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Uso De Semioquímicos En El Control De Plagas. Estudios Básicos Y De Aplicación”

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Uso De Semioquímicos En El Control De Plagas. Estudios Básicos Y De Aplicación” UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE VALENCIA Departamento de Química CENTRO DE ECOLOGÍA QUÍMICA AGRÍCOLA (CEQA) INSTITUTO AGROFORESTAL DEL MEDITERRÁNEO (IAM) TESIS DOCTORAL: “Uso de semioquímicos en el control de plagas. Estudios básicos y de aplicación” Presentada por: Sandra Vacas González Directores: Vicente Navarro Llopis Jaime Primo Millo Valencia, Septiembre de 2011 Agradecimientos Son muchas las personas que han participado en esta tesis doctoral, y en mi vida, durante su realización, pero quisiera agradecer especialmente, a mis directores de tesis, el Profesor Jaime Primo y el Dr. Vicente Navarro, por todo su apoyo y por darme la oportunidad de aprender y trabajar a su lado. A todos mis compañeros de laboratorio, pasados y presentes, María, mi prima Nunu, Ilde, Juan, Pilar, Bea, Mapi, Javi, Ismael, Mónica, Ricardo, Nacho, Pau, Josep, Aurora, Ana, Inma, Jesús, Anna… no podría haber mejor grupo con quien compartir cada momento. Y especialmente a Cristina Alfaro, gracias por todo (¡qué gran equipo formamos!). A todas las personas que han facilitado la realización y han colaborado en los ensayos de campo, técnicos, propietarios, cooperativas, empresarios… porque sin ellos difícilmente podría todo esto llevarse a cabo, y especialmente a todo el equipo de Ecologia y Protección Agrícola y a los servicios de Sanidad Vegetal. También quiero expresar mi agradecimiento al Dr. Eric B. Jang, y todo su equipo en el laboratorio del USDA en Hilo, por su hospitalidad y darme la oportunidad de conocer su trabajo y hacerme sentir parte de su grupo. Gracias a mi familia y a mis amigos, que me han apoyado y me han hecho la persona que soy. Especialmente, a mis padres y a Vicente, lo sois todo. Resumen Los semioquímicos son sustancias implicadas en la comunicación entre seres vivos. En el caso de los insectos, pueden ser herramientas de gran utilidad en la lucha contra plagas, como alternativas a la aplicación de insecticidas convencionales. Son sustancias de gran selectividad y muy activas a baja dosis. Los semioquímicos (feromonas y aleloquímicos) se emplean en el control de plagas tanto para la detección y seguimiento de poblaciones como, de forma directa, en las técnicas de confusión sexual, trampeo masivo y atracción y muerte, entre otras. En la presente tesis se describe la búsqueda y aplicación de semioquímicos para el control de diversas plagas de importancia agronómica, estudiando tres aspectos fundamentales. En primer lugar, el desarrollo y aplicación de la técnica de confusión sexual contra Aonidiella aurantii y Tuta absoluta . En el caso de A. aurantii , se trata de la primera aplicación eficaz de esta técnica contra una plaga de diaspinos y en el caso de T. absoluta , se establecen las condiciones para la aplicación de tratamientos eficaces de confusión sexual. En segundo lugar, se ha estudiado la existencia de valores óptimos de emisión para sistemas basados en la atracción de insectos, aplicado a las plagas Chilo suppressalis , Lobesia botrana , Bactrocera oleae y Ceratitis capitata . En el caso de los lepidópteros C. suppressalis y L. botrana y del tefrítido B. oleae se demostró que la atracción de machos se ve afectada por el nivel de emisión de feromona, de forma que velocidades de emisión por encima y por debajo del nivel óptimo obtenido tienen menor poder atrayente. Sin embargo, respecto a C. capitata , y su paraferomona trimedlure, su respuesta es de tipo asintótico, no se encontró un nivel óptimo y por tanto, mayores dosis de paraferomona atraían al mismo número de machos. La obtención de emisores con velocidades de emisión óptimas es un aspecto poco estudiado en la literatura científica que, sin embargo, es esencial para el desarrollo de los métodos de control basados en la atracción. Como tercera parte de esta tesis, se estudiaron detalladamente los compuestos emitidos por machos y hembras de C. capitata en diversos estadios, para intentar establecer compuestos y mezclas con posible poder atrayente. Para este trabajo se ha utilizado la técnica de microextracción en fase sólida, no empleada hasta el momento para este problema, y la metodología estadística del análisis de componentes principales. La disponibilidad de atrayentes eficaces para hembras de C. capitata supondría una gran ventaja para el control de esta plaga. Resum Els semioquímics son substàncies implicades en la comunicació entre els éssers vius. Pel que respecta als insectes, poden ser eines de gran utilitat en mètodes de lluita contra plagues, alternatius als insecticides convencionals. Són substàncies selectives i molt actives a baixa dosi. Els semioquímics (feromones i aleloquímics) s’empren en el control de plagues tant per a la detecció i el seguiment de poblacions com, de forma