ASSAULT ON AMERICA: A Decade of Petroleum Company Disaster, Pollution, and Profit

NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION 2 0 1 0 United States Coast Guard Coast States United Tom Gill Gill Tom

CONFRONTING GLOBALReport WARMING introduction

The BP catastrophe in the Gulf of Mexico, with its tragic loss of life and devastating impact on the Gulf Coast economy, has brought the risk and high cost of oil development to the public’s attention. Predictably a round of oil industry executives have testified before Congress offering countless apologies and empty assurances that such an incident will never happen again. The oil industry is running ads asserting that this is an exceptional ‘once-in-a-lifetime’ event for an otherwise safe and responsible industry. But this is the fourth major oil spill in 33 years in North America after the following: in 1977, Hawaiian Patriot spewed over 30 million gallons of oil 300 miles off the coast of Hawaii; in the Gulf of Mexico, Ixtoc 1 spilled over 140 million gallons of oil in 1979; and Exxon Valdez was responsible for dumping over 11 million gallons of oil into the Prince William Sound of Alaska in 1989.

Major oil spills are really only a small part of the real story. From 2000 to 2010, the oil and gas industry accounted for hundreds of deaths, explosions, fires, seeps, and spills as well as habitat and wildlife destruction in the United States. These disasters demonstrate a pattern of feeding America’s addiction to oil, leaving in their wake sacrifice zones that affect communities, local economies, and our landscapes.

The BP Deepwater Horizon event is the largest and potentially most devastating environmental disaster the oil and gas industry has yet to foist on Americans. However, the frequency and recurrence of these events bears closer scrutiny. Incidents occur on a monthly and, sometimes, daily basis across the country but sadly only a portion of these make the front page or evening news. Shutterstock Images, www.shutterstock.com Images, Shutterstock

This report provides a sampling of the oil and gas industry’s performance over the past 10 years —– the first decade of the new millennium. These ‘lowlights’ and examples from each year shed light on how the oil and gas industry has continued to show negligence and experience accidents all over the country. While not exhaustive, the listing offers a cross-section of spills, leaks, fires, explosions, toxic emissions, water pollution, and more that occurred in the last decade —– the post- Exxon Valdez era, the post- Oil Pollution Act of 1990 era, when the industry said “we’ve got it under control.”

Page 2 QUICK & DIRTY FACTS THE TOP 10 STATES FOR PIPELINE ACCIDENTS I PROFITS: While most of the world was hit Rank State Significant Incidents Fatalities Injuries hard by the economic downturn, the top 10 petroleum refining companies in the 1 Texas 523 15 60 world reported $2.8 trillion in revenue 2 Louisiana 223 6 18 and $150 billion in profit during 2009.i 3 California 177 9 24

