Field Guide to Insects and Diseases of Arizona and New Mexico Forests

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Field Guide to Insects and Diseases of Arizona and New Mexico Forests

Cone and Seed Insects Pine Seed Chalcid Megastigmus albifrons (Walker) Host: Ponderosa pine Symptoms/signs: Adults are antlike in appearance and range in color from yellow to black or brown. Females have a long, curved ovipositor. The larvae are small, white and legless. The outer seedcoat develops normally and shows no evidence of an oviposited egg. Figure 156. Larva and seed When adults emerge they leave a small damage caused by the pine round hole in the seedcoat. seed chalcid. Biology: Adult emergence lasts for about a month in spring. Females may mate or reproduce parthenogenetically. Eggs are oviposited through the young scales of developing cones directly into the seed. Usually one egg is laid per seed. The larva matures in the seed, consuming its entire contents. The insect overwinters in the seed and pupates in early spring. Some adults emerge at this time while others may diapause for up to 3 years. Effects: Pine seed chalcid can cause a large percentage of cull seed in commercial seed production operations. Since it is very difficult to distinguish between healthy and inhabited seed, insects are unknowingly transported. Similar Insects and Diseases: There are a variety of cone and seed feeding insects in the West. Larvae of the family Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) may cause similar reductions in seed production; however, the larvae are not voracious feeders and damage to cones and conelets results from gall formation on the seed scale which prevents seed dispersal. Other species of insects that feed in seeds and cones of ponderosa pine in the Southwest include ponderosa pine cone beetle (Conophthorus ponderosae), pine coneworm (Dioryctria auranticella), and the ponderosa pine seed moth (Laspeyresia piperana). References: 3, 15 98.

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Cone and Seed Insects of Southwestern White Pine Daniel E
Forest Insect & Disease Leaflet 189 March 2020 U.S. D ep ar t ment of Ag r ic u lture • Forest S er v ice Cone and Seed Insects of Southwestern White Pine Daniel E. DePinte1, Kristen M. Waring2, and Monica L. Gaylord3 Introduction Southwestern white pine, Pinus stro biformis Engelm. (SWWP), like other western pines, has a guild of insect spe cies that feed on its cones and seeds. Those described here are the most commonly observed pests with a his tory of causing damage to SWWP cone and seed production. They are taxo nomically diverse, and include species of Hemiptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Hymenoptera. Host Distribution Southwestern white pine is a five- needled pine found throughout Figure 1. Distribution of southwestern white mixed conifer forests of the American pine in U.S. and Mexico (Shirk et al 2018). Southwest and Sierra Madre Occidental It is a major source of sustenance Mountains of Mexico (Figure 1). In for wildlife with its relatively large, the United States SWWP typically nutrient rich seeds. SWWP has been co-occurs with other species; very known to hybridize with limber pine rarely occurring as a pure stand at (P. flexilis). SWWP is also susceptible elevations from 7,000 to 10,000 feet to the non-native invasive pathogen, above sea level. It plays a critical role Cronartium ribicola (J. C. Fisch), which in early seral stages of forest succes causes white pine blister rust. When a sion and is a vital component of mixed SWWP tree is approximately 15 years conifer forest types.
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A Field Guide to Diseases and Insect Pests of Northern and Central
2013 Reprint with Minor Revisions A FIELD GUIDE TO DISEASES & INSECT PESTS OF NORTHERN & CENTRAL ROCKY MOUNTAIN CONIFERS HAGLE GIBSON TUNNOCK United States Forest Service Department of Northern and Agriculture Intermountain Regions United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service State and Private Forestry Northern Region P.O. Box 7669 Missoula, Montana 59807 Intermountain Region 324 25th Street Ogden, UT 84401 http://www.fs.usda.gov/main/r4/forest-grasslandhealth Report No. R1-03-08 Cite as: Hagle, S.K.; Gibson, K.E.; and Tunnock, S. 2003. Field guide to diseases and insect pests of northern and central Rocky Mountain conifers. Report No. R1-03-08. (Reprinted in 2013 with minor revisions; B.A. Ferguson, Montana DNRC, ed.) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, State and Private Forestry, Northern and Intermountain Regions; Missoula, Montana, and Ogden, Utah. 197 p. Formated for online use by Brennan Ferguson, Montana DNRC. Cover Photographs Conk of the velvet-top fungus, cause of Schweinitzii root and butt rot. (Photographer, Susan K. Hagle) Larvae of Douglas-fir bark beetles in the cambium of the host. (Photographer, Kenneth E. Gibson) FIELD GUIDE TO DISEASES AND INSECT PESTS OF NORTHERN AND CENTRAL ROCKY MOUNTAIN CONIFERS Susan K. Hagle, Plant Pathologist (retired 2011) Kenneth E. Gibson, Entomologist (retired 2010) Scott Tunnock, Entomologist (retired 1987, deceased) 2003 This book (2003) is a revised and expanded edition of the Field Guide to Diseases and Insect Pests of Idaho and Montana Forests by Hagle, Tunnock, Gibson, and Gilligan; first published in 1987 and reprinted in its original form in 1990 as publication number R1-89-54.
