Patronal Politics: Eurasian Regime Dynamics in Comparative Perspective Henry E

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-07351-7 - Patronal Politics: Eurasian Regime Dynamics in Comparative Perspective Henry E. Hale Index More information

Index

A Just Russia Party, 285 Akhmetov, Rinat, 101 , 117 , 184–85 , 333 , 347 Abashidze, Aslan, 152 Akhvlediani family, 105 Abdullojonov, Abdumalik, 154 Ak-Shumkar Party, 322 Abilov, Bulat, 103 , 140 Aksy, 195 , 198 , 477–78 Abiyev, Safar, 297 Alakbarov, Fizuli, 301–2 Abkhazia, 5 , 12–13 , 17 , 57 , 104 , 110 , 114 , Alasania, Irakli, 206 , 208 121 , 151–52 , 155 , 158 , 158n152 , 178 , Albania, 59–60t3.1 , 456 , 458–59 , 461 181t7.1 , 181–82 , 190 , 200n100 , 199– Alfa group, 185 202 , 205 , 239 , 311 , 352n216 , 350–53 , Aliev, Rakhat, 103 , 250–52 370 , 427 , 429f11.1 , 429–30 , 435 , 437 , Aliyev, Farhad, 108 , 150 , 293 , 296 440–41 , 443 , 445–46 , 451 , 474 , 476 Aliyev, Heydar, 29–30 , 54 , 72 , 108 , 149–51 , Ankvab period, 352 175 , 227 , 296–97 , 428 , 428n3 , 434 , 437 , Ardzinba period, 155–56 473–74 Bagapsh period, 351–52 and succession by son Ilham, 291–94 revolution of 2004 in, 199–205 artistic representations of, 296 rise of oligarchs in, 110 death of, 294 Abliazov, Mukhtar, 103 , 250 museums dedicated to, 299 Abramciuc, Veronica, 413–14 statues of outside Azerbaijan, 296n280 accountability, 242 , 438 , 438n20 Aliyev, Ilham, 108 , 291–99 , 301–2 , 305 , 428 , administrative resources, 142 , 145 , 160 , 168 , 434 , 448 , 472–74 184 , 203 , 216 , 226 , 266 , 268 , 324 , 333 , rise to power of, 291–94 336 , 359 , 362 , 374 , 377 , 389 , 393 , 484 Aliyev, Jelal, 293 AEI. See Alliance for European Integration Aliyev, Natik, 297 Afghanistan, 154 Aliyev, Rafi q, 108 Africa, 2 , 24n18 , 74 , 90n73 , 133n22 , 373 , Aliyeva, Mehriban, 295 , 295n275 , 300 450 , 455 , 457 , 466–67 , 474 , 477 Alliance for European Integration, 411n195 , Agrarian Democratic Party (Moldova), 105 , 408–16 , 418 166–68 , 170 demise of, 417 Aiba, Garri, 202 Almaty, 141 , 232 Aitaira movement, 201 AMN. See Our Moldova Alliance Ajara, 114 , 152 Amtsakhara movement, 201–2 , 353 Ak Zhol Party, 318 , 474 ANC. See Armenian National Congress Akaev, Aidar, 196 Andijon uprising, 244 , 244n6 , 477 Akaev, Askar, 3 , 101–2 , 118 , 120–21 , 137–39 , Andropov, Yury, 50 , 289 175 , 178 , 181t7.1 , 194–99 , 244 , 255 , Ankvab, Aleksandr, 352–53 305 , 309 , 313 , 315–16 , 319 , 325 , 389 , ANM. See Armenian National Movement 434 , 437 , 479 anti-Semitism, 235 , 334 Akaeva, Bermet, 196 , 198 apartment bombings of 1999, in Russia, 268

523

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-07351-7 - Patronal Politics: Eurasian Regime Dynamics in Comparative Perspective Henry E. Hale Index More information

524 Index

Arab Spring. See Arab uprisings of2011 Azarov, Nikolai, 343–45 , 347 Arab uprisings of 2011, 14 , 18 , 67 , 90n73 , Azerbaijan, 5 , 17n35 , 29 , 53 , 60t3.1 , 72 , 456 , 467–69 , 473 95 , 107 , 116 , 121 , 128–29 , 133 , 149 , Ardzinba, Vladislav, 12 , 155–56 , 181t7.1 , 151 , 157 , 227–28 , 261 , 266 , 291–94 , 200–5 , 437 , 451 296n280 , 296–98n297 , 301–2 , 304–6 , Argentina, 466 347 , 355 , 359 , 423 , 428 , 428n3 , Arkadag. See Berdymukhamedov, Gurbanguly 430n9 , 433–34 , 437 , 443–46 , 448 , Armenia, 5 , 12–13 , 54 , 54n53 , 60t3.1 , 101 , 452–53 , 459t12.1 , 473 , 476 , 481 . See also 104 , 106 , 109 , 121 , 128–29 , 134 , 136 , Nagorno-Karabakh 150 , 157–58 , 181t7.1 , 181–82 , 228–29 , Elchibey period, 128 232 , 239 , 296 , 301–3 , 311 , 350 , 354–56 , Heydar Aliyev period, 149–51 359 , 361–63 , 370 , 423 , 427–28 , 430 , Ilham Aliyev period, 294–302 433–35 , 437 , 441 , 443 , 446 , 451 , Mutalibov period, 128–29 459t12.1 , 474–75 , 477 , 481 rise of oligarchs in, 107–8 1999 assassinations, 158 succession from father to son, 291–94 assassinations of 1999, 355 Azerbaijan Popular Front Party, 294 Kocharian period, 354–57 Azimov, Rustam, 245 Kocharian-to-Sargsyan succession in, 357–62 Babaian, Karen, 157 ouster of Ter-Petrossian in, 228–29 Babaian, Samvel, 108 , 108n59 , 157–58 , 302 rise of oligarchs in, 104 Babanov, Omurbek, 322 , 324 Sargsyan period, 362–63 Badgasarov, Mika, 356 Ter-Petrossian period, 136–37 Bagapsh, Sergei, 110 , 178 , 181t7.1 , 202–5 , Armenian National Congress (ANC), 363 352n216 , 351–53 , 451 Armenian National Movement (ANM), death of, 352 136 , 358 Baghdasarian, Artur, 356 , 360 , 362–63 Ar-Namys Party, 322 Baibolov, Kubatbek, 102 , 315 , 331 ASCOM, 104 , 379 , 394 , 400 , 403 , 405 , Bakiev, Kurmanbek, 4 , 11 , 181t7.1 , 196–97 , 415 , 417 199 , 230–33 , 240 , 312–25 , 434 , 437 , 442 , Ashgabat, 164 444 , 449 , 474 Ashuba, Nugzar, 201–2 Bakiev, Maksim, 232 Asia, 2 , 450 , 455 , 457 , 469–72 , 474 , 483 Baku, 128–29 , 149 , 294–95 , 295n275 , 302 Astana, 103 , 250 , 252 Balasanian, Vitaly, 304 Astrakhan, 296n280 Balcerowicz, Leszek, 101 Ataev, Ovezgeldy, 247 Baloha, Viktor, 335 , 346 Atambaev, Almaz, 231 , 317–19 , 322–25 Baltic states, as set, 2 , 5 Ata-Meken Party, 232 , 322 as USSR republics, 52 , 59 Ata-Zhurt Party, 322 , 324 Barankevich, Anatoly, 216n212 , 215–19 August 2008 war, 206 , 208 , 213 , 215 , Barbalat, Pavel, 174 , 377 332 , 337 Basescu, Traian, 386 Australia, 456 Bashkortostan, 111–12 , 135 , 282 Austria, 251 Beglarian, Barsegh, 356 authoritarian overreach, 80 , 87 , 91 , 120 , 231 , Beknazarov, Azimbek, 195 , 230 238 , 308 , 327 , 343 , 369 , 425 , 469 Belaia Rus’ movement. See White Russia authoritarianism, 3 , 8 , 11 , 13–14 , 25 , 33n48 , movement 40 , 67–68 , 87–88 , 91 , 125 , 134 , 136 , Belarus, 5 , 60t3.1 , 72 , 107 , 121 , 142n65 , 145 , 153 , 178 , 182 , 208 , 232n329 , 141–43 , 153 , 179 , 233 , 243 , 248 , 242 , 257–58 , 275 , 308 , 314 , 350 , 353 , 258 , 263–65 , 304–6 , 373 , 428 , 433–34 , 379 , 419–20 , 441–42 , 447 , 457n4 , 472 . 446 , 452 , 459t12.1 , 474 , 476–77 See also autocracy, dictatorship, non- pre-Lukashenka period, 141 democratic regimes rise of Lukashenka, 141–43 autocracy, 3n7 , 5 , 8 , 16 , 44 , 46 , 67 , 69 , rise of oligarchs in, 107 163 , 177n242 , 241 , 304–5 , 309 , under Lukashenka, 143–45 , 258–66 440n24 , 454 , 470 , 475 . See also Bendery, 220 , 226 authoritarianism, dictatorship, non- Berdymukhamedov, Gurbanguly, 247 , 428 democratic regimes Berezovsky, Boris, 99–100 , 106 , 135 , 192 , 272 autocratization, 14 , 17 , 22 , 190 , 486 Beria, Lavrenty, 50 , 52 , 58 Avakov, Arsen, 346 Berkut, police units in Ukraine, 235