directa, en les tècniques de confusió sexual, captura massiva i atracció i mort, entre altres. En aquesta tesi s’inclou la recerca i aplicació de semioquímics per al control de diverses plagues d’importància agronòmica, estudiant tres aspectes fonamentals. En primer lloc, el desenvolupament i aplicació del mètode de confusió sexual contra Aonidiella aurantii i Tuta absoluta . En el cas d’ A. aurantii, és la primera aplicació eficaç d’aquesta tècnica contra diaspins i en el cas de T. absoluta , s’estableixen les condicions per als tractaments de confusió sexual eficaços. En la segona part, s’estudia l’existència de valors òptims d’emissió per a sistemes basats en l’atracció d’insectes, aplicat a les plagues Chilo suppressalis, Lobesia botrana, Bactrocera oleae i Ceratitis capitata . En el cas dels lepidòpters C. suppressalis i L. botrana i del tefrítid B. oleae , es trobà que l’atracció dels mascles es veu afectada pel nivell d’emissió de feromona; de manera que, velocitats d’emissió majors i menors que el nivell òptim obtingut tenen menor poder atraient. En canvi, respecte a C. capitata i la seva paraferomona trimedlure, la resposta va ser de tipus asimptòtic, on les captures no augmenten significativament a partir d’un determinat valor d’emissió. L’obtenció d’emissors amb velocitats d’emissió òptimes és un aspecte poc estudiat en la literatura científica però essencial per al desenvolupament de mètodes basats en l’atracció. Finalment, en la tercera part d’aquesta tesi, es van estudiar amb detall els compostos emesos per mascles i femelles de C. capitata en diversos estadis per intentar establir compostos i mescles amb possible poder atraient mitjançant la tècnica de microextracció en fase sòlida, no utilitzada fins al moment per a aquest problema, i la metodologia d’anàlisi de components principals. La disponibilitat d’atraients eficaços per a les femelles de C. capitata suposaria un gran avantatge per al control d’aquesta plaga. Summary Semiochemicals are substances involved in the communication between living beings. Regarding to insects, these could be useful tools in pest management, as alternative methods to conventional pesticides. They are both species-specific and active at low doses. Semiochemicals (pheromones and allelochemicals) are employed in pest management for detection and population monitoring and also for control methods such as mating disruption, mass trapping and lure and kill, among other techniques. Several studies on the application and the search for semiochemicals are included in the present thesis as a contribution to the control of some agronomic important pests. First, mating disruption technique was developed and applied to Aonidiella aurantii and Tuta absoluta . Regarding to A. aurantii , this is the first successful application of this technique to control a diaspidid pest. This thesis also describes the conditions for mating disruption to be effective against T. absoluta . Secondly, the existence of optimum pheromone release rate values for attraction purposes was investigated for several pests: Chilo suppressalis, Lobesia botrana, Bactrocera oleae and Ceratitis capitata . For the lepidopterans C. suppressalis and L. botrana and the tephritid B. oleae , it was found that males’ attraction is affected by the level of pheromone emission and the attractant power of the pheromone is reduced at release rates below and above the optimum values obtained. However, C. capitata males’ response to its parapheromone trimedlure was asymptotic, so an optimum emission value was not found and higher quantities of parapheromone attracted the same number of flies. Scientific literature on obtaining pheromone dispensers with optimum emission rates is scarce and it is, however, essential to develop pest control methods based on attraction. Finally, the third part of this thesis describes the detailed study on the volatiles emitted by different cases of males and females of C. capitata , to identify compounds and blends with potential attractancy by means of solid-phase microextraction (SPME), a technique not employed before for this matter, and the principal components analysis (PCA). Obtaining new effective attractants for C. capitata females would provide with a great advantage to control this fruit fly pest. ÍNDICE GENERAL…………………………………………………….... i ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS………………………………………………....... ix ÍNDICE DE TABLAS…………………………………………………….. xv LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS…………………………………………… xvii ÍNDICE GENERAL INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL ………..……………………………………………. 1 1. Métodos de lucha contra plagas basados en semioquímicos….…. 3 1.1 Las feromonas de insectos ……………………………………….…. 4 1.2 Aislamiento e id entificación de feromonas …………………….… 6 1.3 Aplicación de las feromonas …………………………………….….. 7 1.3.1 Detección y seguimiento de poblaciones………………….…. 7 1.3.2 Métodos directos de control………………………………….…
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