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WHITE PINE CONE BEETLE (Conophthorus Ponderosae)
Cone and Seed Insect Pest Leaflet No. 11 British Columbia Ministry of Forests and Range, Tree Improvement Branch, Saanichton, BC WHITE PINE CONE BEETLE (Conophthorus ponderosae) Conophthorus ponderosae adult on white pine cone (D. Manastyrski) TAXONOMY: Order: Coleoptera (beetles) Family: Curculionidae: Scolytinae (bark beetles) HOSTS: Various pine species. In British Columbia, particularly western white pine (Pinus monticola), but also ponderosa pine (P. ponderosae) and, less commonly, lodgepole pine (P. contorta). DISTRIBUTION: Western North America from southern Yukon Territory, through British Columbia and the western United States to the Sierra Madre Range in Mexico. DAMAGE: Conophthorus ponderosae can be a serious pest of western white pine cones. Adult female beetles tunnel into the base of second year cones, severing the conductive tissue, and killing the cones. Pitch tubes and boring dust are often evident at the attack site on cone bases. Beetle larvae tunnel within the killed cones and destroy all developing seeds. Attacked cones may remain on the tree but usually fall to the ground in early summer. Pitch tubes of Conophthorus ponderosae at base of cones in western white pine (S. Kegley) 2 Cone and Seed Insect Pest Leaflet No.11 White Pine Cone Beetle (Conophthorus ponderosae) Conophthorus ponderosae damaged and undamaged cones (S. Kegley) IMPORTANCE: Up to 90% of a cone crop can be destroyed; seed mortality is 100% within each infested cone. Female cone beetles generally lay their full egg complement in one cone only. This insect has not yet become an issue in British Columbia seed orchards but it causes considerable damage in natural stands (e.g., in the naturally blister-rust-resistant western white pine stands on Texada Island).
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Repellency and Toxicity of Conophthorus Ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) by the Host Monoterpene Myrcene
Repellency and Toxicity of Conophthorus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) by the Host Monoterpene Myrcene Brian M. Shirley and Stephen Cook Seed orchards produce high-quality seed from selected tree genotypes. In the intermountain west, Conophthorus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) is a pest in seed orchards of ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa (Laws). The effect of myrcene as a deterrent to cone attack by C. ponderosae in a ponderosa pine seed orchard was examined. Two factors were considered, timing of cone cluster attack and average brood production per cone cluster. There was a delayed Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/wjaf/article/22/4/241/4717750 by guest on 01 October 2021 attack by C. ponderosae on cones treated with vials of myrcene attached at the base of cone clusters. During both 2003 and 2004, final brood production per cone was not affected significantly by the presence of myrcene. During 2003, brood production was influenced by the timing of attack, with later attacks resulting in fewer brood adults per cone cluster. The toxicity of myrcene to adult C. ponderosae was examined in a laboratory and compared with that of ABSTRACT (ϩ)-␣-pinene, another host-produced monoterpene that acts as a synergist for the male attractant pheromone pityol. Keywords: Conophthorus ponderosae, monoterpene, ponderosa pine, repellency, myrcene, toxicity onifer seed orchards are used to produce high-quality seed nisms of the tree. The girdling also causes seed abortion, but the from selected tree genotypes. Because the orchards are ex- cones of ponderosa pine typically remain attached to the stem. After Cpensive to establish and require intensive management, successfully attacking a cone, female C.
