanhol-inglês: Equipe editorial ARQ TEXTO 17 TEXTO 17 ARQ 1 104 105 1 Parque da Ciutadella, Barcelona. 1 La Ciutadella Park, Barcelona. ARQ INTRODUÇÃO INTRODUCTION Para descrever as transformações de Barcelona devidas To describe the changes to Barcelona brought about by TEXTO 17 a mega-eventos, apresentarei brevemente algumas carac- mega-events, I should briefly introduce some of the territo- TEXTO 17 terísticas territoriais, históricas e urbanas da cidade. rial, historical and urban features of the city. ARQ Barcelona é uma cidade relativamente pequena, delimi- Barcelona is a relatively small city, bounded by two tada por dois rios, o Besòs a nordeste e o Llobregat a oeste, rivers, the Besòs to the northeast and the Llobregat to the o Mediterrâneo a leste e a serra da Collserola a noroeste. west, the Mediterranean to the east and the Collserola hills Os rios são, ao mesmo tempo, limites e saídas naturais da to the northwest. The rivers in turn are the city’s bounda- cidade. A fundação de Barcelona deve-se ao imperador ries and natural features. Barcelona was founded by the romano Augusto como Colônia de Direito Romano, com o Roman emperor Augustus as a Roman colony under the nome de Colonia Iulia Augusta Paterna Fauentia Barcino, name of Colonia Iulia Augusta Paterna Fauentia Barcino por volta do ano 10 a.C. Podemos dizer que Barcelona é in about 10 BC. Barcelona could be said to be a square um quadrado de cerca de 10 km por 10 km, com uma área of about 10 km x 10 km with an area of 102.2.km2 and a de 102,2 km2 e com pouco mais de 1,6 milhões de habi- little more than 1.6 million inhabitants in January 2009. It tantes em janeiro de 2009. É uma cidade muito densa, com is a very dense city of 15,872 habitants per km2, conside- 15.872 hab/km2, sobretudo se consideramos que 17,6% ring also that 17.6% of its land is green forest and 10.5% de seu solo é verde florestal e 10,5% é verde urbano. urban green spaces. Até meados do século XIX a cidade cresceu dentro do Until the mid-19th century the city grew within the me- recinto medieval. Motivos de segurança da coroa espa- diaeval walls. For reasons of security the Spanish crown nhola impediram a demolição das muralhas, assim como prevented Barcelona from demolishing the walls or from a construção extramuros. Além dos limites de segurança, building beyond them. The adjacent land beyond the levantavam-se no território adjacente à cidade pequenos security boundaries consisted of small settlements which povoados que foram anexados a Barcelona a partir da were annexed to the city after construction of Ildefons construção do Ensanche de Idelfons Cerdà: Sants, Les Cerdà’s Expansion plan: Sants, Les Corts, Sant Gervai de Corts, Sant Gervasi de Cassoles, Sarriá, Gràcia, Sant Cassoles, Sarriá, Gràcia, Sant Andreu del Palomar and Andreu del Palomar e Sant Martí de Provençals. Sant Martí de Provençals. Em 1859 foi autorizada a demolição das muralhas. Bar- Demolition of the walls was authorised in 1859. celona era a cidade mais densa na Europa, com 859 habi- Barcelona is the most densely populated city in Europe, with tantes por hectare, enquanto Londres tinha 86, Paris 356 e 859 inhabitants per hectare, compared to London, which Madrid 324 habitantes por hectare. Isso deu ao centro histó- has 86, Paris, 356 and Madrid, 324. This gave Barcelona’s rico de Barcelona uma característica morfológica especial, historic city centre a particularly special morphology with com ruas muito estreitas e fachadas altas: muitos edifícios very narrow streets and very tall facades: many mediaeval- de origem medieval chegaram a ter 6 ou 7 andares. Outros origin buildings run to six or seven storeys. Another charac- elementos característicos de Barcelona são as intersecções teristic element of the city is the intersections covered with cobertas com abóbadas, para gerar uma lote aéreo. vaulting to generate an elevated lot. Em 1854, a coroa espanhola autorizou a demolição das In 1854 the Spanish crown authorised demolition of muralhas da cidade e encarregou ao engenheiro responsá- the city walls and placed the engineer Ildefons Cerdà vel Idefons Cerdà o novo projeto de Ensanche de Barcelo- in charge of the new Barcelona Expansion plan. Before na. Cerdà, antes de fazer o seu projeto, havia estudado a producing his plans, Cerdà had studied the state of the situação das condições de vida e de insalubridade e falta living conditions and insalubrity and the city inhabitants’ de higiene dos habitantes da cidade, especialmente das lack of hygiene, particularly among the working classes. classes trabalhadoras. O projeto do Ensanche de Barcelo- The Barcelona Expansion plan is part of the first treatise na faz parte do primeiro tratado de urbanismo moderno. of modern urbanism. Cerdà produced three volumes, of Cerdà escreveu três volumes, dos quais o último é o projeto which the final is an expansion plan, with the first two de um