CONE AND TWIG BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) OF THE GENUS CONOPHTHORUS; AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY FPM-X-76 by Peter de Groot FOREST PEST MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE CANADIAN FORESTRY SERVICE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA P.O. BOX 490 SAULT STE. MARIE, ONTARIO P6A 5M7 1986 © Minister of Supply and Service?. Canada, 1986 Catalogue No. Fo46-16/76E ISSN: O7O4-772X ISBN: 0-661-14986-6 Additional copies of this publication are available from: Liaison and Information Services Fcrest Pest Management. Institute Canadian Forestry Service Department of Agriculture P.O. Box 490 Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario Canada, P6A 5M7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Foreword ii Acknowledgements . ... iii Bibliography Author Index Species Index 34 Subject Index " •••••■■•■•-...., 36 FOREWORD Beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) of the genus Conophthorus infest cones and twigs of pine, Pinus spp. and rank among the most destructive of North American cone and seed insects (Hedlin et al 1980). The genus was erected by Hopkins (1915) to accommodate 15 species found in North America. McPherson (1970b) and Wood (1962 1971, 1977a, 1978a, 1978b, and 1980) have since added new species, and Wood (1977b) has synonymized several species named by Hopkins. The present day total is 14 species (wood 1982); namely: apachecae Hop kins; bankslanae McPherson; cembroides Wood; conicolens Wood- coniperda (Schwarz) synonyms clunicus Hopkins and taedae Hopkins- echinatae Wood; edulis Hopkins; mexicanus Wood; raichoacanae Wood; monophyllae Hopkins; ponderosae Hopkins synonyms conbortae Hopkins, flexilis Hopkins, lambertianae Hopkins, monticolae Hopkins and scopu- lorum Hopkins; radiatae Hopkins; resinosae Hopkins, synonym virginia- nae Hopkins,- and teocotum Wood. This annotated bibliography contains 91 references on Conoph thorus. These references address some aspect of biology, control ecology, or taxonomy. some references are general, or include other insects; for these, the annotations were confined to the subject Although several species have been synonymized, the annotations give the species names as they were reported. Three indices are included at the end of the bibliography- author; species; and subject. The literature review was completed in December 1985 and includes publications abstracted in Bibliography of Agriculture and Forestry Abstracts. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My appreciation to A. Obarymskyj and library staff for obtain ing some of the reprints; K. Griffiths, G.E. Miller, and J. Turgeon for reviewing the manuscript; and S. Stitt, all of the Canadian Forestry Service, for the artwork on the front cover. 111 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Barnes, B.V.; Bingham, R.T.; Schenk, J.A. 1962. Insect-caused losses to western white pine cones. USDA For. Serv., Inter- mountain For. Range Exp. Stn., Res. Note 102, 7 pp. The western white pine cone beetle, Conophthorus monticolae de stroyed more than 90% of the cones during a six-year period in northern Idaho. 2. Bedard, W.D. 1966. High temperature mortality of the sugar-pine cone beetle Conophthorus lambertianae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Ent. 98:152-157. Broods in 66 of 110 cones exposed to full sunlight for one week or more appeared to have been killed by high temperatures, whereas broods in only 9 of 114 cones died when placed in the shade. In the laboratory, high beetle mortality occurred when exposed to temperatures of 47.1 to 48.2°C, but not when exposed to 46.2 to 46.7°c. Internal cone temperatures in beetle-killed cones in the field exceeded 50°C in 11 of 20 cones. Factors influencing internal cone temperatures are discussed, 3. Bedard, W.D. 1968a. Additions to the knowledge of the biology of Conophthorus lambertianae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Pan-Pacific Entomol. 44:7-17. Adults overwinter in twigs either on the tree, on the ground, or in fallen cones. Overwintering females did not have sperm in their spermathecae. After penetrating the peduncle of the cone, the female constructs a circumferential gallery, and excavates a longitudinal gallery along the cone axis. No more than 3 females were found ovipositing in a single cone, and where multiple attacks occurred, the females constructed individual or nearly individual egg galleries. Parent adults emerge from the cones within 10 days of the attack. Both sexes emerged in flight condi tion: males did not undergo complete reduction of wing muscles, while females did. Attacked cones fell to the ground a month or two after they were attacked. Callow adults appeared fully pigmented 10 days after transforming from pupae, but could not fly until 3 weeks later. Some brood adults left cones, flew, and mined individually in twigs. Beetles may mine more than one twig between September and late May. There appears to be only one generation per year. The internal condition of the beetles suggested quiescency which would allow the beetles to survive when cones are not available for insect reproduction. — 2 — 4. Bedard, W.D. 1968b. The sugar pine cone beetle. IJSDA For. Serv., For. Pest Leafl., 112, 6 pp. This leaflet provides a description of ' the life history and habits; a distribution map of the beetle and its host and photo graphs of the insect's life stages, and cone damage. 