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Cone and Seed Insects and Their Impact on Whitebark Pine
FFoorreesstt HHeeaalltthh PPrrootteeccttiioonn Report 01-6 May 2001 CONE AND SEED INSECTS AND THEIR IMPACT ON WHITEBARK PINE Sandra Kegley, Nancy Sturdevant, Jack Stein, Beth Willhite, Paul Flanagan, Julie Weatherby, and Michael Marsden ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Whitebark pine, Pinus albicaulis Engelm. is an Whitebark pine, Pinus albicaulis Engelm., plays important but declining high-elevation tree a key role in the survival and distribution of species in western forests. Regeneration of this wildlife species such as the grizzly bear (Ursus species has been difficult and the impact of cone arctos horribilis Ord), Clark's nutcracker and seed insects unknown. Seven sites (Nucifraga columbiana Wilson) and the red selected from the geographical range of squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) by providing whitebark pine in Idaho, Montana, Washington, a high protein food source with its seeds and Oregon, and California were examined for cone cones (Tomback 1978, Kendall 1983). Kendall and seed insects and their impact. Ten different and Arno (1990) indicate that long-term declines insect species were found affecting various in cone production may affect wildlife community reproductive structures of whitebark pine. dynamics and emphasize the importance of Insects having the greatest impact across most adequate and consistent cone crops. As one of sites were fir coneworm (Dioryctria abietivorella few tree species that grow in the subalpine (Grote)) and western conifer seed bug community, whitebark pine plays an important (Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann). role in watershed stabilization (Mumma 1990) Coneworms infested up to 68% of cones and recreation and esthetic values (Cole 1990). collected, destroying up to 13% of the seed Research has recently documented the rapid extracted.
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Pest Categorisation of Non‐
SCIENTIFIC OPINION ADOPTED: 20 November 2019 doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.5934 Pest categorisation of non-EU Scolytinae of coniferous hosts EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH), Claude Bragard, Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz, Francesco Di Serio, Paolo Gonthier, Marie-Agnes Jacques, Josep Anton Jaques Miret, Annemarie Fejer Justesen, Alan MacLeod, Christer Sven Magnusson, Juan A Navas-Cortes, Stephen Parnell, Roel Potting, Philippe Lucien Reignault, Hans-Hermann Thulke, Wopke Van der Werf, Antonio Vicent Civera, Jonathan Yuen, Lucia Zappala, Jean-Claude Gregoire, Virag Kertesz, Franz Streissl and Panagiotis Milonas Abstract The Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of non-EU Scolytinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) of coniferous hosts (hereafter NESC). NESC occur worldwide, and some species are important forest pests. Species can be identiﬁed using taxonomic keys and molecular methods. Most NESC species (bark beetles) live in the inner bark of their hosts (phloem and cambium), while the remaining species mostly colonise the sapwood (ambrosia beetles). Bark- and ambrosia beetles are often associated with symbiotic fungi, which behave as pathogens towards the host trees, or are used as food by ambrosia beetle larvae. The larvae live in individual tunnels or in communal chambers. Pupation occurs in the wood or in the bark. Some species are semi- or multivoltine, others are monovoltine. Some species attack and kill living, apparently healthy trees. Other species specialise in weakened, dying or dead trees. The pathways for entry are cut branches, cones, round wood with or without bark, sawn wood with or without bark, wood packaging material, bark, manufactured wood items and wood chips and plants for planting (including seeds) of conifers.
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Proceedings of a Workshop on Bark Beetle Genetics: Current Status of Research. May 17-18, 1992, Berkeley, California
United States Department of Agriculture Proceedings of a Workshop Forest Service Pacific Southwest on Bark Beetle Genetics: Research Station General Technical Report PSW-GTR-138 Current Status of Research May 17-18, 1992, Berkeley, California Hayes, Jane L.; Robertson, Jacqueline L, tech. coords. 1992. Proceedings of a workshop on bark beetle genetics: current status of research. May 17-18, 1992, Berkeley, California. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-138. Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; 31 p. The Proceedings reports the results of a workshop focusing on the topic of bark beetle genetics. The workshop evolved because of the growing interest in this relatively unexplored area of bark beetle research. Workshop participants submitted brief descriptions of their views of the current status of bark beetle genetic research and needs for the future. Contributions vary from broad overviews to detailed descriptions of specific projects. A common theme is the potential for rapid advances in this area of research given recent technological advances in the field of genetics. Also included is an extensive reference list. Retrieval Terms: Dendroctonus species, Ips species, scolytid genetics, taxonomy Dedication We dedicate this report to the memory of Gerald Lanier, a valued colleague to all who share an interest in bark beetle research, and a dear friend of many of the workshop participants. It is particularly fitting that we pay tribute to Gerry for his pioneering efforts in bark beetle genetics and in recognition of his lasting contributions in the area of scolytid systematics. Technical Coordinators: Jane L. Hayes is a research entomologist and Project Leader of the Ecology, Behavior, and Management of Southern Pine Beetle Unit of the Southern Forest Experiment Station, USDA Forest Service, 2500 Shreveport Highway, Pineville, LA 71360.
