Els Líquens Saxícoles I Terrícoles Del Parc Natural De Cap De Creus, Amb Un Estudi Filogenètic Aplicat a La Sistemàtica Dels Gèneres Diploschistes I Ingvariella

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Els Líquens Saxícoles I Terrícoles Del Parc Natural De Cap De Creus, Amb Un Estudi Filogenètic Aplicat a La Sistemàtica Dels Gèneres Diploschistes I Ingvariella Els líquens saxícoles i terrícoles del Parc Natural de Cap de Creus, amb un estudi filogenètic aplicat a la sistemàtica dels gèneres Diploschistes i Ingvariella Samantha Fernández Brime Aquesta tesi doctoral està subjecta a la llicència Reconeixement- NoComercial – SenseObraDerivada 3.0. Espanya de Creative Commons. Esta tesis doctoral está sujeta a la licencia Reconocimiento - NoComercial – SinObraDerivada 3.0. España de Creative Commons. This doctoral thesis is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivs 3.0. Spain License. Els líquens saxícoles i terrícoles del Parc Natural de Cap de Creus, amb un estudi logenètic aplicat a la sistemàtica dels gèneres Diploschistes i Ingvariella TESI DOCTORAL Samantha Fernández Brime Barcelona 2012 Els líquens saxícoles i terrícoles del Parc Natural de Cap de Creus, amb un estudi filogenètic aplicat a la sistemàtica dels gèneres Diploschistes i Ingvariella Memòria presentada per Samantha Fernández Brime per optar al grau de Doctor per la Universitat de Barcelona Programa de Doctorat de Biologia Vegetal corresponent al bienni 2005-2007 del Departament de Biologia Vegetal de la Facultat de Biologia de la Universitat de Barcelona Directors: Dr. Francesc Xavier Llimona Pagès i Dra. Ester Gaya Bellés Doctoranda Vist-i-plau dels directors de la tesi Samantha Fernández Brime Dr. Xavier Llimona Pagès Dra. Ester Gaya Bellés Barcelona, Gener de 2012 Als meus pares i al meu germà. Y a Ricardo. Where ferns or flowers could find no safety from the drenching showers, there hung they brilliant lichens, and the sun bade radiant hues dwell on them Jessie M. E. Saxby Índex AGRAÏMENTS i INTRODUCCIÓ 1 1. Introducció al treball florístic 3 1.1. Justificació 3 1.2. Antecedents històrics 8 2. Introducció a la revisió taxonòmica i filogenètica dels gèneres Diploschistes i Ingvariella 11 2.1. Justificació 11 2.2. El gènere Diploschistes 12 2.2.1. Antecedents històrics 12 2.2.2. Delimitació del gènere Diploschistes 13 2.2.3. Subdivisió del gènere Diploschistes 14 2.2.4. Estudis taxonòmics recents 15 2.2.5. Estudis de filogènia morfològica i molecular 19 2.3. El gènere Ingvariella 22 2.3.1. Antecedents històrics i taxonomia del gènere 22 2.3.2. Posició sistemàtica de Ingvariella en les Ostropales 22 3. Estructura de la tesi doctoral 24 OBJECTIUS 27 INFORME DELS DIRECTORS DE LA TESI DOCTORAL REFERENT AL FACTOR D’IMPACTE I A LA CONTRIBUCIÓ DE LA DOCTORANDA A CADASCUN DELS ARTICLES PUBLICATS 31 Índex COMPENDI DE PUBLICACIONS 35 Capítol 1. Líquens saxícoles i terrícoles, i els seus fongs liquenícoles, del Parc Natural de Cap de Creus (nord-est d’Espanya) 37 Capítol 2. Lichenostigma rupicolae (Lichenotheliaceae), una nova espècie de fong liquenícola, creixent sobre Pertusaria rupicola 161 Capítol 3. Estudi filogenètic del gènere Diploschistes (Graphidaceae, Ostropales, Ascomycota), basat en dades morfològiques, químiques i moleculars 175 Capítol 4. Expansió de les Stictidaceae amb la inclusió del gènere de líquens saxícola Ingvariella 245 RESUM GENERAL I DISCUSSIÓ DELS RESULTATS 265 1. Resum de l’estudi florístic 267 1.1. Resultats del catàleg 267 1.2. Taxonomia 268 1.2.1. Fongs liquenícoles 268 1.2.2. Fongs liquenitzats 271 1.3. Biotipus i fotobionts 272 1.4. Esquema de les comunitats 273 1.4.1. Comunitats saxícoles 273 1.4.1.1. Comunitats de líquens silicícoles 273 1.4.1.1.1. Comunitats ombròfiles 273 1.4.1.1.2. Comunitats ombròfobes 277 Índex 1.4.1.1.3. Comunitats dominades per factors ecològics especials 277 1.4.1.1.3.1. Superfícies d’escorrentia 277 1.4.1.1.3.2. Superfícies temporalment inundades 278 1.4.1.1.3.3. Comunitats litorals 279 1.4.1.2. Comunitats de líquens calcícoles 279 1.4.2. Comunitats terrícoles 280 1.4.2.1. Comunitats de les dunes fòssils 280 1.4.2.2. Comunitats dels terraprims àcids 280 1.5. Anàlisi fitogeogràfica 281 1.6. Zones mereixedores de mesures de protecció especial 283 2. Estudi taxonòmic i filogenètic de Diploschistes 286 2.1. Circumscripció del gènere Diploschistes 286 2.2. Resultats filogenètics del gènere Diploschistes 288 2.2.1. Filogènia morfològica 288 2.2.2. Filogènia molecular 288 2.2.3. Filogènia combinada 290 2.3. Classificació infragenèrica del gènere Diploschistes 291 2.4. Reconeixement filogenètic de les espècies tractades dins del gènere Diploschistes 293 3. Delimitació del gènere Ingvariella i la seva posició sistemàtica dins de les 299 Ostropales CONCLUSIONS 301 BIBLIOGRAFIA 307 APÈNDIXS 333 Apèndix 1 335 Apèndix 2 359 Agraïments Sembla mentida que finalment ho pugui dir “He acabat la tesi!!!”