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Women and Peacebuilding in Guinea-Bissau

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Women and Peacebuilding in Guinea-Bissau REUTERS/JAMES GIAHYUE REUTERS/JAMES WOMEN AND PEACEBUILDING IN GUINEA-BISSAU BY CLARA CARVALHO Women’s organisations aimed at conflict resolution have women’s empowerment. Gender inequality is addressed been active in Guinea-Bissau in the past decade under the in both agendas by recognising its structural causes, auspices of international and regional bodies, particularly including the unequal distribution of power, resources and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) opportunities, and how they stimulate gender violence, and the United Nations (UN). Guinea-Bissau is a small insecurity and lack of access to justice and affect inclusivity. West African country of about 1.8 million inhabitants1 that However, the gender dimensions of conflict and women’s declared independence from Portugal in 1973 after a long roles in peacekeeping remain marginal in conflict resolution independence war. The country’s recent history has been and post-conflict reconstruction processes.2 marked by repeated military coups, political assassinations The low level of participation of African women in and fragile state institutions. This article examines the role peace processes (particularly as mediators in conflicts) was of women’s organisations in peacebuilding and conflict recognised and addressed in the 1994 Kampala Action Plan resolution in a country marked by prolonged and systemic on Women and Peace, and reaffirmed in several international political crises. agreements since then. Commitments made to increase women’s participation in mediation and peace processes Women’s Mediating Networks in Africa Both the Sustainable Development Goals (2030 Agenda) – particularly Goals 5, 10 and 16 – and the African Union’s (AU) Above: Women remain marginal in conflict resolution and 2063 Agenda share a strong focus on gender equality and post-conflict reconstruction processes. conflict trends I 29 GUINEA-BISSAU Kolda Kounkané Bignona S E N EGA L Wassadou Sédhiou Salikénié Koumbakara Tanaf Cuntima asam Sare Bácar Pirada C an Cambaju Kandika ce Bajocunda Dungal Jumbembem Canhâmina Canquelifá Ziguinchor Diattakounda Paunca Oussouye Farim Mpak R . ari Buruntuma Bigene d b Canjufa heu i Canjam Sonaco ~ Cac Sao Domingos R. Contuboel Camajábà Ingoré Kabrousse Barro Mansaina Olossato Pitche Mansabá a b Gabú a Cacheu Gamamudo ê lib Varela Susana G o ~ R. K u e Bissora a h Jolmete Uacaba s c ~ Bafatá s a o C Sao Vicente p io OIO Gêba R C A C H E U am GAB Ú Cuitá R. C Foula Mori Bula a Cabuca Calequisse Binar Mansôa sô Canchungo an B A FAT Á Encheia R. M Bambadinca Safim Nhacra Galomaro Porto Gole Caió a Xime ô s BIOMBO Gêba n Rio I. de a Ché Ché Jeta M Bissau Dulombi Béli Ilha de Quinhámel o Enxudé Pecixe i Prábis R BISSAU Koumbia Iljante Fulacunda ATLANTIC R Tite Vendu Leidi . l Boé C a a or Xitole b b ub u ê al r G o OCEAN d o C C a n a l . QUINAR A R Buba Ilha de Kambéra Féfiné Caravela Bolama I. de Ponta I. de Maio Dabalaré I. de Bolama e nd Caravela ra Ilha de G ba Empada Quebo lha de Abu I. das io u B Carache Formosa R e Galhinas d n R o . a g Balan o B O L AMA K I. de Enu I. de Soga Madina de G UINE A I. de Baixo li Arquipélago dos Bijagós a Bedanda Rubane b m I. de Uracane o Bubaque T I. de Unhocomo . Catió Kandiafara Ilha de R Ilha de Bubaque o Tombali h Uno in Uno z I. de T OMB A L I o Canogo Ilha de om Sangonha oc Roxa nh Eticoga National capital I. de U I. de Ilha de Ilha de Meneque Orangozinho Cacine Sansalé Orango Regional capital e I. de Melo in IIlha c Town, village a Campeane I. dos Cavalos Joao Vieira C Airport o Ilhéu i R do Meio Boke i GUINEA-BISSAU International boundary n Dobali o ^ Iles p Regional boundary m Tristao o K Main road o 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 km i R Secondary road 0 10 20 30 highlighted that women are not solely victims of war but exposed and reflected on. The implementation of various also play important roles in peacebuilding. The participation policies related to women, peace and security (WPS) needs to of African women in formal mediation processes and peace be accelerated and monitored. The implementation of several discussions, in particular, is an important focus of UN Security networks of women mediators at the continental, regional Council (UNSC) resolutions 1325 (2000) and 1960 (2010), which and national level in Africa is part of the peacebuilding efforts remain poorly implemented, albeit after almost two decades in response to the previously mentioned UN resolutions of efforts. Resolution 1325, a ground-breaking decision on and their follow-up within the African Peace and Security women, peace and security, sets the international legal Architecture (APSA) implemented by the AU. In this context, framework that emphasises the importance of equal and full the AU encouraged the creation of FemWise-Africa (Network participation of women as active agents in peace and