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Adiciones a La Biota De Líquenes De La Isla Del Coco, Puntarenas, Costa Rica

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Adiciones a La Biota De Líquenes De La Isla Del Coco, Puntarenas, Costa Rica Adiciones a la biota de líquenes de la Isla del Coco, Puntarenas, Costa Rica Loengrin Alfonso Umaña-Tenorio1 1. Departamento de Historia Natural, Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, Apdo. 749-1000, San José, Costa Rica; [email protected] Recibido 30-I-2019. Corregido 26-IV-2019. Aceptado 20-VI-2019. ABSTRACT. Additions to the lichen biota of Isla del Coco, Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Introduction: The flo- ristic composition of Isla del Coco is relatively well known. While studies have been typically oriented to flow- ering plants, other organisms such as lichens remain understudied. Objective: The purpose of this inventory is to expand the documentation of lichen species found in Isla del Coco, by reviewing literature and herbarium col- lections, as well as new collections, to facilitate the understanding of the diversity of said organisms. Methods: A list of the collections deposited in several herbaria was prepared, complemented with the bibliographical references of previous works. In addition, a field trip to collect and photograph specimens was performed in November 2017. The names of the species were adapted according to the online database Index Fungorum. Results: A total of 284 specimens were studied, corresponding to 173 different taxa, including 40 new records. Twenty-five taxa were identified at the genus level and 148 at the species level. The specimens were distributed in 23 families and 66 genera. The best-represented families are Graphidaceae (37 spp.), Pilocarpaceae (34 spp.) and Collemataceae (8 spp.). Porina (17 spp.) and Strigula (14 spp.) were the most diverse genera. The major- ity (52%) of the 148 species have a pantropical distribution, 34% are Neotropical and 13% are cosmopolitan. Endemic (according to current knowledge) represent about 1% of the species. Conclusions: Despite the addi- tion of new taxa to the list, this is far from reflecting the existing lichen diversity on the island, as there are still many areas to explore. Key words: lichen; lichenicolous fungi; neotropics; Cocos Island; Checklist. Umaña-Tenorio, L. A. (2020). Adiciones a la biota de líquenes de la Isla del Coco, Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, 68(Supl. 1), S57-S72. Los líquenes juegan un papel primordial aspecto externo se pueden distinguir tres gru- en la naturaleza, son pioneros en muchos pos generales; los costrosos que viven íntima- ecosistemas rocosos e inician la degradación mente unidos al sustrato en la superficie de superficial de las rocas y la acumulación de rocas o cortezas de los arboles; los foliosos que polvo, permitiendo formar un sustrato apto poseen forma aplanada y lobulada, que se fijan para que se establezcan diversos organismos al sustrato por medio de cordones especiales, como los musgos y plantas vasculares (Umaña, aquí se incluyen los llamados gelatinosos y 1999). Muchos líquenes crecen en forma epifí- por último los fruticulosos que tienen forma de tica sobre árboles y arbustos y contribuyen al arbusto. En condiciones naturales los líquenes ciclo de agua y nutrientes de los ecosistemas crecen sobre suelo (terrícola), rocas (saxícola), (Morales, Lücking, & Anze, 2009). Aunque corteza (corticicola), madera (lignícola), musgo existen algunas formas intermedias, por su (muscicola) y hojas (folícolas) (Umaña, 1999). Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 68(Suppl. 1): S57-S72, March 2020 57 Aptroot y Sipman (1997) estimaron la MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS existencia de hasta 300 especies de líquenes por km2 en los bosques tropicales lluviosos, Área de estudio: El Parque Nacional Isla y para Costa Rica encontraron hasta más de del Coco se encuentra situado a unos 532 km 500 especies para un único sitio de muestreo. Sur suroeste de Costa Rica continental, en las o o Fosberg y Klawe (1966) en su trabajo sobre coordenadas geográficas 5 31’ 47” N y 87 03’ 37” W. Posee un área aproximada de 24 plantas de la Isla del Coco registraron dos 2 especies de líquenes recolectados por Klawe km . Debido a su origen geológico, posee una en 1964, (Leptogium moluccanum (Pers.) Vain. topografía muy accidentada, está cubierta por y Parmelia cristifera, Taylor). Actualmente, la bosque siempre verde que se ubica bajo la Zona de Convergencia Intertropical lo que ocasiona segunda de dichas especies se conoce bajo el nubosidad y fuertes precipitaciones pluviales nombre de Parmotrema cristiferum. (Taylor) durante todo el año, con una precipitación Hale. Weber (1993), pública la primera lista anual entre los 5 000 y 7 000 mm. Presenta de líquenes de la Isla del Coco e incluyó 27 dos zonas de vida (Bosque Tropical Lluvioso y taxones, que están depositados en el Museo de Bosque Tropical Nuboso), y una serie de aso- la Universidad de Colorado (COLO). Lücking ciaciones o comunidades de plantas definidas y Lücking (1995) documentaron 98 especies por factores edáficos, climáticos e intervención de líquenes folícolas, la mayoría de ellos