I LOBBYING: With their stockpile of cash, 4 Kansas 117 3 18 oil and gas companies have spent $38 5 Illinois 115 2 28 million lobbying Congress in 2010 so that they can continue business as usual: 6 Pennsylvania 114 10 33 Making billions of dollars, cutting back on 7 Oklahoma 113 38 safety and pollution standards, and 8 Ohio 74 6 12 blocking the gateway for a new, clean energy economy. ConocoPhillips, BP, 9 Michigan 61 5 26 Exxon Mobil, Chevron Corp, and Royal 10 New Mexico 58 15 17 Dutch Shell have contributed $18.74 million of that total.ii The American Petroleum Institute, the trade association that represents oil and gas The negative consequences for our iii iv industries, spent $7.3 million in 2009 and $3.6 million so far in 2010 health, our land, our climate and our in lobbying expenditures. Direct political contributions from the oil and children’s future are too great to gas industry to members of Congress have accounted for another continue to depend on oil to power our v $13.9 million already this year. economy. Now is the time to enact laws that favor and encourage safe and clean I OFFSHORE: The U.S. Mineral Management Service (now Bureau of energy development and remove Ocean Energy Management, Regulation, and Enforcement) determined federal subsidies and tax advantages for that 1,443 incidents occurred in the Outer Continental Shelf waters oil and gas development. Now is the from 2001 – 2007. Of these incidents, 41 fatalities, 302 injuries, 476 time to increase mitigation fees. Now is vi fires, and 356 pollution events were reported. the time to create an oil and gas disaster fund paid for by industry. I ONSHORE: From 2000 – 2009, pipeline accidents accounted for Now is the time to determine 2,554 significant incidents, 161 fatalities, and 576 injuries in the environmentally sensitive areas that United States.vii should be permanently off limits to oil and gas development. See these incidents mapped across the U.S. on pages 16 - 17 And now is the time to cap global warming pollution from all oil and gas production —– including every aspect of the extraction and refining processes This was supposed to be the era of groundwater or beneath neighboring where methane, carbon dioxide, and “never again,” the refrain often heard communities. Yet we have had all of that other global warming gases are following a major tanker spill, refinery and more in the last decade. released into the air every day. explosion, or pipeline leak. We were told The stories that follow show that The BP Deepwater Horizon spill is that spill prevention plans, better safety today’s oil and gas industry threatens truly a tragedy of our time. It should be procedures, and improved technology, Americans in countless ways. This used to take a closer and more would help eliminate spills, fires, industry continues to knowingly comprehensive look at the full and explosions, leaks and seeps. Yes, this endanger its own workers, the continuing costs that the oil and gas was supposed to be the era of no more environment, wildlife, and our industry continues to impose on society leaky river barges, no more oil refinery communities in states across the nation. with its pollution, environmental smog, no more worker deaths and The total cost of the status quo —– in degradation, habitat destruction, injuries, no more well blow-outs, and no lives lost and health risks as well as wildlife loss, worker and community more underground tank farm plumes or social and environmental degradation —– endangerment, health effects gas station oil seepage into is far too high. consequences, and loss of life.

Page 3 “Campers Killed in Blast” Gas Pipeline: New Mexico

exploded beneath their campsite, next to her husband, Royle, aged 20. shooting an enormous fireball 500 Amy told medics that she wanted to feet into the air, visible for miles. The see her babies. Her husband raised massive explosion was so powerful his head, looked sadly into her eyes, that it registered with seismic and told her that they were all dead. monitoring instruments some Back at the explosion site, firefighters distance away. The fire following the later found the bodies of three young explosion burned for nearly an hour children with the residue of a playpen before firefighters could reach the melted all around them. The explosion fire and put it under control. and raging fire would eventually take Firefighters came from several the lives of all 12 of the campers. nearby towns including Carlsbad, The National Transportation Safety Otis, Joel, and Loving in order to fight Board later determined that the the massive blaze. A few fire trucks probable cause of the pipeline moved within a half-mile of the fire explosion and fire was “a significant but, even at that distance, the fire reduction in pipe wall thickness due raged so strongly that the trucks had to severe internal corrosion.” This to retreat. “We saw it was going to severe corrosion occurred, according melt the paint off our trucks,”1 said to the NTSB, because El Paso Natural one firefighter. Upon arriving at the Gas Company’s corrosion control gasline explosion, the firefighters program “failed to prevent, detect, or were initially unaware that campers control” internal corrosion within the had been at the site. After the gas pipeline. Contributing to the accident,

