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Elections, Parties, and Democratization in Postcommunist States Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2013 Who's Attending the Party? Elections, Parties, and Democratization in Postcommunist States Jonathan Windle Riggs Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Riggs, Jonathan Windle, "Who's Attending the Party? Elections, Parties, and Democratization in Postcommunist States" (2013). Dissertations. 544. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/544 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 2013 Jonathan Windle Riggs LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO WHO’S ATTENDING THE PARTY? ELECTIONS, PARTIES, AND DEMOCRATIZATION IN POSTCOMMUNIST STATES A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY PROGRAM IN POLITICAL SCIENCE BY JONATHAN W. RIGGS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS MAY 2013 Copyright by Jonathan W. Riggs, 2013. All rights reserved TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. v LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER ONE: AN INTRODUCTION TO ELECTIONS AND PARTIES IN POSTCOMMUNIST STATES ...................................................................................... 1 Definitions: Elections ..................................................................................................... 6 Political Parties ............................................................................................................... 7 Institutions and the New Institutionalism ....................................................................... 9 Collective Action .......................................................................................................... 11 Democracy .................................................................................................................... 12 Overview of the Study .................................................................................................. 14 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................... 17 Do Elections Provoke Parties? ...................................................................................... 20 Political Actors, Parties, and Democratization ............................................................. 36 CHAPTER THREE: INSTITUTIONS AND DEMOCRATIZATION: HOW ELECTORAL SYSTEMS AND POLITICAL PARTIES AFFECT POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT IN POSTCOMMUNIST COUNTRIES ......................................... 47 Electoral Systems and Party Development ................................................................... 47 Political Parties and Democratic Development ............................................................ 51 Presidentialism .............................................................................................................. 70 Hypotheses .................................................................................................................... 71 CHAPTER FOUR: METHODOLOGY ........................................................................... 73 Case Selection ............................................................................................................... 75 Data ............................................................................................................................... 76 Legislative Variables .................................................................................................... 77 The Executive Office Variables .................................................................................... 82 Success of Democratization—Partisanship as an Independent Variable ...................... 86 Statistical Models .......................................................................................................... 93 Qualitative Analysis ...................................................................................................... 94 CHAPTER FIVE: CRUNCHING THE NUMBERS ..................................................... 100 Electoral Systems and Partisanship ............................................................................ 100 Partisanship and Democracy ....................................................................................... 117 Partisanship and Governance ...................................................................................... 128 What We Have Learned .............................................................................................. 133 CHAPTER SIX: MOLDOVA ........................................................................................ 139 iii Introduction ................................................................................................................. 139 Moldova’s Political System ........................................................................................ 141 Party System Institutionalization ................................................................................ 143 Independents in Moldovan Politics ............................................................................. 143 Party Roots .................................................................................................................. 152 Party as Organization .................................................................................................. 156 Parties in Government................................................................................................. 161 Party of Power............................................................................................................. 171 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 174 CHAPTER SEVEN: KYRGYSTAN: NO ONE’S ATTENDING THE PARTY .......... 176 Elections Provoke No Parties...................................................................................... 176 Regional Politics: The Clans Take Over ..................................................................... 184 The No Party System .................................................................................................. 188 Bakiyev Builds a Party of Power ................................................................................ 196 CHAPTER EIGHT: RUSSIA’S FAILED PARTY SYSTEM AND THE RETURN OF AUTHORITARIAN RULE ....................................................................................... 203 The Mixed Electoral System and Party System Malformation .................................. 203 The Yeltsin Era ........................................................................................................... 215 Russia Under Putin ..................................................................................................... 224 Russia’s Regions: Democracy Avoided...................................................................... 233 Conclusion and a Glimpse at the Future ..................................................................... 243 CHAPTER NINE: CONCLUSION ................................................................................ 248 Elections Make Parties ................................................................................................ 248 Democratization Needs Parties ................................................................................... 251 Legislatures Need Parties ............................................................................................ 254 Democracy Needs Nationalization of Party Politics ................................................... 256 Parties of Power Are Anti-Democratic ....................................................................... 258 Implications and Further Research ............................................................................. 261 REFERENCE LIST ........................................................................................................ 266 VITA ............................................................................................................................... 298 iv LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Dimensions of Governance Variables ................................................................89 2. Relating Cases by Legislative Electoral System & Presidential Power .............95 3. Data Normality Before and After Removing Outliers ......................................103 4. Reported Goodness of Fit for Model of Electoral System and Partisanship ....108 5. Regression Weights for Model of Electoral System and Partisanship .............112 6. Normality Testing for Executive Partisanship Model ......................................115 7. Goodness of Fit for Executive Partisanship Model ..........................................116 8. Executive Partisanship Regression Weights ................................................................ 116 9. Factor Analysis
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