Index 525

Beslan school hostage tragedy, 271 , 274 Chubais, Anatoly, 101 , 117 Bezhuashvili, David, 192 circular fl ow of power, 49–50 Bibilov, Anatoly, 216–17 Citizens Union of Georgia, 152 , 191–93 , 474 Bichenov, Atsamaz, 217 civicness, 25–27 . See also social capital Birshtein, Boris, 378 civil society, 13–14 , 18 , 86 , 182 , 244 , 295 , Bishkek, 102 , 117 , 197–98 , 230 , 233 , 298 , 316 , 439–41 , 441n30 , 446 . See also 316 , 324 non-governmental organizations (NGOs), blat, 53 social capital bloggers, 285 , 298 civil war, 1 , 32 , 44 , 109 , 115 , 127 , 129 , 149 , Bobonazarova, Oinihol, 257 151–54 , 157 , 176f6.1 , 176–77n241 , Bogoliubov, Gennady, 333 198 , 218 , 236 , 253 , 255–57 , 313 , 331 , Bohaslovska, Inna, 334 424 , 432 , 475–76 , 478 , 488 . See also Bolshevik Revolution. See Russian Revolution, Tajikistan, civil war of 1917 clans, 51 , 54n52 , 95 , 101 , 105 , 116n91 , Bolsheviks, 47–48 , 58 116–18 , 163n183 , 184 , 203 , 424 Botirov, Qodirjon, 117–18 class, social, 10 , 43 , 48 Bragis, Dumitru, 378 , 383 clientelism, 21 , 23 , 23n13 , 27 , 33n47 , 61n1 Brezhnev, Leonid, 50 , 52n45 , 52–54n53 , 58 , relationship to patronalism, 23 149 , 224 Coalition for Pro-European Governance, 417 Bucharest, 462 coercion, 1 , 10–11 , 23 , 50 , 54 , 61 , 246 , Bukharin, Nikolai, 48–49 382 , 434 Bulgaria, 3n7 , 16 , 59–60t3.1 , 456 , 458–59 , Cold War, 466 , 470 , 479 461 , 471 , 484 , 487 collective action, logic of, 8 , 11 , 20 , 22 , 34 , Bulldozer Revolution, 3 , 179 , 455 , 463–65 . 45–46 , 50–52 , 61 , 64n9 , 79 , 83 , 227 , 233 See also Serbia color revolutions, 3–5 , 12 , 73 , 178–99 , bureaucracy, 10–11 , 24–25 , 43 , 45 , 109 228–29 , 234n334 , 238–40 , 242 , 255 , Burjanadze, Nino, 153 , 193 , 206 , 364 262 , 309 , 385 , 390 , 401 , 405 , 408 , 427 , Butba, Beslan, 110 , 202 , 351 443 , 445 , 461 , 468n39 , 479 . See also Twitter Revolution (Moldova) caciquismo, 10n24 Commonwealth of Independent States, 128 , Canada, 455 148 , 152 , 167 capitalism, 47 communism, 6 , 17 , 32 , 34–35 , 35n53 , 38 , Cartu Group, 106 47–48 , 56 , 59n68 , 59–60 , 62 , 108 , 121 , cascades, 56 , 86 , 120 , 194 , 197 , 199 , 233 , 161 , 168 , 243 , 361 , 393–94 , 397 , 416 , 245 , 247 , 410–11 459 , 469 , 482 Caucasus, 5 , 41–42 , 106 , 110 , 161 , 475 Communist Party (Moldova). See Party of Central Asia, 3 , 5 , 41–42 , 54n52 , 95 , 102 , Communists of the Republic of Moldova 104 , 115 , 117 , 121 , 137 , 139 , 163 , 178 , Communist Party of China, 30 309 , 322 , 424 , 433 , 479 Communist Party of Kazakhstan, 141 , 251 Central Europe, 6 , 34–35 , 57 , 59 , 239 Communist Party of Nagorno-Karabakh, 303 Centrist Union of Moldova, 396–97 Communist Party of South Ossetia, 160–61 , Chechnya, 268 213 , 216 , 219 checks and balances, 16 Communist Party of the Russian Federation Chernenko, Konstantin, 50 (KPRF), 100 , 135 , 257 , 271 , 275 , 278 , Chibirov, Aleksei, 160 , 162 288 , 482 Chibirov, Liudvig, 159–62 , 212 Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 48–49 , chieftains, 28 52 , 54–55 , 75 , 111 , 119–21 , 124 , 175 , Chigir, Mikhail, 144 243 , 304 , 438 , 479 Chile, 309 , 480 Armenian branch, 354 China, 30 , 89n71 , 103 , 392 , 456 , 469 , 471–72 Azerbaijan branch, 128 , 149 Chirtoaca, Dorin, 392–93 , 395–96n107 , 399 , Georgian branch, 127 , 152 405 , 413 Kazakh branch, 139 Chisinau, 114 , 381–82 , 386 , 390 , 392–93 , Moldovan branch, 105 395–96 , 398–400 , 404 , 411 , 413 South Ossetia branch, 159 Chkonia, Temur, 192 Turkmen branch, 163 Chornovil, Viacheslav, 148 , 477 Uzbek branch, 163–64 Christian Democrats. See Popular Christian Communist Party of Ukraine, 149 , 330 , Democratic Party (Moldova) 341 , 349

526 Index

Communist Youth League. See Komsomol 342–43 , 368–70 , 372 , 375 , 386 , 427 , 437 , company towns, 16 , 223 439–42 , 445–46 , 454 , 456–57 , 463–64 , competitive clientelism, 336n144 466 , 470n50 , 470–72 , 478–79 , 481–82 , concept stretching, 23 , 25 484–85 , 487–88 confl ict model of Soviet politics, 51 example of under patronalism, 331–42 Congress Party (India), 470 democracy promotion, international, 3 , 12–13 , Congress Party (Kazakhstan), 139 15 , 18 , 179–80 , 182 , 199 , 220 , 258 , Conlan, John, 386 262–63 , 443–47 constitutional courts, 139–40 , 144 , 174 , recommendations for, 484–88 183 , 195 , 282 , 292 , 319 , 328 , 335 , 345 , Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan Party, 250 364 , 375–77 , 379 , 414 Democratic Moldova Bloc, 382 , 384 core ethnic region, 55 Democratic Party of Azerbaijan, 150 Corman, Igor, 417 Democratic Party of Moldova, 378 , 384 , 387 , corruption, 4–5 , 16 , 19–20 , 19n1 , 20n4 , 22 , 390 , 392 , 394 , 406–8 , 412–17 27 , 38 , 39–40f3.1 , 44 , 47 , 59 , 71 , 81 , 87 , Democratic Party of Tajikistan, 256 133 , 142 , 144 , 154 , 160–61 , 178–79 , 183 , democratization, 2 , 8 , 14–18 , 22 , 33n48 , 185–86 , 191 , 195 , 201 , 215 , 223n280 , 55 , 136 , 150 , 182 , 194 , 199n93 , 223–24 , 231–32 , 245–46 , 251 , 255 , 261 , 235 , 307–10 , 350 , 359 , 431 , 443 , 457 , 268 , 285 , 289 , 296–97 , 299 , 302 , 307–9 , 463 , 479 , 484 , 487 311 , 322 , 324–25 , 332 , 336–37 , 339 , 351 , paths of, 478–84 358–59 , 365–68 , 370–71 , 379 , 404 , 417 , demonstration effects, 180 , 194 , 255 , 445 , 447 423 , 431 , 434 , 436 , 445 , 456 , 461 , 468 , Deng Xiaoping, 30 , 392 471 , 480–81 , 484 Denin, Nikolai, 271 relationship to patronalism, 26–27 Derkach, Andrei, 186 Council of Europe, 167 , 169 Derkach, Leonid, 186 coup of August 1991, in USSR, 56 , 112 , 127 , despotism. See autocracy 129 , 137 , 139 , 141 Diachenko, Tatiana, 100 courts, 43 , 64n10 , 109 , 144 , 174 , 174n237 , Diacov, Dumitru, 170–74n237 , 375–78 , 188–90 , 203–4 , 213 , 217–18 , 220 , 251 , 383–84 , 387 , 389–90 , 394 , 282n213 , 328–29 , 335 , 337 , 345 , 364 , 406 , 406n174 , 408 379 , 414 dictatorship, 2–3 , 7 , 12 , 14 , 16 , 58 , 68 , CPSU. See Communist Party of the 79n52 , 118 , 205 , 233 , 241–42 , 244–45 , Soviet Union 258 , 297 , 301 , 304–5 , 419 , 440 , Crimea, 187 , 475 445–46 , 466 , 468–69 , 472 , 487 . See critical junctures, 56–57n64 , 59n67 , 96 , 111 , also authoritarianism, autocracy, non- 418 , 431 , 479 democratic regimes defi nition of, 16n34 diffusion, 180 , 422 , 445–47 Croatia, 59–60t3.1 , 179 , 459 , 463 , 466 Diushebaev, Keneshbek, 198 Cubreacov, Vlad, 388 Djalalov, Abdulkhafi z, 243 culture, 6 , 39 , 51 , 309 , 312 , 314 , 338 , 477 Dnipropetrovsk, 100 , 100n11 , 131 , Czech Republic, 59–60t3.1 , 459t12.1 , 459–60 336 , 338 Dodon, Igor, 396 , 411 , 413–14 Dashnaktsutiun Party (Armenia), 356 , 358 , 360 dominant parties Dashnaktsutiun Party (Nagorno- and regime cycles in Eurasia, 472–75 Karabakh), 303 sources of stabilizing effects David the Builder, 210 of, 449–50 de facto states, 6 , 17 , 57 , 155–62 . See also Donbass, 101 , 117 Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh, South Donetsk, 101 , 117 , 147 , 184–86 , 314 , 330 , Ossetia, Transnistria 332–33 , 341 , 347 decentralization, 16 . See also federalism Dorenko, Sergei, 268–69 decolonization, 466 drugs, 106 , 109 , 316 Demirchian, Karen, 354–56 Duch, Raymond, 301 Demirchian, Stepan, 356 Dushanbe, 109 , 129 , 155 , 254–55 democracy, 1–8n16 , 12–13 , 15–16 , 18 , 48 , dynasty, as principle of succession, 46–47 , 55 , 68 , 80 , 87 , 91 , 133 , 137 , 177n242 , 47n29 , 196 , 291 , 437 , 468 , 472–73 , 178–80 , 182 , 199 , 205 , 239 , 242 , 266 , 473n55 . See also Azerbaijan, succession 275 , 300–1 , 308–9 , 311 , 319n46 , 322–23 , from father to son 325 , 331 , 331n116 , 333 , 337–38 , Dzhioeva, Alla. See Jioeva, Alla

