Visibility and Voice for Union Women: Country Case Studies from Global Labour University Researchers
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Visibility and Voice for Union Women: Country case studies from Global Labour University researchers Labor and Globalization Volume 4 Edited by Christoph Scherrer Akua O. Britwum and Sue Ledwith (Eds.) Visibility and Voice for Union Women: Country case studies from Global Labour University researchers Rainer Hampp Verlag München, Mering 2014 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. ISBN 978-3-86618-395-7 Labor and globalization: ISSN 2196-5382 First published 2014 Photo: Jô Portilho, 2013 This huge march of 4,000 women, from 48 countries and across many groupings including trade union women, ended the 9th International Meeting of the World March of Women (25th to 31st August 2013) in Sao Paulo, Brazil. © 2014 Rainer Hampp Verlag München, Mering Marktplatz 5 86415 Mering, Germany www.Hampp-Verlag.de All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. In case of complaints please contact Rainer Hampp Verlag. Table of Contents List of Tables and Figures vi List of Abbreviations viii Notes on Contributors xiii Preface xvii 01. Introduction: setting the scene Akua O. Britwum and Sue Ledwith 1 I: Sector Specific Situations 15 02. Trade union leadership and gender: Brazilian banking workers’ inequalities Juçara Portilho Lins 17 03. Margins within margins: a case study of street cleaners in Mumbai Rhea Aamina Chatterjee 33 II: Union Bargaining Agenda for Gender (BAG) 53 04. Gender, unions and collective bargaining in the Philippines: issues and critical factors Melisa R. Serrano and Ramon A. Certeza 55 05. Bargaining Agenda for Gender (BAG): Turkey, a case study Gaye Yilmaz 95 III: Women’s Roles and Union Leadership 115 06. The female factor in Ghana’s trade union movement Akua O. Britwum 117 07. New Zealand women, work and unions Carol Jess 138 08. Women in the South African trade union movement Janet Munakamwe 158 09. Trade Union leadership and gender: cases from Zimbabwe Crispen Chinguno 180 10. Union researchers as active agents: ‘our stories’ Sue Ledwith 197 Tables and Figures Tables 2.1 Respondent profiles by gender 23 2.2 Identity and consciousness 24 2.3 Leadership role: strengths, weaknesses, expectations, by number of times mentioned 26 2.4 Leadership, knowledge and skills by number of times mentioned 27 2.5 How to get to be a leader in your TU/organisation (number of mentions, men and women combined) 28 2.6 Learning the role, support from the union 29 2.7 Would you describe yourself as a leader? 30 2.8 Qualities needed for trade union leaders – women’s responses 31 4.1 Employed women by major industry group (%) 70 4.2 Employed women by major occupational group (%) 71 4.3 Employed women by class of worker (%) 71 4.4 Average daily basic pay by major industry group and sex: 2006 and 2010 72 4.5 Union membership distribution by sex in non-agricultural establishments employing 20 or more workers by major industry group, June 2010 (%) 76 4.6 Distribution of union officers and union presidents by sex in non- agricultural establishments employing 20 or more workers by major industry group: June 2006 (%) 77 4.7 Proportion of women workers to total workforce in enterprises of respondents 79 4.8 Proportion of women workers to total temporary hired workers 80 4.9 Women in union membership and leadership 80 4.10 Gender/women-related company policies 82 4.11 Gender/women-related policies/programmes as products of collective agreement being implemented by enterprise 83 4.12 Three provisions most wanted in CBA 83 4.13 Rate gender/women-related proposals traded off for other bargaining proposals 84 4.14 Rate management’s acceptance or non-acceptance of gender/ women-related proposals 85 4.15 Gender/women-related provisions in current CBA 85 4.16 Overall impact of gender/women-related provisions in CBA 86 4.17 Putting more gender/women-related provisions in CBA: recommendations 87 5.1 Worker access to formal protection instruments, by sex (%) 99 5.2 Age cohorts 106 Tables and Figures vii 5.3 Proportion of women in enterprises of respondents 106 5.4 Women thought to be in TU leadership according to respondents 107 5.5 Most wanted provisions in collective agreements 109 5.6 Strengths/weaknesses/contributions of having women in CB teams 110 6.1 Economically active population by age group and sex 119 6.2 Employed persons aged 15 years and above by industry and sex (%) 120 6.3 Distribution of employed persons aged 15+ years by employment status and sex (%) 121 6.4 Educational attainment of the currently employed by sex (%) 122 6.5 Sex proportion (%) of selected