. Sóc molt conscient de la quantitat de persones que m’han ajudat i recolzat durant aquest viatge acadèmic, científic i personal. El meu petit homenatge, es dedicar-vos unes línies a tots i totes els que, d’alguna forma o altra, m’heu acompanyat. En primer lloc, el meu més sincer agraïment al meus dos directors, el Dr. Xavier Llimona i la Dra. Ester Gaya. A en Xavier, perquè des de les classes de Micologia durant la carrera em vas transmetre la passió pels líquens i els fongs, i pels petits tresors que ens amaga la natura. Moltes gràcies per confiar en mi quan era estudiant i “enredar-me” en tot això, per la teva dedicació i compromís i, sobretot, per la teva inesgotable paciència i tendresa. I a l’Ester, pel gran esforç professional que has fet encabint la direcció d’aquesta tesi en la infinitat de feina que sempre estàs fent. Has estat incondicionalment sempre que t’he necessitat, tant a nivell científic com personal; fos l’hora que fos, mai has dit no. La teva capacitat de treball i la teva energia inesgotable són inspiradores, i han estat fonamentals per tirar endavant. i Gràcies a tot l’equip de liquenologia que m’ha acollit aquests anys. Al Néstor Hladun, t’agraeixo enormement el suport logístic, gràcies al qual he pogut disposar, entre d’altres coses, d’un laboratori de molecular a Botànica; al Pere Navarro-Rosinés, per l’ajuda i les ensenyances en l’estudi dels fongs liquenícoles; a la Mireia Giralt, per la revisió dels exemplars dels gèneres Amandinea, Buellia i Rinodina; a la Mercedes Barbero, per ensenyar-me a utilitzar les tècniques de cromatografia en capa fina; a l’Antonio Gómez-Bolea, per la confiança que has dipositat en mi en els projectes en els que hem treballat plegats. Un agraïment especial és per l’Esteve Llop, per les enriquidores discussions taxonòmiques i, sobretot, perquè has estat un gran company. I per últim, però no menys importants, per les liqueno-nenes, Diana i Gemma, que heu estat les meves companyes d’aventures durant aquests anys en els que hem compartit hores de despatx, excursions, congressos... us trobaré molt a faltar!!! Estic molt agraïda a la comunitat de liquenòlegs nacional i internacional, especialment a Claude Roux, Cécile Gueidan, Thorsten Lumbsch, Andreas Frisch, Robert Lücking i Eimy Rivas Plata, per resoldre els meus dubtes taxonòmics o nomenclaturals, per enviar-me manuscrits inèdits i per compartir amb mi el seu coneixement. Aquest ha estat un molt bon lloc de treball, gràcies sobretot a tots els companys i companyes de la unitat de Botànica, que han fet les jornades laborals molt més amenes: Núria, Berta, Montse, Aaron, Romero, Roser, Josep Maria, Estela, Oriol... Un agraïment especial al meu veí de despatx, José Manuel Blanco, per l’ajuda amb les qüestions estadístiques, a l’Albert Ferré, per l’ajuda en l’elaboració del mapa inclòs en el treball florístic i, sobretot, a la Laura Armengot, per donar-me sempre un cop de mà quan ho he necessitat. I would like to express a huge acknowledgment to the entire François Lutzoni lab, from Duke University, which hosted me during two visits in 2008 and 2009. Thank you so much François, for letting me be part of your group, for introducing me into the phylogenetics world, and for being an example of hard work and dedication. I ii am also very grateful to Jolanta Miadlikovska for your infinite patience helping me with phylogenetic analyses, to Frank Kauff for answer all my emails with methodological questions, and to Katalin Molnar, Bernie Ball, Suzanne Joneson, and Tami McDonald, for your help in the lab. I have a special acknowledgment to Molly McMullen, from the Duke’s Herbarium, for being the most efficient curator I have ever met, but especially, for being such a great friend. Last, but not least, thanks to Carl Rothfels, Marianna Ricca, and Maria Prieto, because you guys together with Ester, made my days in Durham, an unforgettable time. No puc deixar de donar les gràcies als meus pares pel vostre suport (remarco) INCONDICIONAL. Perquè mai heu qüestionat què faig o perquè ho faig, senzillament sempre esteu allà. Els dos m’heu ensenyat amb el vostre exemple a ser treballadora, a lluitar i, per sobre de tot, a ser lliure i fidel a mi mateixa. I al meu germà Ignasi, sempre tan íntegre i coherent, perquè m’has ensenyat a ser valenta per defensar en el que crec, i això també m’ha ajudat a formar-me com a científica. Suposo que els tres us deureu sentir molt orgullosos de mi en aquests moment, però creieu-me si us dic que sóc jo la que se sent orgullosa de poder tenir-vos com a família. Gràcies als meus amics, perquè sou una part de la meva vida tant important, que no puc imaginar-me sense ella. A les meves “Teresines”, Mireia i Isis, perquè que des de que ens vam conèixer a la carrera, senzillament, no he deixat de riure. Gràcies per les cerveses, els viatgets, les converses a les escales i a Skype, i per ser tan bones amigues! Sou genuïnes, úniques i insubstituïbles.
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