Ensanche, sendo os outros o estudo das condições de being studies of city living conditions and studies of vida na cidade e o estudo das cidades fundadas e projeta- founded and planned cities (together with other European das (assim como outras expansões de cidades européias). city expansions). Pelas condições militares anteriores, o Ensanche de Bar- Under the previous military conditions the Expansion celona foi projetado em um território quase sem constru- of Barcelona was designed on a site with practically no ções que contava apenas com o traçado de vias, algumas buildings, with a few sketched roads, country houses and casas de campo e fábricas na zona de Poblenou. factories in the Poblenou zone. 104 105 ARQ O que Cerdà buscava com o Ensanche de 1859 era What Cerdà was seeking with the 1859 Expansion uma cidade homogênea, uma cidade moderna de direitos was a homogenous city, a modern city of civil rights TEXTO 17 civis, sem hierarquias. Contrário à Haussmann em Paris, without hierarchies. Unlike what Haussmann achieved in TEXTO 17 cujo projeto realçava elementos arquitetônicos relacionados Paris, which was a project that emphasised architectural ARQ por eixos, hierarquias e visões de herança barroca, Cerdà elements related through axes, hierarchies and views of buscava uma cidade sem essas hierarquias, que pudesse ser the baroque heritage, Cerdà was looking for a city without estendida quase ao infinito, com base na confiança na tec- those hierarchies, that could stretch almost to infinity, nologia, e em que houvesse pelo menos duas alternativas de based on a faith in technology in which there were at least circulação. A primeira através das ruas, pelas quais circula- two circulation alternatives, firstly along the streets served riam os meios de transporte de massa (que ele imaginava by mass transport systems (which he imagined would in que corresponderiam no futuro ao trem), e a segunda atraves- the future be the train) and the second crossing through sando o interior das quadras, que propunha ser inteiramente the blocks, intended to be entirely green, envisaging that verde, já que pensava que as quadras teriam fechados no the blocks would be closed on at the most three of their máximo três dos seus quatro lados. Isso não aconteceu, e por four sides. That did not happen, and the city of today is isso a cidade de hoje é muito mais compacta, mais densa e therefore much more compact, denser and with more buil- mais edificada do que projetou Cerdà, resultando talvez em dings than the Cerdà plan, resulting perhaps in a lack of uma cidade pouco verde, mas ainda muito ativa e complexa. greenness, but also very active and complex. Cerdà manteve traçados existentes e incorporou-os Cerdà retained the existing lines and incorporated them ao seu projeto, como o Paseo de Gracia, que já existia e into his design, such as the Paseo de Gracia which already unia a Barcelona medieval amuralhada ao atual bairro de existed, and linked the mediaeval walled Barcelona with Gracia, povoado originalmente construído pelos próprios the present Gracia neighbourhood, which was a small donos da terra, por meio da transformação do parcela- town built by the landowners themselves through trans- mento agrícola em urbano, ao contrário de outros povoa- formation of agricultural land into urban plots, unlike dos das áreas planas, como Sant Andreu de Palomares ou other small towns in flat areas, such as Sant Andreu de Sants, que surgiram ao longo de uma estrada. Palomares or Sants which grew up along a roadway. O traçado do Paseo de Gracia não é reto como as ruas The outline of Paseo de Gracia is not linear like the do Ensanche, o que evidencia sua existência prévia ao other streets in the Expansion, which demonstrates its exis- Plano Cerdà. Era o lugar por onde as pessoas da cidade tence prior to the Cerdà Plan. It was a place where city saíam a passear no domingo e onde estavam parques, people went out on Sundays, by the parks, cafés and other cafés e atrações. Era o lugar para passear durante o dia, attractions. It was somewhere for walking during the day, já que à noite se fechavam as portas da muralha. since the city walls closed at night. Outro elemento característico da cidade é a Barcelone- Another feature of the city is La Barceloneta, a fishing ta, bairro de pescadores e artesãos que se construiu em um and artisan district built on a landfill area over the sea. aterro sobre o mar. A Barceloneta foi construída a partir La Barceloneta was built in the 1730s after the Bourbon de 1730, após a ocupação das tropas borbônicas em Bar- troops’ occupation of Barcelona and the destruction of the celona e a destruição do bairro da Ribera para construir Ribera neighbourhood for construction of the Ciutadella a fortaleza da Ciudadela, cujos moradores foram trans- fortress, with the occupants moved to another area.
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