Index 527

East Germany, 59–60t3.1 , 449 240 , 249–50 , 264 , 266–67 , 271 , 277–78 , Eastern Europe, 6 , 18 , 34–35 , 47 , 57 , 59 , 280–81 , 283 , 291 , 299 , 302 , 304 , 318 , 62 , 67 , 84n61 , 88 , 181n10 , 239 , 438 , 326 , 330 , 342 , 350 , 370 , 372–73 , 406 , 440n24 , 457–66 , 479 . See also Central 409 , 420 , 423 , 426–27 , 431 , 438 , 441 , Europe, revolutions of 1989 443 , 446 , 449 , 457 , 465 , 468–69 , 474 , 478 economic, 75 economic development, 13 , 133 , 157 , 194 , Facebook, 18 , 447 . See also social media 210 , 452 , 482 falsifi cation, of election results, 64 , 72–74 , 92 , economic reform, 9 , 98–99 , 109n61 , 112 , 188 , 193 , 229 , 284 , 298 , 336 , 402 . See 133–34 , 137 , 167 , 183 , 277 , 281 , 308 , also fraud, election 340 , 361 , 364 , 368 , 384 , 440n24 , 471 Fatherland Party (South Ossetia), 213 , 216 economy, performance of, 5 , 84 , 87 , 123–24 , Fatherland Party (Ukraine), 348–49 130–32 , 143 , 160 , 200 , 223n280 , 227 , Fatherland-All Russia bloc, 97f5.1 , 267 , 231 , 234 , 249 , 258–59 , 283 , 295 , 299– 269–70 , 272 300 , 303 , 361 , 382 , 396 , 407 , 438 , 452 , federal districts, in Russia, 273 462 , 483 . See fi nancial crisis of 2008–9 creation of, 270 Egypt, 468–69 Federal Security Service (Russia). See FSB El Salvador, 466 federalism, 55 , 256 , 380 , 464 Elchibey, Abulfez, 128–29 , 149 , 175 , 293 Federation Council (Russia), 270 election rules. See proportional-representation Ferghana (region), 54 , 164 election rules, single-member-district feudalism, 47 election rules Fidesz Party, 418 elections, benefi ts for non-democratic Fifth Channel (Ukraine), 101 , 186 leaders, 67–69 Filat, Vlad, 390 , 396n107 , 394–97 , 399–400 , electoral revolutions, 12 , 199 , 228 , 312 , 446 404 , 407–8 , 410 , 412–13 , 415–17 elites, defi nition of term, 11 fi nancial crisis of 2008–9, 5 , 206 , 221–22 , El’tsin, Boris. See Yeltsin, Boris 227 , 231 , 234 , 265 , 283 , 295 , 295n278 , Era TV (Ukraine), 186 319 , 338 , 389 , 407 , 476 Erkinbaev, Bayaman, 102 First Channel (Russia), 272 Ermatov, Abdukadir, 109 Firtash, Dmytro, 333 , 336 , 347 Estonia, 5 , 60t3.1 , 459t12.1 , 459–60 fl ying saucer, 329 ethnicity, 6 , 18 , 20 , 29n34 , 31n40 , 29–32 , focal effect, of constitutions, 78–81 , 89 , 32n44 , 36–37 , 37n55 , 41–42n8 , 54n53 , 123–24 , 174 , 280 , 307 , 319 , 329 , 54–55 , 95 , 111n74 , 111–12 , 114 , 118n96 , 342 , 373 116–19 , 125 , 127 , 129 , 145 , 152 , 156 , focal points, 10 , 26 , 45 , 52 , 56 , 64 , 71 , 163 , 203 , 249 , 320–23 , 337–38 , 370–71 , 79–80 , 82–83 , 89n70 , 89n71 , 89–90 , 397 , 423–24 , 429f11.1 , 433 , 441–42 , 92 , 229 , 231 , 233 , 237 , 239–40 , 241 , 461 , 463 , 475 . See also identity 245 , 247 , 259 , 280 , 291 , 305 , 327 , EU. See European Union 329–30 , 344 , 373–74 , 460 , 468 , 470 , Eurasia, defi nition of, 2 470n50 , 474 Euromaidan Revolution, 12 , 181–82 , 234–40 , formal institutions, 6n15 , 10 , 16 , 22 , 29 , 48 , 310–11 , 343 , 349–50 , 428 , 444 , 475 , 64 , 79 , 93 , 95 , 100–1 , 113 , 123 , 280–81 , 477–78 , 481 315 , 335 , 402 , 422–23 , 433 , 450 European Commission, 444 formal rules, 15n32 , 19 , 24 , 79n53 , 309 , 327 , European Union, 5 , 13 , 15 , 17–18 , 181 , 374 , 454 . See also constitutions, formal 208–9 , 235 , 237 , 368 , 380 , 384 , 388 , institutions, law, as formal rules 396 , 400 , 408 , 417 , 419 , 428 , 442–44 , formal selectorates, number of, 372 , 374 , 425 , 455–56 , 458 , 460–63 , 465–66 , 471 , 479 , 457 , 487 484 , 488 defi nition of, 374 executive divisibility, 372–74 , 376 , 409 , 415 , effects of, 374 419–20 , 425 , 457 , 487 former USSR. See Eurasia defi nition of, 373 Forum of Popular Unity of Abkhazia, 351 effects of, 373–74 France, 7 , 208 expectations, 2 , 4 , 10–11 , 14n28 , 14–16 , 22 , fraud, election, 68 , 80 , 141 , 178 , 187 , 189 , 35–38 , 44–46 , 54 , 56–58 , 64n9 , 61–65 , 228 , 260 , 262 , 284 , 286–87 , 300 , 302 , 69–75 , 77 , 77n46 , 80 , 83–86 , 88–90 , 93 , 335n137 , 335–36 , 357 , 388 , 388n67 , 96 , 123 , 125–26 , 168 , 174 , 180 , 191 , 393 , 397 , 399 , 418–19 . See also 191n50 , 194 , 199 , 207 , 211 , 223 , 237 , falsifi cation

528 Index

Freedom House, 4–5 , 7 , 176f6.1 , 270–71 , 271n166 , 274 , 282 , 284 , 332 , 176–77n241 , 177n242 , 179 , 234 , 336 , 440 319 , 322 , 325 , 352 , 429f11.1 , Gozman, Leonid, 273 428–30n7 , 430n8 , 430n9 Great Britain, 67 , 89n72 , 92 , 362 , 367 , 373 , FSB, 200n101 , 275 , 282 , 282n213 470n50 , 474 Greceanii, Zinaida, 402–5 , 408 , 413–14 , 420 Gachechiladze, Levan, 106 , 191 , 193 Greece, 461 Gagauz-Yeri (Gagauzia), 114 Grigorishin, Konstantin, 101 , 185 Gagulia, Gennady, 201–2 Guliyev, Rasul, 108 , 150 , 293 Gali district, 203 Gushan, Viktor, 105 Galicia (Ukraine), 184 Gusinsky, Vladimir, 99 , 268 , 272 Gambar, Isa, 292–94 , 294n269 , 299–300 Gamkrelidze, David, 106 , 192–93 Habsburg Empire, 59 Gamsakhurdia, Zviad, 127 , 151–52 , 175 Haiduk, Vitaly, 101 , 117–18 , 185 , 330 , 333 Garibasvhili, Irakli, 212 Hancharyk, Uladzimir, 262–63 Garm, 155 hardliners, 56 , 119 , 440 gas, 100 , 102 , 105 , 107 , 125 , 153 , 235 , 249 , hard-liners, 14 295 , 333 , 336 , 346 , 356 , 379 , 395 , 415 , Hasanli, Camil, 302 452–53 hereditary succession. See dynasty Gassiev, Znaur, 159 Heydar Aliyev Foundation, 295 , 300 Gazprom, 100 , 215 , 272 Heydarov, Kamaladdin, 108 , 116 , 150 , gender, dominance of male in Eurasian 295 , 297 presidencies, 127n6 HHK. See Republican Party of Georgia, 3–5 , 7–8 , 12–13 , 49 , 54n53 , 60t3.1 , Armenia (HHK) 104–6 , 110 , 114–15 , 121 , 127 , 133–34 , historical legacies, 57 , 59n68 , 59–60 , 111 , 151–53 , 156 , 158–59 , 161–62 , 178–79 , 118 , 133 , 312 , 369 , 458–59 181t7.1 , 181–82 , 190–92 , 194 , 196 , homophobia, 225 , 287 199–203 , 207n146 , 205–13 , 215 , 217 , Honchar, Viktar, 261 227 , 239 , 255 , 262 , 298 , 310–11 , 332 , Hovannisian, Raffi , 363 337 , 351 , 354 , 364–65 , 367–71 , 380 , 385 , Hungary, 59–60t3.1 , 373 , 418 , 418n244 , 427 , 429f11.1 , 429–31 , 434–35 , 441 , 459t12.1 , 459–60 , 460n6 444–46 , 448 , 459t12.1 , 461 , 470 , 474 , Huntington, Samuel P., 301 476 , 478–79 . See also Abkhazia, South Huseynov, Surat, 128 , 149–50 Ossetia hybrid regimes, 5 , 14 , 33n48 , 66 , 74 , 124 , Gamsakhurdia period, 127 241 , 247 , 256 , 420 , 436 , 447 , 453–54 , ouster of Saakashvili in, 205–12 454n64 , 467 , 469 , 473n54 , 471–74 , 480 , post-Saakashvili period, 369–70 483 . See also non-democratic regimes rise of oligarchs in, 105–6 concept of, 3 Rose Revolution in, 190–94 criteria, 304 Saakashvili period, 364–69 Shevardnadze period, 151–53 Ibraimov, Osmonakun, 197–98 Georgian Dream, party or bloc, 208–9 , identity, 29n34 , 31–32 , 32n43 , 95 , 118n96 , 211–12 , 369 125 , 145–46 , 146n87 , 148–49 , 153 , 184 , Germany, 47 , 349 186n30 , 236 , 239 , 254 , 379–80 , 386 , Ghimpu, Mihai, 392 , 395 , 397 , 400–4 , 419–20 , 423 , 433 , 441–42 , 442n35 , 445 , 409n189 , 408–10 , 413–15 , 417 481 . See also ethnicity Ghukasian, Arkady, 157–58 , 302–3 , ideology, 10 , 20 , 26 , 31n40 , 31–32 , 32n43 , 303n345 , 428 47–49 , 58 , 61 , 130 , 243 , 310n5 , 364–65 , Gingrich, Newt, 210 387 , 481 . See also neoliberalism Gongadze, Hryhory, 183 , 313 , 437 , 478 Ikromov, Maqsud, 129 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 2 , 35 , 49–50 , 52 , 54–56 , Iliescu, Ion, 462 58 , 58n65 , 62–63 , 75 , 84n61 , 88 , imagined communities, 20 , 30 , 423 , 481 111–12 , 114 , 119–22 , 128–29 , 139 , 149 , Imedi TV, 106 , 192 , 209 , 367 151–52 , 163n183 , 163–64 , 309 , 386 , IMF, 101 , 366 458–59 India, 55 , 332n116 , 469–70 Gosplan, 164 inequality, 14 , 20–21 , 27 , 195 governors, 95 , 111–14 , 122 , 130–31 , 134–35 , informal institutions, 15 , 56 , 62 , 79n53 , 123 . 137 , 140 , 143 , 146–47 , 149 , 165 , 187 , See also informality

