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A Study of Regional Organization at Banavasi, C. 1 St Complexity on the Periphery: A study of regional organization at Banavasi, c. 1st – 18th century A.D. by Uthara Suvrathan A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Anthropology) in the University of Michigan 2013 Doctoral Committee: Professor Carla Sinopoli, Chair Emeritus Professor Thomas R. Trautmann Professor Henry T. Wright Emeritus Professor Norman Yoffee © Uthara Suvrathan 2013 Dedication For Amma and Acha ii Acknowledgements I have been shaped by many wonderful scholars and teachers. I would first like to thank Carla Sinopoli for the mentorship she has given me throughout my time in Graduate school, and even earlier, from that steep climb up to Kadebakele and my very first excavation. She has read several drafts of this dissertation and discussions with her always strengthened my research. My dissertation was greatly enriched by comments from my other committee members. Chats with Henry Wright left me filled with new ideas. Norm Yoffee’s long-distance comments were always thought provoking. Tom Trautmann’s insights never failed to suggest new lines of thought. Although not committee members, I would also like to thank Dr. Upinder Singh for initiating my love of all things ‘Ancient’, Dr. H. P. Ray for fostering my interest in archaeology, and Dr. Lisa Young for giving me opportunities to teach. My field work in India was made possible by grants from the National Science Foundation, Rackham Graduate School, the Museum of Anthropology and the Trehan Foundation supporting South Asian Research at the University of Michigan. I would especially like to thank the American Institute of Indian Studies, and Dr. Pradeep Mehendiratta, for their help in obtaining the necessary permits and paperwork. My research was greatly assisted by Dr. Rajaram Hegde at Kuvempu University, who was supportive and helpful throughout my project. Dr. Sundara was always interested in the work and shared his experiences of surveying in Banavasi. Dr. A. V. Narasimha Murthy helped me translate and date BGRS 2. The Archaeological Survey of India (A.S.I.) and the Karnataka Department of Archaeology and Museums (K.D.A.M.) made my project possible by issuing the necessary permits. Many individuals in these institutions provided advice and access to unpublished material. I would especially like to thank Dr. Naganur, Dr. Kishore Raghubans, Athani and Lingaraju in the Dharwar Circle of the ASI; Kiran Bhatt in Banavasi; and Gangadhar and Dr. Swamy of the K.D.A.M. in Mysore. Survey in Banavasi was made possible by the participation of several great students in India. I could not ask for better assistants than Prashanth Shetty, in my first field season and Zeeshan Sheikh, in the second. Shobhna Iyer and J. K. Vidhya were there at the beginning and the end of the BGRS, and along with Prashanth, participated in our ‘coolest’ find. Sandeep iii Shetty pushed me through a couple of intense weeks of survey. Saumya Varma and Nivedita Nath bravely faced snakes. I also thank Hanumanthappa, Shilpa and Mahati Gollamudi. U. Srinivas got me set up and provided our trusty Ambassador. Kamalakar uncomplainingly drove us, over roads good and bad. I have fond memories of many individuals in Banavasi and Sirsi who made the months of my stay there pleasant and welcomed me into their homes and fields. Dr. Rauf in Banavasi allowed me access over his lands and never failed to feed us. Numerous nameless individuals shared a variety of fruits and vegetables from their fields when they saw us trudging through. The staff at the Hotel Panchavati made my stay very comfortable and were unfazed by trunks full of ceramics. Several friends have provided a constant source of support and companionship. I would especially like to thank Jyoti for half a lifetime of friendship; Dalal, for concerts and dancing; Howard and Hemanth for fun (and cigars); Sudipa, who can always make me laugh; Anshu for companionship and swimming in distant LA and Jaspreet for good times in the co-op. Hemanth and Liz shared the excitement and stress of fieldwork and dissertating. Marcy provided a calm home environment (with pet-therapy); and Aude and Rachel made the Asian Range a fun place during my last semester writing in Ann Arbor. My family (or rather, both my families) have always been supportive and encouraging. My mother was with me on my first visit to Banavasi and remained unperturbed when my ceramics took over the house. My father has always been interested in my work and someday, I will follow his advice and write an experiential ethnography of Banavasi! Aparna sets a high standard and remains my favorite sister. Valiamma’s home always provided a safe haven for recovery from the semester. Finally, I thank Puru who saw me through many moves, much travel, three seasons of fieldwork and cheerfully put up with a peripatetic partner. iv Table of Contents Dedication ....................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ iii List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ ix List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... xiii List of Appendices ....................................................................................................................... xiv List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................... xv Chapter 1 Preliminaries................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Complexity on the periphery: a case study of Banavasi ....................................................... 1 1.2 Outline of chapters ................................................................................................................ 5 Chapter 2 History and historiography: introducing the study area ................................................. 9 2.1 An introduction to the Deccan .............................................................................................. 9 2.2 The Deccan in History and Archaeology .............................................................................. 9 2.2.1 Polities on the periphery: language and texts ................................................................ 9 2.2.2 Inscriptions and the creation of History ....................................................................... 11 2.2.3 Archaeology and ‘culture’ ........................................................................................... 14 2.3 Sources for the study of peninsular history......................................................................... 16 2.3.1 Texts ............................................................................................................................. 16 2.3.2 Inscriptions ................................................................................................................... 18 2.3.3 Archaeology ................................................................................................................. 20 2.4 Periodization in South Asian history .................................................................................. 21 2.4.1 The Early Historic: the beginnings of complexity ....................................................... 21 2.4.2 The medieval: decline and disintegration .................................................................... 26 2.5 The Kadambas and Banavasi .............................................................................................. 28 2.5.1 Early history: stupas and kings .................................................................................... 28 2.5.2 The Early Kadambas (325-540 AD) ............................................................................ 30 2.5.3 Incorporation within successive empires and the continuity of the Kadamba lineage (seventh century onwards) .................................................................................................... 31 2.5.4 The Return of the King(s) ............................................................................................ 33 2.5.5 Banavasi as region: Banavasi 12000............................................................................ 34 2.6 Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 37 v Chapter 3 Theoretical and methodological approaches ................................................................ 39 3.1 Anthropological approaches to ‘center’ and ‘periphery’: World-Systems theory and beyond ....................................................................................................................................... 40 3.2 Centering the periphery: the study of intermediate elite groups and peripheral polities .... 44 3.2.1 Identifying elite agency in the archaeological record .................................................. 45 3.3 Defining the unit of study: on scale and the ‘landscape’ .................................................... 50 3.3.1 Why survey? ...............................................................................................................
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