DOCSLIB.ORG

Empire of Efficiency the Urban Impact of Retail Logistics Using Walmart Stores, Inc. As a Case Study

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Empire of Efficiency the Urban Impact of Retail Logistics Using Walmart Stores, Inc. As a Case Study Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Empire of efficiency the urban impact of retail logistics using Walmart Stores, Inc. as a case study Author(s): LeCavalier, Jesse Publication Date: 2011 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-007161563 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library EMPIRE OF EFFICIENCY JESSE DISS. LECAVALIER ETH NO. 19689 EMPIRE OF EFFICIENCY THE URBAN IMPACT OF RETAIL LOGISTICS USING WALMART STORES, INC. AS A CASE STUDY EMPIRE OF JESSE LECAVALIER DISS. ETH NO. 19689 EFFICIENCY THE URBAN IMPACT OF RETAIL LOGISTICS USING WALMART STORES, INC. AS A CASE STUDY JESSE LECAVALIER DISS. ETH NO. 19689 DISS. ETH NO. 19689 EMPIRE OF EFFICIENCY THE URBAN IMPACT OF RETAIL LOGISTICS USING WALMART STORES, INC. AS A CASE STUDY A dissertation submitted to ETH ZURICH for the degree of Doctor of Sciences presented by JESSE LECAVALIER Master of Architecture, University of California, Berkeley Bachelor of Arts, Brown University 31 December, 1976 citizen of United States of America accepted on the recommendation of Marc Angélil Keller Easterling Laurent Stalder 2011 1 120218 DEPOSIT COPY LAYOUT.indd 1 14.03.12 15:36 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract - German Abstract - English 01 INTRODUCTION ............................................ 007-027 02 IT NEVER STOPS ............................................ 028-053 Logistics and Infrastructure A The New Electric Baby ............................................ 054-061 03 LOCATION, LOCATION, LOCATION ............................................ 062-093 Logistics and Real Estate B Recon ............................................ 094-099 04 SERVO-ORGANISM ............................................ 100-119 Logistics and Operations C Hercules ............................................ 120-125 05 CONCLUSION ........................................... 126-141 Logistics and Bentonville’s Global Metropolis Bibliography ........................................... 143-149 Notes ........................................... 151-160 Image sources ........................................... 161-163 Acknowledgements ........................................... 165 2 3 120218 DEPOSIT COPY LAYOUT.indd 2-3 14.03.12 15:36 ABSTRACT ABSTRACT GERMAN ENGLISH Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den architektonischen und städtebaulichen Auswirkungen der This project concerns the architectural and urban manifestations of Walmart Stores, Inc., a discount retailer Geschäftstätigkeit von Walmart, einer global agierenden Discountmarktkette mit Hauptsitz in Bentonville based in Bentonville, Arkansas. It focuses on these subjects based on a conviction that within them there / Arkansas. Ihr liegt die Prämisse zu Grunde, dass die Beschäftigung mit diesem Fallbeispiel allgemeine is insight to be gained regarding the forces and mechanisms at work shaping contemporary metropolitan Erkenntnisse über Mechanismen bringen kann, die derzeit Einfluss auf die Stadtentwicklung haben. Der Fokus conditions. The focus here is on Walmart’s operations in North America but as the company continues to der Betrachtung liegt auf Walmarts Tätigkeit in Nordamerika. Doch insofern der Discountriese permanent expand—and as it shares common approaches with commercial enterprises worldwide—the findings are international expandiert, und weltweit andere Firmen vergleichbare Ziele verfolgen, könnten die Ergebnisse increasingly relevant to a number of different contexts. The goal is to understand how Walmart’s logistics auch in anderen Zusammenhängen relevant sein. Ziel ist es, zu verstehen wie Walmarts Expertise im Bereich expertise informs its organization in general, and specifically how that influences the way it develops, deploys, der Logistik sich auf ihre Bauten auswirkt: Wie findet die Struktur ihrer Logistik eine Entsprechung in and operates its architecture. One of the reasons to do this is to contribute to a fundamental body of knowledge Architektur? Wie werden Standorte ausgewählt und wie die Bauten bewirtschaftet? Diese Mechanismen zu related to the workings of one of the world’s largest corporations that, through its mere existence