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Cone and Twig Beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) of the Genus Conophthorus; an Annotated Bibliography
CONE AND TWIG BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) OF THE GENUS CONOPHTHORUS; AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY FPM-X-76 by Peter de Groot FOREST PEST MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE CANADIAN FORESTRY SERVICE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA P.O. BOX 490 SAULT STE. MARIE, ONTARIO P6A 5M7 1986 © Minister of Supply and Service?. Canada, 1986 Catalogue No. Fo46-16/76E ISSN: O7O4-772X ISBN: 0-661-14986-6 Additional copies of this publication are available from: Liaison and Information Services Fcrest Pest Management. Institute Canadian Forestry Service Department of Agriculture P.O. Box 490 Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario Canada, P6A 5M7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Foreword ii Acknowledgements . ... iii Bibliography Author Index Species Index 34 Subject Index " •••••■■•■•-...., 36 FOREWORD Beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) of the genus Conophthorus infest cones and twigs of pine, Pinus spp. and rank among the most destructive of North American cone and seed insects (Hedlin et al 1980). The genus was erected by Hopkins (1915) to accommodate 15 species found in North America. McPherson (1970b) and Wood (1962 1971, 1977a, 1978a, 1978b, and 1980) have since added new species, and Wood (1977b) has synonymized several species named by Hopkins. The present day total is 14 species (wood 1982); namely: apachecae Hop kins; bankslanae McPherson; cembroides Wood; conicolens Wood- coniperda (Schwarz) synonyms clunicus Hopkins and taedae Hopkins- echinatae Wood; edulis Hopkins; mexicanus Wood; raichoacanae Wood; monophyllae Hopkins; ponderosae Hopkins synonyms conbortae Hopkins, flexilis Hopkins, lambertianae Hopkins, monticolae Hopkins and scopu- lorum Hopkins; radiatae Hopkins; resinosae Hopkins, synonym virginia- nae Hopkins,- and teocotum Wood. This annotated bibliography contains 91 references on Conoph thorus. These references address some aspect of biology, control ecology, or taxonomy.
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Cuticular Hydrocarbon Research1
Cuticular Hydrocarbon Research1 Marion Page2 We have been studying existing taxonomies of forest in- types. Two phenotypes within a species were so different that sects that are based on morphological, genetic and/or behav we used these data as a basis for proposing two subspecies, Z. ioral characteristics to evaluate the utility of cuticular (surface) nevadensis nevadensis and Z. nevadensis nuttingi. hydrocarbons as taxonomic characters (Haverty and others Confident that we were capable of proceeding with our 1988, 1989, Page and others 1990a, 1990b). Cuticular hydro- original purpose involving cone beetles, we embarked on stud carbons are relatively stable metabolic end products that appear ies of Conophthorus spp. and [testing hypothesis on] select to be genetically fixed. Because the insects studied so far species of forest insects. We conducted a study to determine the synthesize all or most of their hydrocarbon components, hydro- degree of similarity or diversity or both among eight of the 15 carbon composition and taxonomic grouping should be related. described species of Conophthorus (Page and others 1990a). Ideally, we would use these chemical characters much as clas From these species we identified 140 hydrocarbons occurring sical taxonomists use morphology, behavior or genetics, i.e., to as individual and isomeric mixtures. Many hydrocarbons were sort the groups of insects on the basis of surface chemical species specific. We discovered that the relatedness of hydro- characters first, rather than after groups have already been carbon profiles for each species parallels existing morphologi sorted on the basis of existing (nonchemical) character criteria. cal keys. These data support the synonymy of C.