nue- humana (Montoya, 2016). vos registros para la isla, además de 4 nuevos taxones para la ciencia, algunos de los cuales Muestreo: La recolección de los ejempla- están almacenados en el Herbario del Museo res se realizó en noviembre de 2017 en Bahía Nacional de Costa Rica (CR). Wafer; alrededores de la estación del parque, Diversos tipos de líquenes tienen requeri- sendero a Cerro Pelón y sendero a Bahía Igle- mientos de luz, humedad y sustrato distintos, sias. Se muestreó en diferentes tipos de sus- siendo estos factores los más importantes que tratos como suelo, corteza de árboles, piedra y permiten determinar su distribución (Umaña ramas. Los ejemplares recolectados se llevaron & Sipman, 2002). Cambios en las condiciones al Herbario CR donde fueron caracterizados ambientales son capaces de moldear la distri- macro y microscópicamente para su identifi- bución de los líquenes y por lo tanto afectar cación. Posteriormente, fueron fotografiados y de alguna forma la importante función que secados al aire y guardados en bolsas y sobres desempeñan, por lo que son utilizados como de papel. Se tomaron imágenes al microscopio indicadores de la calidad del ambiente y ade- de algunos de los especímenes recolectados, más también han sido implementados como los cuales se utilizaron como material de apoyo bioindicadores para el estudio de la continuidad para su identificación. Además, se compararon ecológica (Umaña, 1999; Morales et al., 2009). con muestras previamente identificadas del Por estas razones se recalca la importancia de Herbario CR. Asimismo, para la identificación contar con listados y materiales de identifica- se contó con la colaboración de Harrie Sipman ción, atendiendo esta necesidad. El propósito y Robert Lücking, ambos del Museo de Histo- de este inventario es ampliar la documentación ria Natural de Berlín. Todos los ejemplares se sobre las especies de líquenes presentes en la depositaron en el Herbario CR. En la Figura 1 Isla del Coco, mediante la revisión de literatu- se muestran la mayoría de los sitios de recolec- ra, colecciones de herbario, y nuevas recolec- ta según la base de datos del Herbario CR. tas, de forma tal que facilite el conocimiento de Se confeccionó una lista basadas en las la diversidad de dichos organismos en el sitio. colecciones depositadas en los herbarios del 58 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 68(Suppl. 1): S57-S72, March 2020 Fig. 1. Puntos de recolecta de líquenes en la Isla del Coco, Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Fig. 1. Collecting lichen points on Cocos Island, Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Museo Nacional de Costa Rica (CR), Field el herbario donde se encuentra depositado. Las Museum, Chicago (F), Duke University, Caro- especies citadas por Fosberg y Klawe (1966), lina del Norte (DUKE), Towson University, Weber (1993) y Lücking y Lücking (1995) se Baltimore (BALT), Smithsonian Institution, marcan en el apéndice con números en superín- Washington (US) y Lücking, R (hb. Lüc- dice 1, 2, 3, respectivamente. Las especies no king), que se complementaron con las refe- señaladas con dichos superíndices representan rencias bibliográficas de trabajos previos que nuevas adiciones para la isla. se han realizado en la isla por Fosberg & Para el análisis de distribución geográfica Klawe (1966), Weber (1993), Lücking & Lüc- se utilizó la referencia de Lücking y Lücking king (1995). El nombre actual de las espe- (1995) y la base de datos Catalogue of life cies se obtuvo de la base de datos en línea 2018. LIAS: A Global Information System for Index Fungorum (Recuperado de http: //www. Lichenized and Non-Lichenized Ascomycetes. indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp;2018) y Recuperado de: http://www.catalogueoflife. de Lücking (com. pers, 2019). Las especies se org/col/details/database/id/79. listan en orden alfabético por familia, género y especie. Los acrónimos de los herbarios se citan RESULTADOS de acuerdo con el Index Herbariorum (Recupe- rado de http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/; Se recopilaron 284 ejemplares para la Isla 2018). La sinonimia cuando se presentó fue del Coco, que representan 173 taxones dife- indicada entre paréntesis cuadrados posterior rentes, de los cuales 25 están identificados a al nombre actual de la especie. A cada una de nivel de género y 148 a nivel de especie (ver las especies se les asignó un testigo indicando Apéndice). Estos taxones se distribuyen en Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 68(Suppl. 1): S57-S72, March 2020 59 23 familias y 66 géneros. Las familias mejor Phaeographis haematites, P. platycarpa, P. representadas son Graphidaceae (19 géneros scalpturata, Pseudopyrenula subnudata, y Ste- y 37 especies), seguida por Pilocarpaceae (10 gobolus wrightii). géneros y 34 especies) y Gomphillaceae (8 Se incluyen taxones recolectados por autor géneros y 19 especies). La familia Collemata- que están a nivel de género y a la espera de ser ceae representada por el género Leptogium (8 identificados: Allographa sp. (Fig. 4A), Aman- especies), es de destacar ya que es uno de los dinea sp., Coenogonium spp., Creographa pocos llamados macrolíquenes que se encuen- sp.
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