and sheer begreifen bietet die Chance, am Beispiel einer der weltweit grössten Firmen ein grundlegendes Wissen darüber size, is profoundly affecting the built environment. The study is also concerned with opportunities to engage zu erlangen, welche Einflüsse ihre Geschäftstätigkeit auf die gebaute Umwelt haben. Die Studie zeigt auch the issues raised by Walmart, either directly or indirectly. Such a motivation stems from a belief that there is Ansätze zur Stadtentwicklung auf, die von Walmart selber – direkt oder indirekt – verfolgt werden. Diese the capacity to substantially re-imagine the nature of contemporary cities and settlements. However, many of basieren auf dem Glauben, dass die zeitgenössische Stadt und Siedlungen neu erdacht werden könnten. Doch the actors involved in the production of territory are motivated by profits more than civic or ethical duty and sind die meisten der Akteure derzeit mehr an Gewinnoptimierung, als an sozialen oder ethischen Fragen the landscape they produce reflects these values. Though Walmart has been the subject of much research, given interessiert. Die von Walmart initiierten (Stadt-) Landschaften reflektieren diese Haltung. Obwohl zu Walmart the retailer’s size and reach, there remain opportunities to contribute to a better understanding of its impact. bereits viele Forschungsarbeiten vorliegen, soll die Möglichkeiten genutzt werden ein noch umfassenderes However, this project is not an apology for Walmart nor does it celebrate its business practices. This project Verständnis über dessen Einfluss zu gewinnen. Dabei darf dies weder als Versuch einer Rechtfertigung für is also not a history of discount retail nor is it a technical description of Walmart’s workings. Rather, it takes Walmarts Vorgehensweisen missverstanden werden, noch sollen dessen wirtschaftliche Erfolge gefeiert werden. Walmart’s logistics operations and examines their effects at a number of different levels. In this regard, the Es geht auch nicht darum die Geschichte der Discountmärkte nachzuzeichnen, oder eine rein technische account of Walmart’s territorial and architectural practices will remain a collection of moments that, through Beschreibung von Walmarts Strukturen zu verfassen. Vielmehr soll die Arbeit helfen, Walmarts logistische their aggregation, form a portrait of a major actor currently at work shaping cities. Strukturen und deren Effekte auf verschiedensten Ebenen zu verstehen. Die Auseinandersetzung mit Walmarts territorialer und architektonischer Praxis fügt sich als Sammlung von Momentaufnahmen zu einem Gesamtbild, und damit zum Portraits eines der wichtigsten zeitgenössischen Akteure der Stadtentwicklung. 4 5 120218 DEPOSIT COPY LAYOUT.indd 4-5 14.03.12 15:36 This project argues that Walmart’s desire for efficiency and total coordination causes it to produce a range of buildings, systems, and spaces that reflect these requirements while often superseding other planning values. The retailer increasingly renders qualities 01 into quantities by conceptualizing its merchandise, Introduction employees, buildings, and land holdings as data to be optimized and reallocated as necessary. While this is a common trait of many management operations, Walmart’s scale and its use of buildings make it particularly relevant to discussions of architecture and urbanism. Walmart’s repeatable but nimble prototypes present a kind of generic architecture concerned more with performance than with form. Such an emphasis, General claims combined with the organization’s transmission system, produces hybrid buildings that operate in both Methods architectural and infrastructural registers. Moreover, Walmart’s buildings acquire political functions as Goals they are used to override constraining legislative Underlying assumptions conditions. In order to articulate and analyze these issues, Walmart’s operations are examined at a range Sources of overlapping scales—from body to building to city Walmart literature review to network—and in terms of each scale’s attendant technological aspects, including the UPC symbol, material handling systems, construction details, communications satellites, and real estate software. Walmart overview All these elements can be assembled into a “techno- Logistics overview spatial” apparatus by which we can gain a more effective understanding of the company’s workings Walmart beyond retail and, in turn, what it suggests about architecture Walmart and