Index 529

informal politics, 8–9 , 27 , 63n7 , 316 , 335 , 198n88 , 227 , 248–49 , 249n36 , 253 , 389 . See also informality 255 , 268 , 291 , 304 , 306 , 423 , 428 , defi nition, 26 428n3 , 434 , 441–42 , 445 , 448 , 452–53 , relationship to patronalism, 26 459t12.1 , 473–74 , 476 , 486 informality, 8–9 , 13 , 15n32 , 15–16 , 26–27 , 30 , after 1990s, 249–53 50 , 53 , 55–56 , 62–63n7 , 77–79 , 79n53 , emergence of single-pyramid system in 81–82 , 95 , 101 , 106–7 , 125 , 134–35 , 1990s, 139–41 140 , 152 , 174 , 196 , 202 , 205 , 228 , 245 , Mangistau uprising in, 253 267 , 270 , 280–82 , 296 , 302 , 307 , 312 , rise of oligarchs in, 102–4 315 , 317 , 322 , 326 , 328 , 332 , 335 , 347 , Kazhegeldin, Akezhan, 140 358 , 364 , 369 , 374 , 389 , 402 , 415 , 423 , Kazmaly, Ilia, 105 451–52 , 454 , 457 , 465 , 470 , 476 Kebich, Viacheslau, 141–42 , 142n65 , 373 , 476 relationship to patronalism, 26 Keldibaev, Akhmatbek, 322 information effect, of constitutions, 78–82 , 89 , Kelekhsaev, Roland, 214 , 216 , 219 123–24 , 174 , 207 , 280 , 320 , 342 , 373 Kenya, 467 Inoiatov, Rustam, 245–46 KGB, 58 , 74 , 95 , 102 , 130 , 148–50 , 152 , Insanov, Ali, 150 , 293 , 296 , 299 200n101 , 218–19 , 225 , 275 , 277 , 386 , institutional pluralism, model of Soviet 388 , 433 , 478 politics, 51 , 51n43 , 51n44 former. See FSB intelligentsia, 121 , 127–28 , 175 , 295n275 , 369 institution in post-Soviet Belarus, 261–62 Internet, 208 , 232 , 255 , 263 , 284 , 297 Khabalova, Aza, 219 Ioseliani, Jaba, 127 , 151–53 Khajimba, Raul, 12 , 200n101 , 200–5 , Iran, 73 351–52 Ireland, 326 Kharkiv, 332 , 336 , 346 Isabekov, Azim, 317 Khashba, Nodar, 202 Iskanderov, Mahmadruzi, 256 Khinshtein, Aleksandr, 285 Islam, 54 , 109 , 118 , 155 , 256 . See also Islamic Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 30 , 99–100 , 272–73 , Renaissance Party 289 , 451 Islamic Renaissance Party (IRP), 118 , 155 , Khoroshkovsky, Valery, 347 256–57 Khrushchev, Nikita, 50 , 52n45 , 52–53 , 58 Ismayilli, 302 Khugaev, Rezo, 161 , 216n208 2013 unrest in, 301 Khujand, 129 , 154–55 Ivanishvili, Bidzina (“Boris”), 106 , 192 , Kim, Vladimir, 252 207–12 , 369 , 437 kinship, 24 , 37 , 43 , 50 , 53 , 95 , 245 , 255–57 , Ivano-Frankivsk, 187 312 , 315 , 347 , 424 , 433 Ivanov, Sergei, 277–78 Kitovani, Tengiz, 127 , 151–52 Kitsmarishvili, Erosi, 192 Jalalabad, 117 , 233 , 321 kleptocracy, 483 , 483n78 Japan, 456 , 470 Klitschko, Vitali, 235–36 , 348–49 Javadov, Rovshan, 150 Kliuev, Andry, 347 Jioeva, Alla, 216–19 , 444 Kocharian, Robert, 12 , 109 , 157–58 , 181t7.1 , Jokhtaberidze family, 106 228–29 , 302 , 354–61 , 428 , 437 judiciary, 6–7 , 77n46 . See also constitutional Kocharian, Sedrak, 356 courts, courts Kochiev, Stanislav, 160–62 , 213 , 219 Jussoev, Albert, 215n206 , 215–16 , 219 Kokoity, Eduard, 161–62 , 181t7.1 , 213n189 , 215n204 , 216n208 , 212–20 , 444 Kaladze, Kakha, 209 Kolomoisky, Ihor, 100–1 , 186 , 330 , 333 , 347 Kaminsky, Anatoly, 224n286 , 222–27 , 444 kompromat, 171 , 261 Karabakh. See Nagorno-Karabakh Komsomol, 99–100 , 102–3 , 105–6n44 , 108 , Karapetian, Karen, 356 378 , 433 Karimli, Ali, 294 Kosachev, Konstantin, 216 Karimov, Islom, 108 , 115 , 137 , 139 , Kosovo, 464 164–65 , 227 , 243n3 , 243–46 , 305 , 428 , Kozak, Dmitry, 380 , 385 428n3 , 474 KPRF. See Communist Party of the Russian Karimova, Gulnara, 245–46 Federation (KPRF) Karimova-Tillaeva, Lola, 246 Krasowski, Anatol, 261 Kazakhstan, 5 , 7 , 54n53 , 60t3.1 , 71–72 , Kravchuk, Leonid, 130–32 , 132n20 , 142 , 146 , 101 , 103 , 121 , 139–40 , 163n183 , 198 , 148 , 160 , 175 , 309

530 Index

Kuchma, Leonid, 3 , 11 , 13 , 30 , 101 , 131–32 , Lee Kwan Yew, 309 143 , 145–49 , 166 , 178–79 , 181t7.1 , legitimacy, 24–25 , 27 , 66 , 68 , 139 , 189 , 195 , 183n14 , 185n23 , 181–91 , 238 , 305 , 309 , 411 , 424 313–14 , 326 , 328 , 330 , 333–35 , 337 , 345 , Lenin, Vladimir, 48n31 , 48–51 , 55 , 129 347 , 379 , 437 , 441–43 Leninobod, 129 Kulibaev, Timur, 103 , 250–53 leverage, as factor promoting pluralism, 15 , Kulob, 129 , 154 , 254 , 256 15n33 , 312 , 457–58 , 460–63 , 465–66 , Kulov, Feliks, 138 , 197 , 199 , 230 , 312–13 , 470–71 , 486 , 488 315–19 , 322 , 441 Liberal Democratic Party (Japan), 470 Kulumbegov, Torez, 159 Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova, 390 , Kwasniewski, Aleksander, 443 394 , 396n107 , 396–97 , 399 , 403 , 407–8 , Kyiv, 101 , 111n73 , 114 , 147 , 178 , 411–17 185 , 187–89 , 235 , 235n344 , Liberal Party of Moldova, 392 , 395–97 , 399 , 335 , 349 401–5 , 408 , 411 , 413–17 Kyrgyzstan, 3–5 , 12–13 , 28n32 , 54 , 60t3.1 , Libya, 281n206 , 468–69 101–2 , 116n91 , 116–17 , 120–21 , 127n6 , Ligachev, Yegor, 52 134 , 137–38 , 145 , 163 , 163n183 , linkage, as factor promoting pluralism, 15 , 178–79 , 181t7.1 , 181–82 , 194 , 196–97 , 15n33 , 312 , 457–58 , 460–63 , 465–66 , 197n85 , 199 , 230–33n334 , 239 , 242 , 470–71 , 486 244 , 254n76 , 254–55 , 291 , 298 , 310–15 , Liovochkin, Serhy, 347 318–20 , 323 , 326 , 331 , 331n116 , Lipset, Seymour Martin, 301 350–51 , 370–71 , 385 , 423 , 427 , 430–31 , Lithuania, 5 , 53 , 60t3.1 , 259–60 , 386 , 433–35 , 437 , 440–45 , 451 , 459t12.1 , 459 , 463 461 , 473–77 , 479 , 486 Lodkin, Yury, 271 Akaev period, 137–39 Long, Huey , 1 , 71 April 2010 revolution in, 477 Lucinschi, Chiril, 104 , 381 , 394 , 399 Atambaev period, 322–25 Lucinschi, Petru, 104–5 , 166–68 , 170–74 , Bakiev period, 314–19 170n217 , 375 , 377 , 385n53 , 390 , 394 , constitution-drafting after 2010 revolution, 396 , 415 319–20 Luhansk, 332 ethnic violence of 2010 in, 320–21 , Lukashenka, Aliaksandr, 72 , 107 , 141–45 , 323 , 486 153 , 258–66 , 258n103 , 259n109 , 305 , Otunbaeva period, 321–22 428 , 434 , 449 , 476–77 revolution of 2010, 230–33 Lukashenka, Viktar, 261–62 rise of oligarchs in, 101–2 LUKoil, 100 Tulip Revolution in, 194–99 Lupu, Marian, 383 , 383n44 , 394 , 402–3 , 405–10 , 412–16 Labor Party (Georgia), 193 Lutsenko, Yury, 329 , 346 , 350 Lakerbai, Leonid, 156 Luzhkov, Yury, 96–97f5.1 , 113–14 , 267–69 , Lakoba, Stanislav, 202 271 , 282 lame-duck syndrome, 12 , 84–85 , 84n61 , Lviv, 340 88 , 90–91 , 94 , 180–84 , 191 , 191n49 , Lytvyn, Volodymyr, 343–45 194 , 207 , 210–12 , 227–28 , 230 , 232 , 237–40 , 241–44 , 248–49 , 252–55 , Macedonia, 16 , 59–60t3.1 , 456 , 458–59 , 461 , 258–59 , 265–67 , 279 , 289 , 291–92 , 298 , 471 , 484 , 487 302–6 , 314 , 320 , 350 , 356–57 , 363 , mafi a. See organized crime 367–68 , 427–28 , 430–31 , 434–35 , 437 , Mahileu, 143 439 , 441–53 , 464 , 467–68 , 470 , 472 , 474 , Maiilian, Masis, 303 476 , 482 Makei, Uladzimir, 262 Landsbergis, Vytautas, 386 Maksiuta, Yury, 272 Latin America, 2 , 455 , 457 , 466 , 488 Malenkov, Georgy, 50 , 52 , 58 Latvia, 5 , 60t3.1 , 459t12.1 , 459–60 Mali, 326 law, as formal rules, 9 , 19 , 26–27 , 44 , 270 , Mamedov, Etibar, 293 315 , 335 , 366 , 388 , 424 . See also Mammadov, Ilqar, 301 constitutions, formal rules Mammadov, Ziya, 297 , 301 Law-Based State Party, 356 , 363 Mandela, Nelson, 362 Leanca, Iurie, 394 , 417 Mangistau uprising, 253 Lebedev, Aleksandr, 185 Manukian, Vazgen, 137

