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Article in Press JJBE-1344; No. of Pages 9 ARTICLE IN PRESS Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Medical Engineering & Physics xxx (2007) xxx–xxx Micro-fine finishing of a feldspar porcelain for dental prostheses Xiao-Fei Song a, Ling Yin b,∗, Yi-Gang Han a, Hui Wang c a School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China b Department of Engineering, Building 32, Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia c Analysis & Measurement Center, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China Received 20 June 2007; received in revised form 10 September 2007; accepted 16 October 2007 Abstract Intraoral adjustment of ceramic prostheses involving micro-finishing using diamond burs is a critical procedure in restorative dentistry because the durability of a restoration depends on the finishing process and quality. Force, energy and surface integrity in micro-fine finishing of a feldspar porcelain versus operational parameters were investigated using a 2-DOF (two-degrees-of-freedom) high-speed dental handpiece and a fine diamond bur of 20–30 ␮m grits. The tangential and normal forces were measured as being significantly small in the ranges 0.18–0.35 N and 0.22–0.59 N, respectively. High specific finishing energy of 110–2523 J/mm3 was observed in material removal, particularly when decreasing either the depth of cut or the feed rate. Scanning electron microscopy observations indicated that the surfaces generated were mainly due to ductile flow; however, microfractures also occurred in porcelain. Surface roughness was measured as 0.43–0.74 ␮min terms of arithmetic mean value (Ra), decreasing with the depth of cut, but insignificantly changing with the feed rate (ANOVA, P > 0.05). Recommendations for clinical practice are made on the basis of our testing results. © 2007 IPEM. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Micro-fine finishing; Feldspar porcelain; Surface morphology; Finishing force; Finishing energy 1. Introduction trophic fracture had always originated from surface and subsurface damage in ceramic prostheses [10], which results Feldspar porcelains have been attractive materials in in a reduction in strength and lifetime of the restorations restorative dentistry because of their approximations to the [2,8,18–20]. Furthermore, wear studies show that the sur- appearances and functions of human enamels [1–6].A face roughness of the ceramic prostheses greatly influence machinable feldspar porcelain is one of the ceramic materials enamel wear [21]. Therefore, the diminution of finishing- for dental CAD/CAM [7–9]. However, this porcelain is brit- induced damage for good surface quality becomes a major tle in nature and susceptible to machining-induced damage task in restorative dentistry. [2,3,10–12]. Although high-speed dental handpieces/burs have been Studies have shown that the feldspar porcelains suffer routinely used in dentistry for over 30 years [22,23], lit- from extensive chipping defects and microcracks in dental tle work has been reported on their performance in dental CAD/CAM processes, due to their high amount of glassy operations, particularly concerning the amount of damage phase [2,13,14]. Also, in intraoral dental finishing of the introduced in ceramic prostheses depending on the dental porcelain using dental handpieces and burs, extensive chip- burs [8]. There is a practical interest in the characterization ping damage and subsurface damage were introduced in of the performance of diamond burs in intraoral resurfacing the feldspar porcelain when using coarse grit diamond burs of dental bioceramics in restorative dentistry [8]. Some stud- [15–17]. Analyses of failed crowns have proven that catas- ies have found that fine grit diamond burs can be applied for improvement of surface roughness and reduction of sub- ∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +61 2 6125 8536; fax: +61 2 6125 0506. surface damage [15,24,25]. Although these studies provided E-mail address: [email protected] (L. Yin). insights in grit size effect on dental restorations, they also 1350-4533/$ – see front matter © 2007 IPEM. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.medengphy.2007.10.005 Please cite this article in press as: Song X-F, et al., Micro-fine finishing of a feldspar porcelain for dental prostheses, Med Eng Phys (2007), doi:10.1016/j.medengphy.2007.10.005 JJBE-1344; No. of Pages 9 ARTICLE IN PRESS 2 X.