other large corporations and urbanism more generally, especially in terms of shifting relationships to information, technology, and Walmart and architecture infrastructure. While it is perhaps an overstatement to say, “As goes Walmart, so goes the world,” it is fair to say that the retailer is a significant indicator of Chapter structure certain contemporary trends related to consumption patterns, public space, architectural understanding, and urbanization. METHODS This research adopts an opportunistic approach to Walmart and probes specific moments within the organization. In doing so, the aim is not to provide a comprehensive portrait of the corporation but rather to illuminate the mechanisms that support its operations, particularly as they relate to its expansion efforts.1 These probes will be arrayed in terms of scale, based on Walmart’s
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Phony Philanthropy of the Walmart Heirs
    Legal Disclaimer: UFCW and OUR Walmart have the purpose of helping Wal-Mart employees as individuals or groups in their dealings with Wal-Mart over labor rights and standards and their efforts to have Wal-Mart publically commit to adhering to labor rights and standards. UFCW and OUR Walmart have no intent to have Walmart recognize or bargain with UFCW or OUR Walmart as the representative of Walmart employees. Walmart1Percent.Org WALTON FAMILY “PHILANTHROPY”: A Distraction from the Walmart Economy Americans believe in the power of charitable giving. Eighty-eight percent of American households give to charity, contributing more than $2,000 per year on average.1 Despite their charitable inclinations, most American families, acting on their own, lack the financial resources to make a significant impact on the problems facing our society. The Walton family, majority owner of Walmart, is a notable exception. As members of the richest family in the United States, the Waltons have $140 billion at their disposal—enough wealth to make a positive mark on the world and still leave a fortune for their descendants. The Waltons certainly wish to be seen as a force for good. Their company claims to help people “live better” and the Walton Family Foundation mission statement speaks of “creating opportunity so that individuals and communities can live better in today’s world.”2 But that mission statement seems ironic, given that many of the most acute challenges facing American families in 2014 could rightfully be viewed as symptoms of our “Walmart economy,” characterized by rising inequality and economic insecurity.
    [Show full text]
  • Automatic Merchandising of Grocery Products for Off-Premise Consumption
    This dissertation has been 64—7067 microfilmed exactly as received VANDEMARK, Vern Alvin, 1917- AUTOMATIC MERCHANDISING OF GROCERY PRODUCTS FOR OFF-PREMISE CONSUMPTION. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1963 Economics, commerce-business University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan AUTOMATIC MERCHANDISING- OP GROCERY PRODUCTS FOR OFF-PREMISE CONSUMPTION dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor o f Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University Vern Alvin Vandemark, B .S., M.A., M.S. ****** The Ohio State University 1963 Approved "by Adviser Department o f A gricultural Economics and Rural Sociology ACKK0WL3SDQMEHTS The author wishes to express his appreciation to the Automatic R etailers of America Educational Foundation, whose award o f a fellow­ ship made this study possible. The development and conclusions of the study, however, are wholly those of the author, who assumes all re­ sponsibility for the content of this dissertation. The author would also lik e to thank Professor Ralph W. Sherman for his counsel and guidance at every stage in the development of this study. Appreciation is expressed to Professors Elmer F. Baumer and George F. Henning who read the manuscript and offered valuable com­ ments and recommendations. The generous assistance and cooperation received from a great many individuals and organizations, without which this study would have been impossible, is gratefully acknowl­ edged. There is also need to mention the encouragement and moral support that I received from my wife, Joanne, and the continued interest and patience of my children, Susanne and John. Without the wholehearted support of my family, this study would have been most difficult, if not impossible.