Index 531

Marakutsa, Grigory, 222 Snegur period, 166–68 Marchenko, Grigory, 252 Voronin dealmaking with other parties in, Marchuk, Yevhen, 148 383–89 Marcos, Ferdinand, 470 Voronin’s rise to dominance in, 377–83 Margaryan, Andranik, 355–57 monarchy, 46n28 , 46–47 , 47n29 , 79n52 , 301 , Margvelashvili, Georgi, 181t7.1 , 212 469–70 , 470n50 , 473 market reform. See economic reform Mongolia, 6 , 16 , 459 , 471 , 487 Marxism, 48 Mongols, 41 Masaliev, Absamat, 120 Montenegro, 464 Mashkevich, Aleksandr, 103 , 252 Morar, Natalia, 399–400 Masimov, Karim, 252–53 Moroz, Oleksandr, 146 , 327 , 330 Meciar, Vladimir, 460 , 460n7 Morozov, Pavel, 50 Medvedchuk, Viktor, 101 , 185–86 , 188 , Moscow, 47 , 96 , 99 , 111n73 , 112n76 , 314 , 335 111–13 , 129 , 152 , 162 , 164 , 178 , 187 , Medvedev, Dmitry, 30 , 216 , 267 , 278n202 , 199 , 213n189 , 219–20 , 224 , 267–68 , 281n206 , 281n207 , 281n208 , 281n209 , 271 , 282–83 , 285–87 , 289 , 292 , 338 , 408 , 277–86 , 473 , 475 459 , 473 as president, 276–82 Mountainous Karabakh. See Nagorno- Mehdiyev, Remiz, 150 , 294 , 297 , 301 Karabakh Merabishvili, Ivane (“Vano”), 210–12 Movement-88, 303 Mexico, 50 , 296n280 , 466 Musavat Party, 292–93 Middle East, 455 , 457 , 467–69 , 477 . See also Muscovy, 41 , 41n5 , 43n9 , 43–44 , 44n17 , 51 , Arab uprisings of 2011 51n44 Milinkevich, Aliaksandr, 263–65 Muslims. See Islam militaries, 14 , 45 , 79n52 , 128–30 , 133 , 144 , Musuc, Eduard, 390 , 395 150 , 152 , 157–58 , 166 , 173 , 189–90 , Mutalibov, Ayaz, 128–29 , 293 198 , 205 , 207 , 213 , 215 , 225 , 237 , 244 , Myrzakmatov, Melis, 321 , 323–25 257 , 268 , 281n206 , 294 , 328 , 351 , 380 , 386 , 465–66 , 468 , 470 , 477–78 Nabiev, Rakhmon, 129–30 , 154 , 175 Milosevic, Slobodan, 3 , 179 , 262 , 463–65 Nagorno-Karabakh, 5 , 17 , 57 , 107–8 , 108n59 , Mingrelians, 152 121 , 128–29 , 137 , 141 , 149 , 151 , 155 , Minsk, 142 158n152 , 157–59 , 228–29 , 266 , 294 , Mirsaidov, Shakarulla, 164–65 296 , 299 , 301–4 , 354–56 , 359–60 , 428 , Mirziyoyev, Shavkat, 245 430n9 , 433 , 451–52 , 476 , 481 Mirzoev, Gaffor, 109 , 254 Ghukasian period, 157–58 Misin, Vadim, 416 Kocharian period, 157 Mkhedrioni, 127 , 153 rise of oligarchs in, 109 Mobutu Sese Seko, 29–30 Nakhichevan, 54 , 117 , 128 , 149–50 , 293–95 , Moi, Daniel Arap, 467 297n291 Moldova, 5 , 11 , 18 , 60t3.1 , 82n55 , narcotics. See drugs 104–5 , 114 , 121 , 124 , 126 , 156 , Naryn, 102 168n207 , 170n216 , 165–73 , 181 , 221 , Naryshkin, Sergei, 216 274 , 349 , 371 , 373 , 375–77 , 379–81 , National Movement (Georgia). See United 385–86 , 389 , 391 , 394 , 396n107 , National Movement (Georgia) 396–97 , 400–1 , 403–5 , 407 , 409–10 , 412 , nationalization, 143–44 415 , 417–20 , 423 , 427 , 430–32 , 434 , 441 , nations, 20 444 , 447 , 450 , 459t12.1 , 476 , 479–80 , NATO, 208 , 340 , 368 , 464 487 . See also Transnistria natural state, 59 , 486 after Voronin presidency, 409–17 relationship to patronalism, 28 and its 2000 constitution, 375–76 Navalny, Aleksei, 285 , 288–89 as parliamentarist exception in Eurasia, Nazarbaev, Bolat, 251 165–66 Nazarbaev, Nursultan, 71–72 , 103 , latter Voronin period, 389–98 139–41 , 198n88 , 227 , 249–53 , Lucinschi period, 170–74 249n36 , 291 , 305 , 428 , 428n3 , 434 , origins of proportional-representation 442 , 448 , 474 election rules in, 168–70 Nazarbaeva, Dariga, 103 , 251–52 revolution of 2009 in, 398–409 Nazarov, Avaz, 109 rise of oligarchs in, 105 neoliberalism, 364 , 369

532 Index

neopatrimonialism, 10n24 , 21 , 25 , 61n1 , Osh, 117 , 120 , 323–24 482–83 , 483n77 . See also patrimonialism pogroms of 2010 in, 320–21 , 323 relationship to patronalism, 24–25 Ostapciuc, Eugenia, 378 , 383 New Economic Policy (NEP), 49–50 Otan Party, 141 , 253 New Rights Party (Georgia), 192 Otunbaeva, Roza, 127n6 , 181t7.1 , 196–97 , New York City, 30 233 , 320 , 322 newspapers, 100 , 103 , 137 , 220 , 256 , 260 , Our Moldova Alliance, 384 , 390 , 392 , 272 , 297 , 302 , 333 , 355 , 379 396–97 , 403 , 408 , 411 , 413 NGO. See non-governmental organizations Niavylhlas, Henadz, 261 parties. See dominant parties Nicaragua, 326 Party of Communists (Kyrgyzstan), 318 Niyazov, Saparmurat, 4 , 163–64 , 244 , 247–48 , Party of Communists of the Republic of 365 , 428 Moldova, 170 , 173 , 378n17 , 383n44 , death of, 247 377–98 , 402 , 409–21 , 431 , 450 Noghaideli, Zurab, 206 fall from power of, 398–409 nomenklatura, 53 Party of Regions, 101 , 234 , 238 , 329–30 , non-democratic regimes, 16 , 18 , 18n36 , 333–38 , 345 , 347–49 , 474 64 , 88n69 , 405 , 438 , 471 . See also Party of Swindlers and Thieves, slogan, 285 authoritarianism, autocracy, dictatorship, Pasat, Valery, 390 , 390n74 hybrid regimes Pashayev network, 295 , 295n275 non-governmental organizations (NGOs), 239 , Patarkatsishvili, Badri, 106 , 192 , 366–67 244–45 , 264–65 , 365 , 368 , 386 , 446 path dependence, 69n26 , 69–70n31 , 124n1 North America, 29 patrimonialism, 21 , 24–25 , 27 , 44 , North Korea, 469 46 , 51n44 , 59–60 , 459 . See also North Ossetia, 161–62 , 220 neopatrimonialism Norway, 455 relationship to patronalism, 24 NTV, 99 , 265 , 268 , 272 patronal politics, defi nition of, 9 , 21 NUNS coalition, 330 , 337 patronal presidentialism, defi nition of, 82 Nur Otan Party, 250 , 253 , 474 . See also patronalism Otan Party defi nition of, 20 Nuri, Abdullo, 118 , 155 distinguished from other concepts, 22–27 relationship to the natural state, 28–29 oil, 99 , 101–5 , 107 , 125 , 151 , 153 , 249 , 292 , Pavliuk, Gennady, 232 295–96 , 306 , 356 , 368 , 452–53 PCRM. See Party of Communists of the Okruashvili, Irakli, 192 , 366 Republic of Moldova oligarchs, 10–11 , 15 , 30 , 51 , 95 , 99n5 , PDM. See Democratic Party of Moldova 98–110 , 115–16 , 122 , 125 , 132 , 135 , People’s Democratic Party of Tajikistan, 154 , 140 , 143 , 146–48 , 150 , 156 , 161 , 255 , 474 184–86 , 192 , 250 , 252 , 259 , 268–69 , People’s Party (South Ossetia), 213–14 , 272–73 , 295 , 297 , 297n290 , 330–31 , 216 , 219 333 , 339 , 344 , 356 , 362 , 381 , 394 , 407 , People’s Party of Armenia, 354 433 , 440–41 Peter III, Russian tsar, 45–46 defi nition of, 98 Peter the Great, 45 origins in post-Soviet Eurasia, 98–110 Philippines, 456 , 470 , 472 Olympic Games, in Sochi 2014. See Sochi Pinchuk, Viktor, 101 , 147 , 186 , 333 , 347 Olympics Pinochet, Augusto, 309 Omelchenko, Oleksandr, 187–88 Plahotniuc, Vladimir, 379 , 403 , 405–7 , Onopenko, Vasyl, 335 412–13 , 415–17 open access orders, 29 , 58 , 456–57 , 470n50 , PLDM. See Liberal Democratic Party of 472 , 478 , 480 , 482 , 484 , 486 Moldova Orange Revolution, 3 , 13 , 178–79 , 182–90 , Pliev, Alan, 217 , 219 194 , 197 , 199 , 218 , 234–35 , 238 , 277 , PLM. See Liberal Party of Moldova 310 , 319 , 326 , 335 , 337 , 370 , 386 , pluralism by default, 66 , 175 430–31 , 438 , 443 , 443n37 , 471 Poland, 59–60t3.1 , 101 , 143 , 443 , organized crime, 19 , 100n11 , 102 , 106 , 129 , 459t12.1 , 463 265 , 341 , 365 , 396n107 , 404 police, 50 , 83 , 103 , 106 , 113 , 136–37 , 150 , Orthodox Church, Russian, 42 158 , 162 , 171 , 189 , 193 , 199 , 205 , 218 , OSCE, 189 , 322–23 , 355 , 362 , 365 , 382–83 230 , 233 , 235–36 , 294 , 299 , 315 , 321 ,

Index 533

326 , 328 , 336 , 348 , 362 , 365–66 , 368 , Qabala, 116 , 295 382 , 400 , 405 , 411 , 462 , 478 quasi-states. See de facto states policy recommendations, 16 Quba unrest of 2012, 301 political monopolies, 27 political regime. See regime, political Rahmanov, Bahram, 130 Polity IV index of regime type, 177n242 , 430n7 Rahmon, Imomali, 153–55 , 253–58 , 305 , Popov, Gavriil, 111 , 113 428 , 474 Popular Alliance Party, 288 changing of name from Rahmonov, 257 Popular Christian Democratic Party Rahmonov, Imomali. See Rahmon, Imomali (Moldova), 170 , 377 , 380 , 382–83 , Rakhatgate. See Aliev, Rakhat 385–90 , 392–93 , 397 , 404 , 411 , 417–18 Rakhimov, Murtaza, 282 Poroshenko, Petro, 101 , 185–86 , 330 , Rashidov, Sharof, 54 333 , 346 ratingocracy, 74 Potanin, Vladimir, 99–100 rational-legal authority, 24 power, as concept under patronalism, 10–11 , Ratushniak, Serhy, 334 14 , 56 , 61 , 90 , 123 , 126 , 424 REAL movement, 301 PPCD. See Popular Christian Democratic Party Rebirth of Transnistria movement, 224 (Moldova) regime change, 7–8 , 14–15 , 125n3 , 307 , 422 , predation, 23 439 , 443 , 458 , 486 predictive power of the theory, 13n27 regime cycles, 8 , 15–18 , 65 , 82 , 87n66 , 87–93 , premier-presidentialism, 77–78 126 , 182 , 220 , 240 , 310–11 , 350 , 419 , Primakov, Yevgeny, 267–69 422 , 427–28 , 430–34 , 440n24 , 444 , 446 , privatization, 11 , 18 , 106n44 , 101–7 , 109–10 , 448 , 453 , 457 , 466–67 , 472–73 , 477 112 , 134–41 , 143 , 146 , 180 , 186 , 220 , irregular, 12 , 17 , 88 , 90 , 126 , 174–75 , 260 , 296 , 306 , 337 , 358 , 384 , 390 , 394 , 180–81 , 237–40 , 427–28 , 466–68 450–51 , 483 long, 427 , 467 , 470 loans-for-shares, 99–100n7 long versus short, 90 process-tracing, as method, 17 , 71 , 126 , 239 , regular, 12 , 17 , 88–90 , 93 , 126 , 174–75 , 428 , 437 , 443 177 , 180–82 , 238–40 , 244 , 427 , 435 , proportional-representation election rules, 467–69 124 , 169n215 , 170n215 , 169–72 , regularity versus irregularity, 91 274 , 444 regime dynamics, 8 , 8n17 , 10 , 15 , 17–18 , Prosperous Armenia Party, 357–58 , 363 22 , 38 , 40 , 57 , 59n67 , 62–63 , 63n7 , protests, 12 , 14 , 71 , 73 , 75 , 86 , 86n65 , 88–90 , 66 , 69 , 75 , 77n46 , 82 , 86 , 91n76 , 94 , 127 , 129–30 , 137 , 140 , 156 , 165 , 180 , 96 , 98 , 122 , 134 , 146n87 , 177n241 , 182–83 , 188–89 , 193 , 195–96 , 201–5 , 181 , 194 , 238 , 240 , 267 , 307 , 311 , 314 , 209 , 222 , 228 , 235n342 , 230–38 , 350 , 369 , 371 , 372 , 421 , 422 , 426–28 , 244–45 , 247 , 251 , 253 , 255 , 262 , 264–65 , 432–34 , 436 , 439 , 441–44 , 446 , 448–49 , 267 , 277 , 286–89 , 294 , 299–302 , 316–17 , 451–52 , 455–57 , 465–68 , 475 , 483 , 319 , 324 , 349–50 , 359 , 362–63 , 366–67 , 486–87 380 , 385 , 389 , 393 , 396n107 , 400n134 , irregular, 133 398–403 , 415–16 , 418–19 , 426 , 428 , regime parties. See dominant parties 440–41n30 , 443–45 , 447 , 462 , 465 , regime type, 7–8 , 8n16 , 84n61 , 426n2 , 439 , 468n39 , 467–69 , 473 , 475 , 477–78 , 481 453–54 , 454n64 Pryvat Bank, 100–1 , 186 , 330 , 333 , 347 regime, political, defi nition of, 15n32 Pupeika, Aliaksandr, 107 , 143 Rejepov, Akmurad, 163–64 , 247 Pussy Riot, 287 religion, 54n53 , 118 , 155 , 187 , 312 . See also Putin, Vladimir, 11–12 , 30 , 58 , 67 , 74 , Islam, Russian Orthodox Church 112n77 , 178 , 190 , 198n88 , 203–5 , Renewal Party (Transnistria), 221–24 , 227 214–17 , 223–24 , 236 , 238 , 242 , 270n163 , REN-TV, 272 278n202 , 281n206 , 281n207 , 281n208 , Republican Party of Armenia (HHK), 354–58 , 267–87 , 289 , 329 , 341 , 380 , 408 , 428 , 363 , 474 433–34 , 437 , 440n24 , 446–48 , 450–51 , resource curse, 153 , 453 472–73 , 475–76 , 482 Respublika Party, 322 , 324 as prime minister during Tandem, 276–82 revolution, 3–4 , 12–14 , 17–18 , 22 , 28 , 40 , fi rst two terms as president, 270–76 43 , 48n32 , 58n65 , 84 , 84n59 , 86–87 , 92 , rise of, 267–69 99 , 179 , 186n30 , 194 , 194n66 , 196n77 , second presidency (after Tandem), 282–89 198–99 , 199n93 , 220 , 229–30 , 232n329 ,

