Decrease in Dengue Virus-2 Infection and Reduction of Cytokine/Chemokine Production by Uncaria Guianensis in Human Hepatocyte Cell Line Huh-7
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458 Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Vol. 112(6): 458-468, June 2017 Decrease in Dengue virus-2 infection and reduction of cytokine/chemokine production by Uncaria guianensis in human hepatocyte cell line Huh-7 Cíntia da Silva Mello1, Ligia Maria Marino Valente2, Thiago Wolff2, Raimundo Sousa Lima-Junior1,3, Luciana Gomes Fialho1, Cintia Ferreira Marinho1, Elzinandes Leal Azeredo1, Luzia Maria Oliveira-Pinto1, Rita de Cássia Alves Pereira4, Antonio Carlos Siani5, Claire Fernandes Kubelka1/+ 1Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Imunologia Viral, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil 2Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil 3Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Escola Normal Superior, Manaus, AM, Brasil 4Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil 5Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil BACKGROUND Dengue fever may present hemorrhages and cavitary effusions as result of exacerbated immune responses. We investigated hydro-alcoholic extracts from leaves (UGL) and bark (UGB) of the medicinal species Uncaria guinanensis with respect to antiviral effects in Dengue virus (DENV) infection and in immunological parameters associated with in vivo physiopathological features. METHODS Chemical profiles from UGB or UGL were compared in thin layer chromatography and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance using flavonoid compounds and a pentacyclic oxindole alkaloid-enriched fraction as references. DENV-2-infected hepatocytes (Huh-7) were treated with extracts. Cell viability, DENV antigens and immunological factors were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or flow cytometry. FINDINGS The UGL mainly differed from UGB by selectively containing the flavonoid kaempferitrin. UGB and UGL improved hepatocyte viability. Both extracts reduced intracellular viral antigen and inhibited the secretion of viral non-structural protein (NS1), which is indicative of viral replication. Reduction in secretion of macrophage migration inhibitory factor was achieved by UGB, of interleukin-6 by UGL, and of interleukin-8 by both UGB and UGL. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The U. guianensis extracts presented, antiviral and immunomodulatory effects for DENV and possibly a hepatocyte-protective activity. Further studies may be performed to consider these products as potential candidates for the development of an herbal product for the future treatment of dengue. Key words: dengue - Uncaria guianensis - traditional medicine - immunomodulation - antivirals - kaempferitrin Dengue virus (DENV) belongs to the genus Flavi- tions may occur as well (WHO/TDR 2009). It is well known virus, family Flaviviridae and is an enveloped positive that a cytokine storm occurs because of immunological ac- sense RNA virus consisting in four closely-related but tivation after DENV infection, exerting a crucial effect in antigenically distinct serotypes known to co-circulate the endothelial permeability (Srikiatkhachorn 2009). (DENV1-4) (WHO/TDR 2009). Dengue fever is an an- Alterations in hepatic functionality are commonly de- cient and well adapted human acute viral fever, causing scribed during dengue fever, including the increase in plas- mild symptoms in most cases. However, about ten per- ma aminotransferases and higher cytokine/chemokine cir- cent patients evolve to severity, and the infection is cur- culation may be associated with liver dysfunctions in acute rently considered as the most important emergent and dengue (Ferreira et al. 2015). Hepatocytes are considered re-emergent disease in respect to morbidity and mortal- one of the DENV targets for infection (Limonta et al. 2007) ity. In Brazil, it is placed among one of the most serious and hepatocyte-derived cell lines have been used as targets public health issues, and it had been reported about 1.5 for in vitro infection models (Chuang et al. 2011). million cases until the 37th week of 2016 (MS 2017). The species Uncaria tomentosa and U. guianensis (Ru- In severe cases, vascular permeability leading to hypo- biaceae) known as cat’s claw, unha-de-gato (Brazil) or uña- tension may evolve to shock and hemorrhagic manifesta- de-gato (Spanish America) are large woody vines, distrib- uted from Central to South America, that have been used in traditional medicine largely in similar ways to treat several inflammatory and degenerative based illnesses, such as doi: 10.1590/0074-02760160323 arthritis, diabetes, cancer, gastric ulcers, fevers and hem- Financial support: Rede de Plataformas Tecnológicas RPT11D/VPPLR, orrhages (Jones 1995, Zevallos-Pollito & Tomazello 2006). Programa de Excelência em Pesquisa (PROEP-CNPq/IOC), Farmanguinhos In previous studies we have reported the antiviral and FIOCRUZ, CNPq, FAPERJ, CAPES. immunomodulatory activities of U. tomentosa on human + Corresponding author: [email protected] Received 15 July 2016 monocytes infected with DENV-2 (Reis et al. 2008). Here, Accepted 4 March 2017 by adopting an in vitro DENV infection model with the online | memorias.ioc.fiocruz.br U. guianensis effects on dengue infection • Cíntia da Silva Mello et al. 459 hepatocyte cell line Huh-7 as target cell, we determined and cell culture supernatants were harvested eight days the inhibitory effects of hydro-alcoholic crude extracts later when cytopathic effect was observed. A concen- from leaves and bark of U. guianensis assessed by virus trated DENV-2 stock was obtained by ultracentrifugation load and inflammatory cytokine/chemokine production. at 100,000 g for 1 h and set to a final volume 20 times MATERIALS AND METHODS smaller than initial (Gandini et al. 2013). Titration was performed in C6/36 cells using a standard TCID50 (50% Plant material, extraction and extract fingerprints - tissue culture infective dose) assay as described elsewhere U. guianensis was collected from wild in Rio Branco, (Torrentes-Carvalho et al. 2009). Uninfected flasks were Acre state, Brazil. The material was identified by the maintained, also concentrated and used as negative con- botanist Mario Gomes and a voucher specimen was de- trol (MOCK). Infectivity of ultracentrifuged virus inocu- posited at the Herbarium of the Instituto de Biologia of lum was comparable with the original C6/36 supernatant the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, un- regarding to concentrated volumes. It presented a titer of 7 der number RFA 36973. TCID50 = 5 x 10 /mL and was used at 1/100 dilution in Dried and sieved leaves (787 g) and bark (528 g) Huh-7 assays. For control assays, the DENV-2 was inacti- were extracted at room temperature with ethanol/water vated by incubating the inoculum for 30 min/56ºC. 1:1 v/v. The solvents were removed under low pressure Huh-7 cell line - Human hepatocellular carcinoma yielding 187 g and 18 g of the dried extracts respectively. cell line (Huh-7) were cultured in Dulbecco’s complete The thin layer chromatography (TLC) analyses were medium and supplemented with 10% FCS, 2 mM de L- performed in pre-coated silica gel 60 F254 (Merck) glutamine, 100 µg/mL streptomycin and 100 U/mL de plates using: (a) mobile phase hexane/ethyl acetate 5:95 penicillin, all from Gibco, Life Technologies. Cells were v/v and UV irradiation at 254 nm followed by spraying maintained at 37ºC with 5% CO until 80% confluence. with Dragendorff reagent/sodium nitrite 10% to visu- 2 alise spots, for alkaloid profiles (Valente et al. 2006); Cytotoxicity assay by MTT - UGB and UGL stock and (b) mobile phase ethyl acetate/formic acid/acetic solutions were prepared in 1% de DMSO and PBS pH acid/water 100:11:11:27 v/v and, to visualise spots: (b.1) 7.2-7.4 and gamma irradiated 200 rads for five hours. UV irradiation at 365 nm, (b.2.) spraying with NP re- Huh-7 cells were plated in 96-well flat microtiter 5 agent and sequential UV irradiation at 365 nm and (b.3) plates (10 cells/well) with Dulbecco’s complete and spraying with iron chloride 10% solution, for flavonoid supplemented medium with 10% FBS until 80% conflu- profiles (Wagner & Bladt 2009). Aliquots of 10 mL of ence. Cells were further incubated with serial dilutions methanol solutions at concentrations of 50 mg/mL for from UGB and UGL extracts. For performing cytotoxic- the extracts and 5 mg/mL for the references were applied ity assay cells medium was replaced by RPMi 1640 me- to the plates. The 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) dium without phenol red (Gibco, Life Technologies) and spectra were recorded at 25ºC on a Varian VNMRS500 10% MTT reagent (Vybrant® MTT Cell Proliferation (500 MHz) spectrometer in 5 mm NMR tubes, 18.1 mg Assay Kit, Life Technologies) and incubated 4 h at 37ºC [U. guianensis hydro-alcoholic extracts from leaves with 5% CO2. Optical densities (OD) were determined (UGL)] and 18.7 mg [U. guianensis hydro-alcoholic ex- at SpectraMax, Molecular Devices with Paradigm Soft- tracts from bark (UGB)] in 0.6 mL of deuterated dimeth- ware SoftMax® Pro 6, at 620 - 570 nm. yl sulfoxide (DMSO-d6, Tedia) and solvent as internal Huh-7 infection with DENV-2 and UGB and UGL reference. The alkaloid-rich fraction (UTAF) used as treatment - Huh-7 cells were plated in 96-well flat mi- reference for the alkaloid profiles was obtained by acid- crotiter plates (105 cells/well) with Dulbecco’s complete base partition from an ethanol/water 1:1 v/v extract of and supplemented medium without FBS and viral inocu- U. tomentosa bark and sequentially authenticated as a lum was added at dilution 1/100. After the 2 h absorption mixture of the six pentacyclic oxindole alkaloids (POA) period at 37ºC with 5% CO2 supernatants were replaced currently considered as the U. tomentosa marker (Reis et by serial dilutions of UGB or UGL in 2% FBS. Dexameth- al. 2008). Catechin was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich asone (0.1 mM) was used as positive control for antiviral and kaempferitrin was previously isolated from U. guia- activity (Reis et al. 2007). After the incubation period su- nensis leaves (Valente et al.