    [Show full text]
  • Transformation
    V. V. 03. 2019 23. Jahrgang 2019 | € 12 | ISSN 1614-7804 Seit 1996 das Verbandsmagazin des German Council of Shopping Centers e. V. (GCSC), dem bundesweit einzigen Interessenverband der Handelsimmobilienwirtschaft. German Council of Shopping Centers e. Impulse, Trends und Informationen für Handel, Städte, Immobilienwirtschaft und Omni channel-Marktplätze TRANSFORMATION 2019 INTERVIEW TRANSFORMATION INTERVIEW / 3 · »In Gelsenkirchen haben binnen »Piggly Wiggly« heißt »Wir wollen die Krise mit aller einer Dekade 10.000 Menschen wackelndes Schweinchen ... Macht aussitzen, statt sie zu einen neuen Job gefunden« Ein Deutscher und drei Amerikaner haben im beenden« Wirtschaftsförderer Dr. Christopher Schmitt über vergangenen Jahrhundert den Einzelhandel Dr. Stefan Kooths, Institut für Weltwirtschaft, Schalke 04 als Wegbereiter für eine boomende radikal verändert. Sie sind die Motoren der über mögliche Krisen in der Zukunft, die Gesundheitswirtschaft, Millionen-Investitionen Entwicklung von kleinen Läden hin zu expansive Geldpolitik der Europäischen · GERMAN COUNCIL MAGAZIN von BP und »Feierabendmärkte«, die den modernen Supermärkten mit Selbstbedie- Zentralbank, und warum Kassandra-Rufe GCM Einzelhandel stärken nungskassen und Internetshops aus der Wissenschaft selten erhört werden EmotionsCreating First Christmas by ROSENAU GmbH - The Specialist in Christmas Decorations T: +49 40 8664 8750 - [email protected] - www.firstchristmas.com VORWORT Liebe Leserinnen, liebe Leser, wir haben die diesjährigen Inhalte und somit All das macht das Leben nicht einfacher. So antworten die Jungen, dass sie nicht wüssten, den Schwerpunkt des German Council Con- zumindest scheint in großen Teilen die öffentli- ob wir in 20 Jahren überhaupt noch Auto fah- gress unter die Überschrift TRANSFORMATION che Meinung zu sein. ren. gestellt. Auch in dieser Ausgabe wollen wir uns dem Thema auf unterschiedliche Weise wid- Der Mensch hat sich aber in seiner gesamten Veränderte Werte führen zu veränderten Be- men.
    [Show full text]
  • World Adds 346 Billionaires to Take Total to Record
    WORLD ADDS 346 BILLIONAIRES TO TAKE TOTAL TO RECORD 2,816 BILLIONAIRES CHINA AND USA LEAD WITH 799 AND 626 BILLIONAIRES, MAKING UP OVER HALF OF ’KNOWN’ BILLIONAIRES IN WORLD. INDIA, GERMANY AND UK FOLLOW WITH 100+ EACH. 479 NEW FACES AND 130 DROP OFFS CHINA 182 NEW FACES, DESPITE TRADE WAR, THREE TIMES THAT OF USA WITH 59 NEW FACES JEFF BEZOS, 56, OF AMAZON, RICHEST MAN IN WORLD FOR THIRD YEAR RUNNING, WITH US$140BN, DOWN US$7BN. EX-WIFE MACKENZIE MAKES LIST FOR FIRST TIME WITH US$44BN AT 22ND PLACE. PARIS-BASED BERNARD ARNAULT UP US$21BN TO 2ND PLACE WITH US$107BN, ON BACK OF SURGE IN LVMH SHARE PRICE. RECORD FOUR INDIVIDUALS CROSS US$100BN CUT-OFF. BILL GATES AND WARREN BUFFETT IN THIRD AND FOURTH PLACES WITH US$106BN AND US$102BN. TOP 10 HAS US$1TN. ELON MUSK HAS A STORMING YEAR, UP 10 PLACES TO 20TH WITH US$46BN, ON BACK OF TESLA SHARE PRICE DOUBLING, OVERTAKING CHINA NUMBER ONE JACK MA OF ALIBABA ON US$45BN DESPITE US-CHINA TRADE WAR, REN ZHENGFEI OF HUAWEI UP 7% TO US$3BN, SAME AS DONALD TRUMP AT 900TH IN THE WORLD. COSMETICS QUEEN KYLIE JENNER, 22, YOUNGEST SELF-MADE BILLIONAIRE WITH US$1.1BN ADAM NEUMANN, 40, OF WEWORK BIGGEST LOSER, WITH WEALTH DOWN 80% TO US$1.3BN BEIJING IS WORLD‘S BILLIONAIRE CAPITAL FOR 5TH YEAR RUNNING WITH 110 BILLIONAIRES LIVING THERE, 12 AHEAD OF NEW YORK. SHANGHAI OVERTAKE HONG KONG. CORONOVIRUS DRIVES UP STOCKS OF CHINESE ONLINE EDUCATION, ONLINE GAMES AND PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES DOING VACCINES.