5. Bright, D.E. Jr.; Stark, R.W. 1973. The bark and ambrosia beetles of California Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypo- diae. Bull. Calif. Insect Survey, Vol. 16, Univ. Calif. Press, 169 pp. This bulletin shows the geographic distribution and provides basic information on the biology of Conophthorus contortae, C. flexilis, C. lambertianae, C. monophyllae, C. monticolae, C. ponderosae, and C. radiatae in California. 6 Chamberlin, W.J. 1958. The scolytidae of the northwest: Oregon, Washington, Idaho and British Columbia. Oregon State Mono graphs: Studies in Entomology No. 2, 208 pp. A key to five species of Conophthorus in the Pacific northwest: C ponaerosae, C. lambertianae, C flexilis, C. contortae, and c. monticolae is provided. Descriptions of these species are given (based on Hopkins 1915 paper), as well as the type locality, dis tribution, hosts, and habits. 7. Dale, J.W.; Schenk, J.A. 1978. Cone production and insect-caused seed losses of ponderosa pine in Idaho and adjacent Washing ton and Montana. Bull. For. Wildlife Range Exp. Stn. 24. Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, 15 pp. Gregarious attacks were not observed for Conophthorus ponderosae. Single C. ponderosae females were found mining in conelets and in new lateral shoots in late Hay and June. Twig attacks generally occurred in the upper, westerly portion of the crown. Three types of lateral shoot damage occurred: (1) mining of a conelet or bud with extension down the twig for 3 to 4 cm, (2) construction of a spiral mine well below the bud, with extension distally, or (3) construction of a spiral mine 4 to 15 cm below the bud with no extension of the mine. Neither egg niches nor larvae were found in any shoots or conelets. Crop losses from C. ponderosae ranged from 10.8% to 97.9% between 1967 and 1969. The severity of damage appeared to be related to crop size and stand structure. - 3 - Dale J.w.; Schenk, J.A. 1979. Bionomics and natural control of the cone aid seed insects of ponderosa pine in Idaho and adjacent Washington and Montana. Bull. For. Wildlife Range Exp. Stn. 29. Univ. of Idaho, Moscow. 24 pp. Emerging females of c. ponderosae were more numerous than males, with a male: female ratio of W1.1S aid m .95 in 1966 and 1969 respectively. Coie attack was observed from the second week of May until early July. Adult females are significantly larger than h f Y thS C°ne Ei-tand tt^rS j by a male.f8 USLiallYsingle att3CkSovipositingthS femalesEiYwere commonly^rS encountered in cones. Occasionally a single male that had instated an attack was found in a coie. Females ££• ™J ^ usually through the entrance hole, occasionally from the cone tip '"L^1; fro™ ** side of the <*>™- no more than 2-4 cones are cWid Ph mS C°inmOn ^redat^ o£C. pon^rosae was a (Grltt\ Ph»ilab?e»»s sp. The coneworm Dioryctria auranticella portion off theT Y>beetleC°TteSpopulation.^^ C" ^eMHe'increased ltstandalso deisity«"teoj- isa likely to reduce losses to the beetle. 9. DeBarr, G.L.; Barber, L.R.; Maxwell, A.H. 1982. Use of carbo- furan for control of eastern white pine cone and seed insects. For. Ecol. Manage. 4:1-18. Carbofuran granules applied to the soil at rates of 4.5, 9 0 or 13.5 g active ingredient (a.i.)/cm of tree diameter at breast TtltL MUC6d '^ n™ber °f successful Conopbthorus coniperda attacks. Mean percent of beetle-killed cones per tree was 92 25 3, and 3 for carbofuran rates of 0, 4.5, 9.0 and 13.5 g ai/cm of tree diameter, respectively. 10. Dell, T.R ■ Robertson, J.L.; Haverty, M.I. 1983. Estimation of cumulative change of state with the Weibull function. Bull ent. Soc. Am. 29: 38-40. This report illustrates the application of the three parameter Weibull function, which can project the amount of time required to achieve a desired level of mortality after application of insecti cides Time trends for Conophthorus ponderosae (= C. monticolae> mortality after application of permethrin and chlorpTrifos are Forcella, F. 1980. Cone predation by pinyon cone beetle (Conooh- thorus edulis; Scolytidae): dependence on frequency and magnitude of cone production. Am. Nat. 116:594-598. - 4 - The number of Conophthorus edulis beetles per cone averaged 3.8 (ranqe 1-18). The highest beetle density, 6.4 beetles per square meter of ground area, was found in a stand where annual cone production was roost consistent. It is suggested that extraordi narily large cone crops followed by meagre ones or consistently poor crops would be a viable mechanism for pinyon pine to elude predation. 12. Forcella, F.; Harvey, S.J. 1983. Host selection by pine cone beetles in North America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae).