O Papel Da Mulher No Microcrédito Na Guiné-Bissau – Estudo De

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O Papel Da Mulher No Microcrédito Na Guiné-Bissau – Estudo De Universidade Técnica de Lisboa INSTITUTO SUPERIOR DE ECONOMIA E GESTÃO Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação Internacional O Papel da Mulher no Microcrédito na Guiné-Bissau – Estudo de Caso em Pitche e em Pirada Cátia Sofia Nobre Lopes Orientação - Professora Doutora Iolanda Évora Lisboa, Setembro de 2011 Dedicatória Ao meu pai. O papel da Mulher no Microcrédito na Guiné-Bissau – Estudo de Caso de Pitche e Pirada 2 Agradecimentos Um agradecimento especial à minha mãe, sempre preocupada e atenta, tornando-se sem se aperceber, um porto seguro nos momentos mais difíceis. Ao meu irmão Wilson, pela preocupação e incentivo à conclusão. Agradeço à Professora Iolanda Évora, pela ajuda e orientação prestada para a elaboração deste trabalho. Agradeço também a todas as pessoas que me apoiaram na Guiné-Bissau, de modo a conseguir todas as informações necessárias para a realização deste trabalho, em especial, as mulheres beneficiárias do projecto, Samba Embalo, Braima Baldé e Eupremio Scarpa. Às entidades que me apoiaram com o fornecimento de dados, ISU e DIVUTEC. Ao David, por fazer parte da minha vida, permitindo-me a si recorrer durante a realização deste trabalho. Aos meus familiares, amigos, isuítas e colegas de mestrado, que acreditaram em mim e que me apoiaram com palavras de incentivo e disponibilidade para ajudar no que fosse necessário. Um agradecimento especial à Inês e à Leonor. Aos citados e a todos aqueles que directamente ou indirectamente, contribuíram para a realização deste trabalho, o meu muito obrigada! O papel da Mulher no Microcrédito na Guiné-Bissau – Estudo de Caso de Pitche e Pirada 3 Resumo A dissertação pretende abordar a temática do Papel da Mulher no Microcrédito na Guiné-Bissau: É uma vantagem esta ser a figura central neste processo? Mais de metade da população guineense é composta por mulheres, que desempenham um papel fundamental na tradição familiar. As mulheres são responsáveis pela família e gestão da casa, educação dos filhos e muitas vezes executoras de actividades económicas tais como a agricultura ou a pesca. São simultaneamente agentes de educação e agentes económicos. No entanto, as mulheres representam um grupo muito fragilizado, mais vulnerável e propenso à pobreza, pelo que são necessárias medidas para diminuir essa realidade e torná-las agentes económicos e com poder social. Assim o principal objectivo desta dissertação é mostrar como o papel da mulher é fulcral numa das medidas a ser implementadas para essa mudança, que é o processo de atribuição de microcréditos às comunidades com menos acessos a recursos, na Guiné-Bissau. Demonstrando as funções e os papéis sociais da mulher no processo de microcrédito, será possível entender a vantagem da mesma no sucesso deste sistema. Palavras-chave: microcrédito, mulheres, género, Guiné-Bissau. O papel da Mulher no Microcrédito na Guiné-Bissau – Estudo de Caso de Pitche e Pirada 4 Abstract This dissertation aims to address of the Role of Women with regards to Microcredit in Guinea-Bissau. Questioning whether it is advantageous to be the central figure within this process? More than half of the Guinean population consists of women, who play a key role in the family tradition. Women are responsible for the management of both family and home, educating their children and often executing economic activities such as agriculture or fishing. They are both educational and economical agents. However, women represent a very fragile, vulnerable part of the population. Political policies are needed to assist women to take their rightful place with society, both economically and socially. Thus the main objective of dissertation is to show how the role of women is one of the key measures to be implemented for this change, by allocating microcredits to communities with less access to various resources in Guinea-Bissau. Demonstrating the functions and roles of women in micro processes, we can understand the advantage of providing women with much needed capital to enhance both themselves and their respective communities. Key-words: microcredit, women, gender, Guinea-Bissau. O papel da Mulher no Microcrédito na Guiné-Bissau – Estudo de Caso de Pitche e Pirada 5 Índice Introdução................................................................................................................. 10 Parte I – Contextualização Teórica ......................................................................... 13 1 - Pobreza ............................................................................................................ 13 2 - Género ............................................................................................................. 16 3 - Microcrédito .................................................................................................... 19 3.1 – Microcrédito e as mulheres .................................................................... 22 4 – Guiné-Bissau .................................................................................................. 23 4.1 – Breve contextualização da Guiné-Bissau ............................................... 23 4.2 – Pobreza na Guiné-Bissau ........................................................................ 25 4.3 – Sectores de Pitche e de Pirada ................................................................ 28 Parte II – A mulher na sociedade guineense.......................................................... 29 Parte III – Papel da mulher no microcrédito na Guiné-Bissau ............................. 32 1 – Estudo de caso: Projecto de Luta Contra a Pobreza através do Micro- crédito - Pitche e Pirada ....................................................................................... 32 2 – As beneficiárias de microcrédito ................................................................... 34 3 – Papel e vantagens ........................................................................................... 41 Considerações Finais ............................................................................................... 43 Referências Bibliográficas ........................................................................................ 45 Anexos....................................................................................................................... 49 O papel da Mulher no Microcrédito na Guiné-Bissau – Estudo de Caso de Pitche e Pirada 6 Lista de Quadros e Figuras Quadros Quadro 1 – Pobreza Monetária ............................................................................... 25 Quadro 2 – População da Guiné-Bissau ................................................................. 26 Quadro 1 – Grupos de Entrevistados ..................................................................... 36 Figuras Figura 1 – Mapa da Guiné-Bissau ........................................................................... 24 O papel da Mulher no Microcrédito na Guiné-Bissau – Estudo de Caso de Pitche e Pirada 7 Lista de Acrónimos AGR – Actividades Geradora de Rendimento BM – Banco Mundial DENARP – Documento de Estratégia Nacional de Redução da Pobreza DIVUTEC – Associação Guineense de Estudos e Divulgação de Tecnologias Apropriadas IDH – Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano ILAP - Inquérito Ligeiro sobre a Avaliação da Pobreza IPH – Índice de Pobreza Humana ISU – Instituto de Solidariedade e Cooperação Universitária ODM – Objectivos do Desenvolvimento do Milénio OECD – Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ONG – Organização Não Governamental ONGD – Organização Não Governamental para o Desenvolvimento PIB – Produto Interno Bruto PLPC – Projecto de Luta Contra a Pobreza PNUD – Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento O papel da Mulher no Microcrédito na Guiné-Bissau – Estudo de Caso de Pitche e Pirada 8 A função da mulher no microcrédito, é honrar o compromisso que lhe foi atribuído e têm conseguido fazê-lo. Testemunho de mulher entrevistada, 2011 O papel da Mulher no Microcrédito na Guiné-Bissau – Estudo de Caso de Pitche e Pirada 9 Introdução O papel da mulher e a importância da sua participação social é fundamental para o estudo da pobreza. Sendo o microcrédito uma das medidas para a luta contra a pobreza, o reconhecimento do papel da mulher e da sua importância no microcrédito é importante para a emancipação das mesmas. A nível mundial, o peso de intervenção da mulher tem aumentado no desenvolvimento, na mudança de paradigmas sociais e na mudança de mentalidades. O continente africano não foge à regra e a nível social, as mulheres começam a assumir novos papéis, quer nas relações familiares, quer a nível das comunidades, quer a nível mais alargado na sociedade, surgindo com isso, uma redefinição dos papéis de género. Num Relatório do antigo Secretário-geral das Nações Unidas, Kofi Annan, sobre o papel das Nações Unidas no século XXI, a África ao sul do Sara é referida como uma parte do mundo onde é necessária a cooperação para o desenvolvimento com uma ênfase especial no reconhecimento do papel da mulher, pois é onde as mesmas têm maiores lacunas a nível socioeconómico (Ferro, 2001). Portanto este tema (papel da mulher no desenvolvimento e na mudança social nas sociedades) alargou-se para os assuntos internacionais e passou também a ser discutido pelas altas entidades mundiais. Perceber o papel da mulher no microcrédito na Guiné-Bissau, descrevendo a sua função no mesmo e consequente vantagens, é o objectivo deste trabalho. Desta forma na primeira parte, são abordados do ponto de vista conceptual, temas relacionados com o objectivo, a pobreza, o género, o sistema
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