    [Show full text]
  • Billionaire Bonanza Reports in 2015 and 2017
    CO-AUTHORS: Chuck Collins directs the Program on Inequality and the Common Good at the Institute for Policy Studies, where he also co-edits Inequality.org. His most recent book is Is Inequality in America Irreversible? from Polity Press and in 2016 he published Born on Third Base. Other reports and books by Collins include Reversing Inequality: Unleashing the Transformative Potential of An More Equal Economy and 99 to 1: How Wealth Inequality is Wrecking the World and What We Can Do About It. His 2004 book Wealth and Our Commonwealth, written with Bill Gates Sr., makes the case for taxing inherited fortunes. Josh Hoxie directs the Project on Opportunity and Taxation at the Institute for Policy Studies and co- edits Inequality.org. He co-authored a number of reports on topics ranging from economic inequality, to the racial wealth divide, to philanthropy. Hoxie has written widely on income and wealth maldistribution for Inequality.org and other media outlets. He worked previously as a legislative aide for U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders. Acknowledgements: We received significant assistance in the production of this report. We would like to thank our colleagues at IPS who helped us throughout the report. The Institute for Policy Studies (www.IPS-dc.org) is a multi-issue research center founded in 1963. The Program on Inequality and the Common Good was founded in 2006 to draw attention to the growing dangers of concentrated wealth and power, and to advocate policies and practices to reverse extreme inequalities in income, wealth, and opportunity. The Inequality.org website (http://inequality.org/) provides an online portal into all things related to the income and wealth gaps that so divide us.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Marvin R. Bensman
    Radio Pioneer: Victor H. Laughter Dr. Marvin R. Bensman We know rather little about the earliest history of wireless development other than stories about those particular pioneers whose efforts were influential or successful. It should not surprise those who study that history to discover that many individuals did not achieve success but contributed much. One fascinating story that has never been told is that of Mr. Victor H. Laughter. Victor H. Laughter was born January, 1888, in Byhalia, Mississippi. 1 At the age of 12, Laughter and his sister Belva boarded with Andersen W. Meely of Byhalia, Mississippi, while attending the Waverly Institute. 2 They may have been orphaned. It was during this time, in 1900, that Laughter built his first experimental wireless set. Later, Belva married a Mr. Joseph Thompson and moved to Memphis. 3 We have no direct record of Victor H. Laughter's further education in the field of wireless or electricity, but he most likely attended some college or institute between 1906 and 1909. In 1909, his book, Operator's Wireless Telegraph and Telephone Handbook, was published by Frederick J. Drake and Company. The book was written ". with the end in view of leading the student through the experimental stage, on up to the more complicated types of wireless telegraph and telephone instruments."4 The book was a well written and complete description of the wireless field up to that time, with a section on Dr. Lee deForest's audion which had only been patented that year. Laughter noted: "The Audion has proven very sensitive for use in wireless telephony, yet it is doubtful that it will ever come into wide use, owing to the difficulty in manufacture and short life."5 This was a true statement for that time.
    [Show full text]
  • Supermarket Wars: Global Strategies for Food Retailers
    SUPERMARKET WARS Global strategies for food retailers Andrew Seth and Geoffrey Randall SUPERMARKET WARS This page intentionally left blank Supermarket WARS Global strategies for food retailers Andrew Seth and Geoffrey Randall © Andrew Seth and Geoffrey Randall 2005 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their right to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2005 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN-13: 978–1–4039–1910–6 ISBN-10: 1–4039–1910–0 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources.