-F. Song et al. / Medical Engineering & Physics xxx (2007) xxx–xxx ignored the dynamic and variable aspects in clinical processes because they were conducted at fixed loads under static condi- tions [15,24,25], which entirely differ from changeable dental operations. Recent studies on in vitro dental finishing using coarse burs have found that the forces and handpiece speeds depended on the operational parameters [17,26]. However, the influence of operational parameters on micro-fine finish- ing process and quality using fine burs remains unknown, even though it is critical to dental restorations. In this paper we describe the in vitro micro-fine finish- ing of a feldspar porcelain using a 2-DOF high-speed dental handpiece and fine diamond grits under a wide range of con- ditions. Finishing force, energy, speed, surface roughness, and surface morphology were investigated as a function of the relevant dental operational parameters. Implications con- cerning the intraoral adjustment using fine diamond grits in Fig. 1. Dental handpiece, bur, and specimen in finishing. dental practice are considered. 2.3. Characterization methodology 2. Experimental procedure Tangential and normal forces were measured using a dynamometer, a charge amplifier, and a data acquisition 2.1. Dental material system. The normal force is in the depth of cut direction and the tangential force is in the feed direction. The bur The specimens were feldspar porcelain blocks of speed was obtained from the frequencies corresponding to 15 mm × 12 mm × 5 mm in dimension, Vita Mark II (Vita the largest amplitudes of the tangential and normal force Zahnfabrik, Germany). Their microstructure comprises a data in the frequency domain using a fast Fourier transform glass matrix and approximately 30% irregular feldspar crys- [26]. tals of sanidine, nepheline and anothoclase [17] of 1–7 ␮min The specific finishing energy u is defined as the energy size [27]. Their mechanical properties are: Vickers hardness expended per unit volume of material removed and calculated H = 6.2 GPa, Young’s modulus E = 68 GPa, fracture tough- as [29]: 1/2 σ ness Kc = 0.9 MPa m , and strength = 100 MPa [28]. F v u = t s (1) avwb 2.2. Micro-fine finishing where Ft is the tangential force, vs is the bur speed, a is the depth of cut, v is the feed rate, and b is the specimen Micro-fine finishing was conducted on a 2-DOF w thickness. F v is the finishing power and av b is the volume computer-assisted apparatus. A detailed description of t s w of material removed per unit time. the apparatus was given in a previous study [26]. The arithmetic mean surface roughness (R ) was mea- This apparatus included a computer-controlled x–y table a sured using a stylus profilometer (Taylor Hobson, UK). (TKQ8163P/50*50, Zhonghuan, China), a high-speed den- Surface morphology was examined by scanning electron tal handpiece (PA-S, NSK, Japan), a piezoelectric force microscopy (SEM, XL-30, Philips, Holland). For force and dynamometer (9257 A, Kistler, Switzerland), a charge ampli- roughness testing, three separate measurements were made fier (5006, Kistler, Switzerland) and a data acquisition system under each finishing condition to obtain mean values and (LMS SCADAS III 305, LMS International, Belgium). A new diamond bur of diameter of ds = 1.3 mm and grits of 20–30 ␮m (SF114, ISO 158/013, Shofu, Japan) was used. Table 1 The bur against the specimen in micro-finishing is illustrated Micro-fine finishing conditions Parameter Value in Fig. 1. The bur, rotating with peripheral speed vs,was moved in the long direction of the 12 mm × 5 mm surface at Dental handpiece NSK PA-S, high speed air-turbine dental handpiece Dental bur SF114, ISO 158/013, fine diamond grits of 20–30 ␮m a feed rate vw and a depth of cut a. The handpiece was driven at air pressure 0.17 MPa at the rotational speed of 357.3 krpm Dental material Vita Mark II V5-12 A1C, fine-particle feldspar porcelain when unloaded. Water was delivered to the finishing area at Air pressure 0.17 MPa a constant flow rate of 30 ml/min. The finishing tests were Water flow rate 30 ml/min conducted at feed rates of 12–36 mm/min and depths of cut Depth of cut 2 ␮m, 5 ␮m, 10 ␮m, 15 ␮m, and 20 ␮m of 2–20 ␮m. The micro-fine finishing conditions are summa- Feed rate 12 mm/min, 18 mm/min, 24 mm/min, 30 mm/min, rized in Table 1. and 36 mm/min Please cite this article in press as: Song X-F, et al., Micro-fine finishing of a feldspar porcelain for dental prostheses, Med Eng Phys (2007), doi:10.1016/j.medengphy.2007.10.005 JJBE-1344; No. of Pages 9 ARTICLE IN PRESS X.-F. Song et al. / Medical Engineering & Physics xxx (2007) xxx–xxx 3 standard deviations. A two-way factorial analysis of vari- ance (ANOVA) at a 5% significance level was applied for statistical analyses. 3. Results 3.1. Finishing forces and force ratios The tangential force Ft as a function of feed rate for dif- ferent depths of cut is summarized in Fig. 2(a). It shows that tangential forces were small and in the range 0.18–0.35 N. At the depths of cut of 2 ␮m and 10 ␮m they remained rela- tively steady with the feed rate; at the depth of cut of 20 ␮m they increased slightly with the feed rate.
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