534 Index

revolution (cont.) rise of regional political machines in, 111–14 232–34 , 234n334 , 238n347 , 236–40 , transition from Yeltsin to Putin, 267–69 241–42 , 244 , 247 , 254 , 254n76 , 258 , tsarist period, 41–47 , 71 263–65 , 298 , 307–16 , 319–20 , 322 , 325 , under fi rst Putin presidency, 270–76 350–51 , 362 , 364 , 371 , 385 , 387 , 390 , under Putin-Medvedev tandem, 276–82 398 , 401 , 403–5 , 409 , 426 , 428 , 430 , under second Putin presidency, 282–89 439–40 , 442 , 445–47 , 450–51 , 460 , Yeltsin period, 134–36 470 , 476 , 479–80 . See also Abkhazia, Russian Federation. See Russia revolution of 2004 in ; color revolutions ; Russian Orthodox Church, 287 electoral revolutions ; Euromaidan Russian Republic, of USSR, 52n46 , 52–53n48 , Revolution ; Kyrgyzstan, revolution of 55–56n60 , 62 2010 ; Russian Revolution, of 1917 ; South Russian Revolution, of 1917, 44 , 47–48 , Ossetia, revolution of 2011–12 in 56 , 58 1989 revolutions, 18 , 34–35 , 38 , 47 , 56 , 62 , as signal juncture, 47n30 67 , 88 Russians, as minority in other states, 5 in Kyrgyzstan, April 2010, 319–20 , 323 , Rustavi 2 TV, 191n49 , 191–93 , 209 370 , 477 Rybak, Volodymyr, 347 Richard Daley, 1 Rybnitsa, 226–27 Romania, 3n7 , 59–60t3.1 , 169n215 , 179 , 380 , Ryzhkov, Vladimir, 286 380n26 , 386 , 396–97 , 400 , 404 , 411 , 414 , 419 , 456 , 458–59t12.1 , 462–63 , Saakashvili, Mikheil, 4 , 11 , 153 , 178 , 466 , 479 , 484 181t7.1 , 191n49 , 190–94 , 196 , 205–12 , Rosca, Iurie, 170 , 378 , 385n51 , 385n53 , 310 , 337–38 , 351 , 366n326 , 364–69 , 385–86 , 390 , 404–5 385–87 , 434 , 437 , 444 , 448 , 470 , 476 , Rose Revolution, 3 , 162 , 178 , 190–94 , 197 , 478–80 205 , 207 , 227 , 310 , 351 , 364–67 , 369 , Saakian, Bako, 303–4 427n3 . See also Georgia Sadulloev, Hasan, 255 Rossiia-1 TV, 285 Sadyrkulov, Medet, 231 RosUkrEnergo, 347 Safarov, Sangak, 129 Round Table-Free Georgia bloc, 127 Salaru, Anatol, 395 RSFSR. See Russian Republic, of USSR Salimov, Yakub, 254 , 256 Rukh, 148 Salymbekov, Askar, 102 , 315 , 331 rule of law, 10 , 27 , 38 , 39 , 59 , 359 , 423 , 456 , Samara, 219 477 , 480 Samarkand, 54 , 108 , 164 low levels of, 19 , 22 Samruk-Kazyna, 250 , 253 relationship to patronalism, 27 Sanaia, Georgy, 191 , 478 Russia, 5–7 , 12 , 19n2 , 30 , 32 , 42n8 , 41–45 , Sanakoev, David, 219–20 47n29 , 47–48 , 52 , 56 , 58 , 60t3.1 , 66 , 74 , Sangheli, Andrei, 105 , 168 95–96 , 99–102 , 106 , 111n74 , 112n77 , Sargsyan, Aram, 355 112n79 , 110–14 , 120n104 , 120–21 , 128 , Sargsyan, Serzh, 109 , 229 , 354–63 130–32 , 134 , 140 , 143–45 , 148 , 158 , Sargsyan, Vazgen, 158 , 229 , 354–55 161–63n183 , 166–69 , 171 , 178–79 , 182 , Sariev, Temir, 231 , 316–17 , 319 185–86 , 198–99 , 203–4 , 206 , 208 , 210 , Sarygulov, Askar, 102 213n189 , 213–17 , 220 , 223–26 , 231–32 , Sarygulov, Dastan, 102 237 , 239 , 242 , 242n2 , 249 , 257–58 , 261 , Satybaldiev, Zhantoro, 324 269f8.1 , 271n166 , 265–77 , 281n208 , Saudi Arabia, 472 281–84 , 286 , 286n228 , 291 , 294 , SBU, 148 , 329 , 347 296n280 , 303–4 , 306 , 308 , 323 , 332 , SDPK. See Social Democratic Party of 336–38 , 340 , 346–47 , 349–50 , 356 , 359 , Kyrgyzstan (SDPK) 364 , 367 , 370 , 377 , 380–82 , 384–86 , 388 , second economy, of USSR, 53 390 , 396–97 , 408 , 417 , 419 , 423–24 , selectorate theory, 18n36 , 61n2 , 88n69 , 374 , 428 , 430n9 , 433–34 , 436n12 , 436–38 , 383 , 419 . See also formal selectorates, 441n29 , 440–42 , 444 , 446–48 , 450–53 , number of 459t12.1 , 471 , 473n54 , 473–76 , 478 , defi nition, 374n5 481n73 , 483 , 483n78 , 486 semi-presidentialism, 77–78 infl uence on regime type outside Russia, Serbia, 3 , 12 , 59–60t3.1 , 73 , 179 , 255 , 444–45 262–63 , 445–46 , 455 , 459t12.1 , rise of oligarchs in, 99–100 463–66

Index 535

Serebrian, Oleg, 383–84 , 386–87 , 389–90 , Soloviev, Vladimir, 285 393n92 Somalia, 456 , 472 , 475 Shaimiev, Mintimer, 282 South Korea, 470 Shamba, Sergei, 200n100 , 202 , 352 South Ossetia, 5 , 12 , 17 , 57 , 110 , 121 , 141 , Sheiman, Viktar, 261–62 155 , 157–62 , 181t7.1 , 181–82 , 190 , 206 , Sheriff Group, 105 , 156 , 222n270 , 220–24 , 212–13 , 215–16 , 219 , 239 , 311 , 337 , 227 , 433 427–28n5 , 435–36n14 , 440–41 , 443–44 , Sherniiazov, Bolot, 232 446 , 476 Shevardnadze, Eduard, 3 , 105 , 151–53 , 175 , path to fi rst single-pyramid system, 158–62 178 , 181t7.1 , 191n49 , 190–94 , 205 , revolution of 2011–12 in, 212–20 210 , 227 , 309 , 365 , 367 , 369 , 380 , 389 , rise of oligarchs in, 110 427n3 , 437 , 449 , 474 , 479 Southeastern Europe, 239 Shevardnadze, Nugzar, 105 Soviet Union. See USSR Shevchuk, Yevgeny, 181t7.1 , 222n270 , SPS. See Union of Right Forces (SPS) 221–27 , 444 St. Petersburg, 111n73 , 111–12 , 277 , 285 Shikhmuradov, Boris, 247n31 Stalin, Joseph, 50n36 , 50n37 , 48–53 , 58 , 246 Shinawatra, Thaksin, 470 state failure, risk of in Eurasia, 475–78 Shoigu, Sergei, 216 state-building, 6 , 48n32 , 158 , 200 , 210 , 364 , Shushkevich, Stanislau, 141–42 , 373 448 , 476 Shuster, Savik, 329 states Sigua, Tengis, 127 patrimonial, 44 siloviki, 277 relationship to patronalism, 29 , 33 , 107 , Singapore, 309 , 471 , 480 116 , 447–49 , 477 single-member-district election rules, 124 , Stati, Anatol, 104 , 379 , 395 138 , 166 , 169–72 , 212–13 , 249 , 262 , Stati, Gabriel, 400 , 405 273–74 , 349 Stepanakert, 157 , 303 Sistema, corporation, 97f5.1 , 113 Stepaniuc, Victor, 378n17 , 410 Siukaev, Rodion, 219 Subkhanberdin, Nurzhan, 103 , 252 Slovakia, 3n7 , 59n69 , 59–60t3.1 , 179 , succession, 12 , 17 , 46–47n29 , 49 , 52 , 70 , 459t12.1 , 460n8 , 459–61 84n59 , 84n61 , 84–86 , 88 , 90–92 , 180 , Slovenia, 59–60t3.1 , 459t12.1 , 459–60 182–83 , 190–91 , 193–94 , 196–97 , 200–2 , SMD. See single-member-district election rules 214–15 , 228–30 , 237 , 239–40 , 241–42 , Smirnov, Igor, 105 , 155–56 , 181t7.1 , 245 , 247 , 252–53 , 259 , 266–67 , 275 , 222n270 , 220–25 , 227 , 252 , 433–34 , 444 277–79 , 282 , 286 , 291–92 , 294 , 304 , 352 , Smirnov, Oleg, 105 , 223 354 , 357 , 360 , 362 , 370–71 , 384 , 388–89 , Snegur, Mircea, 105 , 168n207 , 169n215 , 391–92 , 409 , 418–20 , 427–28 , 435 , 166–70 444 , 446 , 460 , 463 , 466–69 , 473n55 , Sobchak, Anatoly, 111 473–74 , 487 Sobianin, Sergei, 289 Sukharenka, Stsiapan, 261 Sobirov, Davron, 117 Sukhumi, 202–3 , 352 SOCAR, 108 , 292 , 297 Sukiasian, Khachatur, 104 , 136 , 356 , 360 Sochi Olympics, 289 Suleimenov, Olzhas, 139 social capital, 25 , 25n22 , 38 , 61n1 , 423 , 456 sultanism, 24 relationship to patronalism, 25–26 Surkis, Hryhory, 101 , 185 , 188 social class. See class, social Surkov, Vladislav, 289 Social Democratic Party (Moldova), 390 Suslov, Yevgeny, 346 Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan Svans, 152 (SDPK), 317–18 , 322 Svoboda Party, 348–49 Social Democratic Party of Tajikistan, 257 Sweden, 41n5 , 456 , 472 Social Liberal Party (Moldova), 383–84 , Switzerland, 326 386–87 Symonenko, Petro, 149 , 341 social media, 18 , 398 , 447 . See also Internet, Facebook, Twitter Taiwan, 470 Social-Democratic Party (Moldova), 411 Tajikistan, 5 , 60t3.1 , 107 , 109 , 115 , Socialist Party (Kazakhstan), 139 118 , 121 , 129 , 153 , 248 , 253–55 , Socialist Party of Ukraine, 327 , 330 258 , 305n351 , 305–6 , 428 , 445 , 452 , softliners, 14 , 440 459t12.1 Solih, Mukhammed, 165 , 243 civil war in, 129–30 , 153–55