    [Show full text]
  • Tennessee Innovators: Clarence Saunders and David Crosthwait Table of Contents
    Tennessee Innovators: Clarence Saunders and David Crosthwait Table of Contents Pages 1. Content Essay 2-3 2. High School Activity 4-5 3. Primary Source: Images 6 1 Clarence Saunders and David Crosthwait Essential Questions: What innovations did Clarence Saunders introduce to food purchasing and retail marketing? What contributions did David Crosthwait make to engineering? Clarence Saunders was born in 1881 in Virginia. His parents were very poor. The Saunders family soon moved to Montgomery County, Tennessee where Saunders grew up. He took a job working for a wholesale grocer in Clarksville. In his early 20’s Clarence Saunders moved to Memphis and took a sales position in a Memphis grocery. He enjoyed the work, but disliked the inefficiency of the sales methods used in grocery stores of the day. Grocery stores placed items on shelves with counters between the customers and the sales items. Shoppers would tell store clerks standing behind the counters what they wanted and the clerks would pull it off the shelves. The process took a long time and led Saunders to develop the idea of self-service. The idea of self-service was not entirely new but Clarence Saunders was the man who was instrumental in selling the idea to the consumer. With his more modern approach to grocery sales Clarence Saunders opened his first store September 11, 1916. Piggly Wiggly stores opened with the idea of self-service and lower costs for the consumer. When asked where he got the name for the store, Saunders told people he chose the name so that people would ask that very question.
    [Show full text]
  • Review Copy Teacher Edition Part 2 2021
    Tennessee History Teacher Text Part II Created by The East Tennessee Historical Society In cooperation with Humanities Tennessee Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Yellow Fever 4 Exodusters and Buffalo Soldiers 8 Tennessee in the Era of Jim Crow 11 Post-Civil War Industrialization 18 1897 Centennial Exposition 20 Coal Creek Wars 22 Tennessee During the Progressive Era 24 Education Reform and Road Building 24 The Temperance Movement in Tennessee 26 Woman’s Suffrage in Tennessee 29 Tennessee’s Role in World War I 38 Alvin York 39 The Roaring Twenties 43 Tennessee Innovators 44 The Music Industry Develops in Tennessee: Country Music 46 Scopes Trial 50 Tennessee Valley Authority 58 Great Smoky Mountains National Park and the Civilian Conservation Corp 61 Oak Ridge and the Manhattan Project 66 Cornelia Fort and the Changing Roles of Women in World War II 69 Prisoner of War Camps in Tennessee 70 Cordell Hull and the Creation of the United Nations 72 Tennessee in the Post World War II Era 73 Changes in Agriculture in post World War II Tennessee 74 Memphis and Music: The Blues, Soul and the Birth of Rock ‘n’ Roll 76 B.B. King 77 Elvis Presley: The King of Rock n Roll 79 Highlander Folk School 83 The Clinton 12 and the Integration of Clinton High School 86 Tent Cities in Fayette County 88 Diane Nash and the Nashville Sit-Ins 89 Memphis Sanitation Workers Strike and the Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. 92 East Tennessee Historical Society 2 Tennesseans in the 20th century 95 Alex Haley 96 Wilma Rudolph 97 Dolly Parton 98 Al Gore Jr.
    [Show full text]
  • View O O O O O O O O O O
    " "“qu THE HISTORICAL DEV ELOPM E NT 0? F000 DtsTRmUTDON BY GORDON LOREN COOK JR 1961 m _._ THEME ”Irmgu'qnjw‘WWW 7 01390 4499 LEBRARY Michigan State University PLACE IN RETURN BOX to romavo this chockout from your record. TO AVOID FINES return on or before date duo. [m DATE DUE DATE DUE DATE DUE .Q I a __J |L__J| |L__I l JL _J 1— 7 __JL__ ___l MSU Is An Namath. Action/Equal Opponunfly IMW WmG-pd THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF FOOD DISTRIBUTION by Gordon Loren Cook, Jr. A THESIS Submitted to the College of Business and Public Service Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of General Business Curriculum in Food Distribution June, 1961 TABLE OF CONTENTS m I INTRODUCTION Purpose of Thesis ................................ Importance ofthe Study ... Limitations ..... 0.0.00.0...00. 00000000 ...... ..... Definitions 0 O O O O O O 0 O O 0 O 0 0 O O . 0 O 0 0 O 0 0 O 0 0 0 O 0 O 0 O 0 O 0 O 0 0 0 MethOdOIOgY 00000 0 O O 0 0 . O 0 0 . 0 O 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 0 . PreView O O O O O O O O O O . O . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O O 0 O O 0 O 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 O 0 D 0 0 C O‘O‘WNNH I I MINOR FOOD DISTRIBUTION SEGMENTS Consumer CooPerative Groups .