security. of African Women in Conflict Prevention and Mediation), It further recognises women’s undervalued and underutilised established in 2017. FemWise-Africa aims to strengthen the contributions to conflict prevention, peacekeeping, conflict role of women in conflict prevention and mediation efforts resolution and peacebuilding; the disproportionate and unique in the APSA. The network provides a platform for strategic impact of armed conflict on women; and the central role that advocacy, capacity-building and networking to improve women play in conflict management, conflict resolution, the implementation of commitments to include women in security and sustainable peace. To increase women’s access peacebuilding in Africa. It is also intended to be a platform to, and participation in, peace mediation and negotiations, that brings together different women, from political leaders to women’s capacity for mediation and negotiation needs to be representatives of civil society organisations (CSOs), religious enhanced and extended in all areas, including security sector leaders, business and entrepreneurial members, and local reform, finance and power-sharing. The impact of conflict on and community mediators, to work in the different areas of women and their role in peace processes needs to be better mediation.3 30 I conflict trends Within the African continent, FemWise-Africa sets the Women mediator networks follow the multitrack agenda for local and national women mediator networks, approach, recognising the role of different actors and bringing together women acting at the local level with diverse approaches to conflict mediation. Track One implies national, higher-level mediators and bridging their high-level political talks involving the conflict parties, Track differences. Networks of women mediators have been Two involves influential individuals from business, religious effective at different levels: organisations or CSOs, and Track Three reunites grassroot 1. creating repositories of women experts, with experience activities.7 The majority of women’s organisations are active in peace processes and conflict management; in conflict resolution work at the community level and 2. ensuring training for women involved in mediation and are defined as Track Three mediators. However, the main peacebuilding; networks present at the continental and global levels have 3. creating platforms for experience-sharing between a strong emphasis on Track One and Track Two mediation. women working in different tracks of conflict resolution; 4. empowering local women and giving visibility to the THE MAJORITY OF WOMEN’S ORGANISA- work of mediators and their impact on peace processes; and TIONS ARE ACTIVE IN CONFLICT RESOLU- 5. highlighting the role of local women in peacebuilding.4 TION WORK AT THE COMMUNITY LEVEL AND ARE DEFINED AS TRACK THREE The number of women mediator networks is growing worldwide and a Global Alliance of Regional Women MEDIATORS Mediator Networks was recently created,5 reuniting FemWise-Africa, the Arab Women Mediators Network – Peacebuilding in Guinea-Bissau: An Overview League of Arab States, the Mediterranean Women Mediators Guinea-Bissau is characterised by continued political Network, the Nordic Women Mediators and the Women instability marked by successive conflicts and wars. Mediators Across the Commonwealth.6 The country obtained its independence after a long ACCORD PHOTO ACCORD The Network of African Women in Conflict Prevention and Mediation (FemWise - Africa) is a platform that brings together women from different levels to work in the different areas of mediation. conflict trends I 31 JBDODANE The African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) has been in power since 1974. nationalist war (1963–1974) against the Portuguese colonial national level. These struggles have been felt mainly at administration. The main nationalist movement leading the the political and military levels, and have been located independence war, the African Party for the Independence mostly in the capital city. However, this climate of of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC), became the ruling party political turbulence has justified the constant presence of and has been in power, almost uninterrupted, since 1974. international organisations leading peacebuilding initiatives The newly independent country was first dominated by in the country, and has defined the agendas of key members an army, with the legitimacy of having been the freedom of the international community acting in Guinea-Bissau. fighters. The first president, Luís Cabral, a civilian, was It should be noted that although the country is considered to overthrown by the army leader and prime minister, Nino be in moderate conflict, it is part of the Senegambia conflict Vieira, in a military coup in 1980. Vieira was a despotic leader system, which also includes The Gambia and the Casamance who managed to stay in power for 18 years by murdering region in Senegal.
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