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Mitochondrial Phylogeny of Pine Cone Beetles (Scolytinae, Conophthorus) and Their Ayliation with Geographic Area and Host
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36 (2005) 494–508 www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Mitochondrial phylogeny of pine cone beetles (Scolytinae, Conophthorus) and their aYliation with geographic area and host Anthony I. Cognato a,¤, Nancy E. Gillette b, Rodolfo Campos Bolaños c, Felix A.H. Sperling d a Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA b USDA Forest Service, PaciWc Southwest Research Station, Berkeley, CA 94701, USA c Colegio De Postgraduados, Montecillo, Texcoco, Edo. De Mexico, Mexico d Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada T6G 2E9 Received 11 June 2004; revised 25 March 2005; accepted 25 April 2005 Available online 20 July 2005 Abstract Pine cone beetles (Conophthorus spp.) feed and kill immature cones of Pinus species, thereby reducing seed production and seriously impairing reforestation of forest ecosystems. Population variation of Conophthorus reproductive behavior has hampered the develop- ment of semiochemical control of these pests. This diYculty is compounded by a lack of taxonomic knowledge and species diagnostic characters. Researchers and managers rely, in part, on host associations and geographic locality for species identiWcations and these have arguable taxonomic utility. However, host use and/or geographic separation may inXuence Conophthorus lineage diversiWcation. To improve Conophthorus taxonomy and understand the association of host and geography with lineage diversiWcation, a phylogeny of 43 individuals, including all valid species and a robust sample of C. ponderosae from diVerent hosts, is reconstructed using 785 nucleotides of the 3Ј-end of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene. Thirty trees were recovered in a parsimony analysis and the strict consen- sus was well resolved and supported by branch support measures.
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Insect and Plant Interactions Have Undeniably Influenced
POPULATION GENETIC STRUCTURE OF CONOPHTHORUS PONDEROSAE HOPKINS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) INFERRED FROM MITOCHONDRIAL DNA HAPLOTYPES A Thesis by KATRINA LOUISE MENARD Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE August 2006 Major Subject: Entomology POPULATION GENETIC STRUCTURE OF CONOPHTHORUS PONDEROSAE HOPKINS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) INFERRED FROM MITOCHONDRIAL DNA HAPLOTYPES A Thesis by KATRINA LOUISE MENARD Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Approved by: Chair of Committee, Anthony Cognato Committee members, Rodney Honeycutt Robert Wharton Jim Woolley Head of Department, Kevin Heinz August 2006 Major Subject: Entomology iii ABSTRACT Population Genetic Structure of Conophthorus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Haplotypes. (August 2006) Katrina Louise Menard, B.S., The College of William and Mary Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Anthony Cognato Pine cone beetles (Conophthorus sp.) are serious pests of many forest ecosystems since they burrow into pine cone tissues for egg deposition, causing the death of the seeds. Management of these beetles in natural and commercial stands of pines has been problematic due to lack of understanding about species limits and distribution. This study was conducted to investigate the phylogeography and phylogenetics of the genus. Several species represented by disjunct populations appear to be monophyletic including Conophthorus edulis, C. mexicanus, C. coniperda, and C. conicollens, whereas C. ponderosae is polyphyletic with many distinct clades isolated by geography. This study explored whether host use or geography has played a greater role in the diversification of this genus, focusing on the polyphyletic C.
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49. Seed and Cone Insects Alex C
Conifer and Hardwood Insects 49. Seed and Cone Insects Alex C. Mangini Hosts In the South, loblolly, longleaf, slash, and shortleaf pines are hosts. The primary Seed and cone insects are not nursery pests are the leaffooted pine seed bug, pests in the strict sense; they are L. corculus, and five coneworm species. seldom found on nursery trees. They Additional pests include the shieldbacked are important because they destroy seed pine seed bug, Tetyra bipunctata, and available for planting in nurseries. These several seed worm species. Slash pine insects are mostly conifer pests, but some is also attacked by the slash pine flower affect hardwoods. Most conifer nurseries thrips, Gnophothrips fuscus. A serious rely on seed grown in managed seed eastern white pine pest is Conophthorus orchards that are located in the South and coniperda, the white pine cone beetle. Figure 49.2—A female cone beetle, Conophthorus Pacific Northwest; some are in the upper species, excavating a gallery along the axis of a Midwest. Insects damage acorn crops in In the Western States, Douglasfir, developing pine cone. She will deposit eggs along Southern oak orchards. western hemlock, western redcedar, and the gallery. Photo by Steven Katovich, USDA Forest Service, at western larch are hosts, as are ponderosa, http://www.bugwood.org. The major conifer seed and cone insects lodgepole, sugar, western white, and other are the coneworms, Dioryctria species pines. The western conifer seed bug, (fig.49.1); cone beetles,Conophthorus L. occidentalis, is a Douglasfir, pine, and species (fig. 49.2); seed bugs, Leptoglos grand fir pest.
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