    [Show full text]
  • GULF TIMES Trump Says US Is Talking with China but BUSINESS Not Ready for a Deal Qatar Financial Resources to Remain Strong, Public Finances Solid: Euler Hermes
    BUYING LIFT | Page 2 BEIJING IRE | Page 14 Qatar shares Cathay remains extend gains under scrutiny to scale 9,800 as CEO takes fall Tuesday, August 20, 2019 Dhul-Hijja 19, 1440 AH TRADE WAR: Page 16 GULF TIMES Trump says US is talking with China but BUSINESS not ready for a deal Qatar financial resources to remain strong, public finances solid: Euler Hermes By Pratap John said Qatar’s current account rebounded expects a similar outcome for the year as “Thanks to a huge stock of assets in prices from mid-2014 to 2017 pushed to remain above that threshold in 2019- Business Editor to a surplus as early as 2017 (+3.8% of a whole. Mining and quarrying continued its sovereign wealth fund, the Qatar the annual fiscal account into deficit in 2020. GDP) from a deficit in 2016 (-5.5% of to contract in Q1-Q3 2018, by -2% y-o-y, Investment Authority, Qatar has been 2016-2017, it noted. However, Qatar will remain a large net GDP) after 17 years of continued large although the decline narrowed to just able to avoid an economic crisis. A As the oil price recovered in 2018 to an external creditor thanks to the huge Qatar’s financial resources will remain surpluses. -0.1% y-o-y in third quarter last year, swift diversification of foreign trade average $72 for a barrel (for benchmark foreign-asset position in the QIA, it said. strong, insurance major and researcher For 2018-2020, Euler Hermes has thanks to “increased” oil output. relationships and trade routes was Brent), well above Qatar’s fiscal Qatar’s inflation has been forecast to Euler Hermes said and noted that forecast annual surpluses between 5% Meanwhile, the non-mining and also helpful.
    [Show full text]
  • A Família Walton
    A FAMÍLIA WALTON Clara Lins Gomes Antonio Fernando Azevedo Marcelo Geyer Ehlers Case da família investidora A Família Walton é hoje a família mais rica do que se internacionalizou e consolidou os Walton como mundo. Em 2016, o valor total de seu patrimônio investidores de sucesso. líquido estava avaliado em US$ 130 bi, segundo a Histórico Forbesi, sendo este majoritariamente composto pela Sam Walton, o patriarca da família investidora, WalMart - a família controla mais de 50% da cresceu sob o espectro da Grande Depressão de 1929. corporação líder mundial em varejo e que deu origem Vindo de uma família de fazendeiros do Arkansas, à fortuna familiar. Hoje, 90% dos norte-americanos desde cedo trabalhou para contribuir com as despesas vivem a menos de 15 milhas de alguma unidade do da família, tanto nas fazendas quanto em empregos WalMart, que se tornou um símbolo do consumo externos. Graduou-se em Economia pela Universidade americano do século XX e mantém-se líder até hoje, de Missouri, em 1940, com a perspectiva de ajudar sua prova do êxito da família ao gerenciar seu patrimônio família que ainda enfrentava as consequências da crise ao longo do tempo e de diferentes contextos. financeira. Recém-formado, Walton trabalhou em Poucas famílias conseguiram construir um posições gerenciais, mas pouco depois alistou-se nas império tão eficientemente e multiplicar a riqueza nas forças militares e serviu o exército durante a 2ª Guerra mesmas proporções em tão pouco tempo. Em 56 anos Mundial. e em três gerações, o patrimônio cresceu de poucas Após o final do conflito, em 1945, Sam tornou- lojas para uma grande variedade de ativos.
    [Show full text]