unions and the Ghana TUC 125 7.1 Top ten CTU affiliated unions by gender 143 7.2 Unsatisfied demand for union membership 144 7.3 Top ten union delegates and national executive by gender (%) 145 7.4 Women in elected positions in CTU affiliates 146 7.5 Participation rates of domestic students by gender and qualification 148 8.1 Gender policies and appointment of full time gender coordinators to drive gender programmes in unions 172 9.1 Zimbabwe industrial sector employment profile by sex (15 years and above) 184 9.2 Percentage share of women in formal employment per sector 184 9.3 ZCTU affiliates gender profile of leadership 187 9.4 ZCTU national leadership positions by gender 188 9.5 Railway trade unions and gender profile in Zimbabwe 191 9.6 Teachers unions in Zimbabwe 191 9.7 ZIMTA membership and national executive gender profiles 192 9.8 2009 ZIMTA national conference gender profiles of the delegates per region 193 Figures 2.1 Members by age 21 2.2 Direction board by age 21 4.1 Union membership and collective bargaining coverage trends in the Philippines: 1990–2011 75 6.1 Average hourly earnings in female dominated industries (GH¢) 122 6.2 Industry with higher female average hourly earnings (GH¢) 123 6.3 Trade union membership proportions by sex 125 7.1 Trade union density in NZ and OECD average, 1986–2012 141 7.2 Women’s labour force participation in quarter ended June 2013 147 7.3 Collective agreements including extended parental rights by sector 154 Abbreviations AARS Alumni Applied Research School ACMS African Centre for Migration & Society ADWN African Diaspora Workers’ Network AKP Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (Justice and Development Party in Turkey) ALRN African Labour Research Network ANC African National Congress ANCWL African National Congress Women’s League BAG bargaining agenda for gender BCEA Basic Conditions of Employment Act BCM Black Consciousness Movement BEE black economic empowerment BLES Bureau of Labour and Employment Statistics BMC Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation BWL Bantu Women’s League CA(s) collective agreement(s) CAT Convention on the Rights of the Child CB collective bargaining CBA collective bargaining agreement CBMWU Construction and Building Materials Workers’ Union CCPR Covenant on Civil and Political Rights CEA collective employment agreement CEDAW Commission on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women CEPPWAWU Chemical, Energy, Paper, Printing, Wood and Allied Workers’ Union CERD Convention on Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination CESCR Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights CGE Commission for Gender Equality CGROS National Commission on Gender, Race and Sexual Orientation CLASS Confederation of Labour and Allied Social Services CLASS–TUCP Confederation of Labour and Allied Social Services Trade Union Congress of the Philippines CLC Canadian Labour Congress CMBWU Construction and Building Materials Workers’ Union CMW Convention on the Protection of the Rights of all Migrant Workers CNA collective negotiation agreement Abbreviations ix CNB National Confederation of Banking Workers CONSAWU Confederation of South African Workers’ Unions CONTRAF National Confederation of Workers in the Financial Sector COSATU Congress of South African Trade Unions CPSA Communist Party of South Africa CPWU Confederation of Progressive Workers’ Unions CTU Council of Trade Unions CUT Central Ủnica dos Trabalhadores CWU Communication Workers’ Union CWUSA Creative Workers’ Union of South Africa DCL District Councils of Labour DENOSA Democratic Nurses Organisation of South Africa DIEESE Inter-Union Department of Statistics and Socio-economic Studies DISK Confederation of Progressive Trade Unions DOLE Department of Labour and Employment DPCs data processing centres DRC Democratic Republic of Congo DSIS Dev-Saglik Is Sendikasi EB Executive Board EC European Commission ECA Employment Contracts Act 1991 EEA Employment Equity Act EISA Electoral Institute of Southern Africa EPMU Engineering, Printing and Manufacturing Union EPWP Expanded Public Works Programme ERA Employment Relations Act 2000 ERP Economic Resiliency Plan ESAP Economic Structural Adjustment Programme FAWU Food and Allied Workers’ Union FEBRABAN Brazilian Federation of Banks FEDUSA Federation of Unions of South Africa FES Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung FGDs focus group discussions FIG Canadian International Gender Equality Fund FNV Federatie Nederlandse Vakbeweging [Confederation of Dutch trade unions] FPW Framework Plan for Women FTE full-time equivalent FTF-Denmark Confederation of Professionals in Denmark FWA