536 Index

Tajikistan (cont.) Tiuleev, Nariman, 324 Nabiev period, 129–30 Tkaciuk, Mark, 381 , 402–4 , 410 Rahmon period, 153–55 , 253–58 Totalitarian Model, 51 , 51n43 rise of oligarchs in, 109 totalitarianism, 2 , 456 . See also Talas, 232–33 , 240 Totalitarian Model Tammany Hall, 30 traditional authority, 24 Tandem (Putin-Medvedev), 267 , 279–84 , 286 , transition paradigm, 3 473 , 475 transition, of regimes. See regime change tandemocracy. See Tandem (Putin-Medvedev) transnational democracy-promotion. See Tanzania, 472 democracy promotion, international Targamadze, Kakha, 106 , 152 Transnistria, 5 , 12 , 17 , 57 , 104–5 , 121 , Tarlev, Vasile, 378 , 383 , 388 , 393–97 , 402 , 155–56 , 158n152 , 166 , 169 , 169n215 , 420 , 450 181t7.1 , 181–82 , 220–21 , 226–27 , 240 , Taruta, Serhy, 101 , 117 , 185 , 333 252 , 311 , 380 , 386 , 388 , 427–28n5 , 433 , Tashkent, 54 , 108 , 114 , 117 , 164 435–36n14 , 441 , 444 , 476 Tasmagambetov, Imangali, 104 , 252 ouster of Smirnov in, 220–27 Tatarstan, 111 , 111n74 , 282 rise of oligarchs in, 105 Tbilisi, 106 , 127 , 191–93 , 206 , 209 , 367–68 Smirnov period, 156–57 Tebrizli, Siruz, 299 Trotsky, Leon, 48–50 Tedeev, Ibragim, 110 , 161–62 trust, generalized. See social capital Tedeev, Jambulat, 110 , 161–62 , 216–17 , 219 Tsarukian, Gagik, 104 , 356–57 , 363 Tedeev, Valera, 162 Tsinkhvali, 159 , 215 Tekebaev, Omurbek, 232 , 316 , 319 , 322 Tudjman, Franjo, 463 television, 83 , 85 , 99 , 101 , 103 , 132 , 135 , 144 , Tuiakbai, Zharmakhan, 251 148 , 151 , 186 , 192 , 208 , 211 , 220 , 224 , Tuleev, Aman, 271 232 , 246 , 256 , 261 , 263 , 266 , 268 , 272 , Tulip Revolution, 3 , 178 , 194–99 , 230 , 233 , 278 , 283 , 286 , 298 , 302 , 323 , 328 , 338 , 239 , 244 , 299 , 313 , 319 , 322 , 331 , 345 , 347 , 351 , 355 , 360 , 362 , 367 , 379 , 351 , 441 381 , 390 , 395n101 , 394–96 , 396n107 , Tunisia, 70n30 , 247 , 468 399 , 407 , 410 , 416 , 468 Turajonzoda, Hoji Akhbar, 109 , 109n62 , temnyky, 147 155 , 256 term limits, 70 , 70n30 , 76 , 84 , 88n69 , 89n70 , Turayev, Sayfuddin, 109 89n71 , 88–92 , 94 , 139–40 , 180–81 , 183 , Turcan, Vladimir, 400 , 410 183n15 , 190–91 , 195–96 , 200 , 207 , 210 , Turgunaliev, Topchubek, 138 212 , 214 , 220–21 , 227–28 , 231 , 237 , Turkey, 292 , 359 240 , 243 , 245 , 247–49 , 254–55 , 258–59 , Turkmenbashi. See Niyazov, Saparmurat 259n109 , 267 , 276 , 283 , 291–92 , 300–1 , Turkmenistan, 4–5 , 60t3.1 , 107 , 121 , 303n345 , 303–5 , 319–20 , 368–69 , 375 , 121n106 , 124 , 126 , 145 , 163 , 163n183 , 389 , 397 , 419 , 427 , 431 , 435 , 437–38 , 242–43 , 247 , 247n31 , 256 , 305n351 , 438n20 , 444 , 467 , 470 304–6 , 428 , 452 , 459t12.1 , 472 , 480 Ter-Petrossian, Levon, 12 , 104 , 136–37 , 175 , Berdymukhamedov period, 247–48 181t7.1 , 228–29 , 239 , 354 , 358–63 , Niyazov period, 163–64 437 , 451 , 479 TVi (Ukraine), 348–49 Ter-Petrossian, Petros, 104 , 136 Tweed, William (“Boss”), 1 , 5 , 30 Ter-Petrossian, Telman, 104 , 136 Twitter, 18 , 245–46 , 398 , 400n128 , 409 , 447 . Tevadze, Davit, 193 See also social media, Twitter Revolution textbooks, 1 , 6n15 , 6–7 , 30 , 331 , 416 (Moldova) Thailand, 470 Twitter Revolution (Moldova), third wave of democratization, 2 398–409 , 447 Tiahnybok, Oleh, 235–36 , 348 Tymoshenko, Yulia, 13 , 100n11 , 100–1 , Tibilov, Leonid, 181t7.1 , 219 183–85 , 234–35 , 312–13 , 326–30 , 332– Tihipko, Serhy, 100n11 , 100–1 , 334 , 340–41 41 , 343–44 , 346–48 , 350 , 371 Time of Troubles, 44 arrest of, 346 time, and patronal politics, 175–77 , 238 , 308 , 342 , 378 U.S. Agency for International Development. Timofti, Nicolae, 414–16 See USAID Tiraspol, 223n280 , 225–26 Ubaidulloev, Mahmadsaid, 256 titushki, 236 UDAR Party, 348–49

Index 537

Ukraine, 3 , 5–6 , 12–13 , 16–17n35 , 52n46 , Uzbekistan, 5 , 54 , 60t3.1 , 107 , 114 , 116 , 52–53 , 56 , 60t3.1 , 95 , 100–1 , 105 , 121 , 121n106 , 124 , 139 , 145 , 163n183 , 111n73 , 111–12 , 114 , 117–18 , 120n104 , 163–64 , 227 , 243n3 , 242–47 , 255–56 , 120–21 , 126 , 130–32 , 143 , 145–46 , 305n351 , 304–6 , 428 , 428n3 , 433–34 , 148 , 160 , 163 , 166 , 168–69 , 171 , 175 , 440n24 , 459t12.1 , 472–74 , 480 178–79 , 181t7.1 , 181–87 , 189–91 , 194 , Andijon uprising in, 244 , 244n6 , 477 196 , 218 , 234n335 , 235n342 , 234–36 , Karimov’s consolidation of power in, 238–39 , 255 , 262 , 264 , 268 , 277 , 298 , 164–65 309–14 , 317 , 320 , 323 , 325 , 327 , rise of oligarchs in, 108 331n116 , 333n124 , 331–35 , 335n137 , Uzbeks, as minority outside Uzbekistan, 117 , 337–44 , 346–51 , 354 , 370–71 , 379 , 145 , 321 , 323 385–86 , 423–24 , 428 , 430–31 , 433 , 435 , Uzhgorod, 334 438 , 440–46 , 459t12.1 , 461–62 , 471 , 474–75 , 480n68 , 478–81 , 487 Vieru, Calin, 395 2010 presidential election, case study of, Vietnam, 469 331–42 Vinogradov, Nikolai, 271 Euromaidan Revolution in, 234–38 Vladikavkaz, 162 identity/regional divide in, 13 Volodin, Viacheslav, 289 Kravchuk period, 130–32 Voronin, Oleg, 379 , 416 Kuchma period, 145–49 Voronin, Vladimir, 173 , 385n53 , 388n67 , Orange revolution in, 182–90 377–98 , 393n92 , 395n101 , 400–6 , rise of oligarchs in, 100–1 408–11 , 413 , 415–20 , 431 , 441–42 , 444 , Yanukovych period, 342–50 450 , 476 , 487 Yushchenko period, 325–31 fall from power of, 398–409 Ukrainian Greco-Catholic church, 187 Ukrainian Orthodox Church, Kyiv war, 1 , 47 , 71 , 84 , 106 , 110 , 118 , 128 , patriarchate, 187 130 , 133 , 137 , 149 , 151 , 153–58 , 166 , Ukrainian Orthodox Church, Moscow 176f6.1 , 176–77n241 , 200–1 , 206 , patriarchate, 187 208 , 213 , 215 , 220–21 , 229 , 254 , unemployment, 195 , 369 299–300 , 302–3 , 305 , 332 , 337–38 , 344 , Union of Democratic Artsakh, 303 354–55 , 361 , 375 , 401 , 437 , 463–64 , Union of Right Forces (SPS), 273 466–67 , 476 , 478 United Abkhazia Party, 202 warlords, 115 , 151–52 , 157 , 254 United National Movement (Georgia), 136 , Warsaw, 316 192 , 206 , 211–12 , 365 Washington, DC, 485 United Nations, 245–46 , 442 Weber, Max, 24–25 , 46 United Russia Party, 215 , 224 , 270–71 , 273 , Western Azerbaijanis. See Yeraz network 276 , 279–80 , 284–89 , 450 , 474 . See (Azerbaijan) also Party of Swindlers and Thieves, Western Europe, 29 . See also slogan European Union United States, 1 , 5 , 7 , 15–16 , 26 , 36n54 , 59 , White Russia movement, 258 76n42 , 179 , 186 , 189 , 202n118 , 211 , 287 , 299–300 , 315 , 331 , 361 , 364 , Yabloko Party, 273 , 441n29 368 , 386 , 442–43 , 450 , 456 , 466 , 474 , Yakovlev, Aleksandr, 52 483n78 , 483–84 . See also USAID Yanukovych, Oleksandr, 347 , 347n191 Unity bloc (Russia), 269–70 Yanukovych, Viktor, 4 , 13 , 117 , 181t7.1 , Unity Party (South Ossetia), 213–17 184–89 , 234n335 , 234–38 , 314 , 327– UNM. See United National Movement 30 , 333n124 , 335n137 , 332–50 , 371 , (Georgia) 428 , 430–31 , 444 , 475 , 483n78 Urechean, Serafi m, 381–84 , 390 , 392 , YAP. See Yeni Azerbaijan Party (YAP) 396n107 , 395–97 , 403–4 , 408 , 413 Yatseniuk, Arseny, 235–36 , 334 , 339 , USAID, 361 , 398 341 , 348 USSR, 6 , 47–54 , 63 , 71 , 111 , 115 , 119 , 143 , Yekhanurov, Yury, 326 158 , 243 , 386 , 392 , 458 , 467 , 477 Yeltsin, Boris, 52 , 55–56 , 62 , 96 , 99–101 , 112 , breakup of, 2 , 5 , 17 , 57–58 , 96 , 111 , 121 , 130–31 , 134–36 , 140 , 143–44 , 166 , 173 , 123 , 125 , 129 , 133 , 157 , 162 , 472 267–70 , 272 , 274–75 , 305 , 428 , 434 , 440 , nostalgia for, 258 448 , 476 , 479 Usubov, Ramil, 297 Yemen, 468–69

538 Index

Yeni Azerbaijan Party (YAP), 151 , 292 , Zaire, 29 295–302 , 474 Zaitsaw, Vadzim, 262 Yeni Fikir, 298 Zakaranka, Yury, 261 Yeraz network (Azerbaijan), 150 , 293n261 , Zeromax, 245 293–94 , 296 Zhadobin, Viktar, 262 Yerevan, 362–63 Zhakiianov, Galimzhan, 250 Yox!, 298 Zhevago, Konstiantyn, 333 , 346 Yukos, 30 , 99 , 272–73 Zhirinovsky, Vladimir, 285 Yurgens, Igor, 273 Zhvania, Zurab, 153 , 192–93 , Yushchenko, Viktor, 4 , 13 , 117–18 , 148 , 178 , 364 181t7.1 , 183–90 , 196 , 234n335 , 264 , Zimbabwe, 73 312–14 , 326–30 , 332–41 , 343–44 , 346 , Zubr, 262 385–87 , 443 , 477 Zyuganov, Gennady, 135 , 278