iStockphoto, www.istockphoto.com iStockphoto, from the pipeline was turned off and said the NTSB, were “ineffective Federal pre-accident The fire raged so strongly that the trucks had to inspections...that did not identify deficiencies in the company’s internal “retreat. ‘We saw it was going to melt the paint off corrosion control program.”2 In other words, negligence and regulatory our trucks.’ non-compliance were the root cause of this horrific accident. The Heady, Smith and” Sumler families the flames were tamed, the In the U.S. today, there are nearly (seven adults, three children, and two firefighters thought they were ready 500,000 miles of oil and gas infants) headed out to Carlsbad, New to go home after extinguishing a few transmission pipelines that crisscross Mexico for some weekend camping on scattered grass fires. But that’s when the country. These lines often carry the evening of Friday August 18th, they heard the screams from the hazardous materials with the 2000. When they arrived at their direction of the river. potential to cause public injury and camping area along the Pecos River Hearing the eerie cries for help, environmental damage in rural and they unknowingly chose a spot where firefighters and emergency crews ran urban areas. According to an a buried natural gas pipeline lay. In across several hundred yards of rocky investigation in the Austin American- fact, they had driven their pick-up desert carrying their medical gear. In Statesman, from 1984 – 2000 trucks and other vehicles unwittingly the river bed they found six survivors pipeline related fatalities occurred in across the buried pipeline for miles in who had escaped 300 yards more than 40 states. order to reach their campsite. downstream of the flames but, At about 5:30 a.m. the next according to witnesses, were morning, still in darkness, the buried “hideously burned” and “looked like 30-inch diameter El Paso Natural Gas mummies.”1 One of the survivors, pipeline violently ruptured and young mother Amy Heady, was lying

Page 4 2000 Incident List

January 27 scaffolding were burned as the water The spill killed at least 553 ruddy ducks, PIPELINE RUPTURES, CAUSES spray used to douse their welding 376 muskrats, 143 assorted birds and LARGE SPILL sparks was gasoline, not water. Neal 122 diamondback terrapins; reduced A pipeline owned by Marathon-Ashland, Jones, 45, working on scaffolding two turtle hatchlings by 10 percent; and ruptured near Winchester, Kentucky stories off the ground, was blown off caused the loss of thousands of pounds spilling nearly 500,000 gallons of his feet and sent flying to a smaller of fish and shellfish. Federal crude oil. The 24-inch pipeline, which platform five feet below. He landed on investigators concluded the rupture travels 265 miles between Owensboro his left arm, crushing his wrist, but lay occurred after a flaw in the pipeline and Catlettsburg, Kentucky, spilled and on the platform close to the fire. As the went undetected because consultants leaked into Two-mile Creek and onto a fire burned, he could feel its heat and misread inspection data.4 golf course. While no injuries or deaths pushed himself away, sliding down the resulted, Marathon-Ashland spent over scaffolding with one arm to the ground. October $7.1 million responding to the accident. Later, after Jones had been rescued ANOTHER FATALITY IN THE OIL The probable cause of the accident, and treated, he was dumbfounded to FIELDS reported by the U.S. National learn that gasoline had permeated the One worker was killed and three others Transportation Safety Board, was fire fighting water system at the injured after an attempt to weld a ball fatigue cracking in the line due to a refinery. The incident raised serious valve onto the back of an oilfield tanker dent in the pipe that produced high questions about Tosco’s operation at truck went wrong. Gases from levels of stress in the pipe wall. the Avon location and elsewhere. hydrocarbon residue in the tanker truck Contributing to the severity of the ignited and blew a hole in the accident was the failure of the April workshop’s metal roof. The accident controller and supervisors to recognize PIPE SPILLS INTO RIVER, KILLS occurred at the Key Energy facility in and isolate the rupture, as well as shut WILDLIFE & HABITAT Kilgore, Texas, an oilfield services firm. down the pipeline in a timely manner.3 An oil pipeline supplying the Potomac Electric Power Company’s Chalk Point November March 22 power plant in Calvert County, MISSISSIPPI RIVER SPILL WORKERS BURNED IN FLASH FIRE Maryland ruptured releasing 129,000 ENDANGERS LOCAL WILDLIFE A flash fire at Tosco Corp.’s Avon, gallons of fuel oil into the Swanson The oil tanker Westchester lost power California oil refinery burned two Creek Marsh. The pipeline stretches on the Mississippi River and ran workers after gasoline infiltrated the along Maryland’s Patuxent River shore aground some 60 miles south of New refinery’s fire-fighting water supply. for over 50 miles. During the cleanup, a Orleans, spilling 554,400 gallons of Routinely, when welders work inside storm with high winds swept oil over crude oil, according to the U.S. Coast refineries their sparks are doused with containment booms along the Patuxent Guard. Soon after the spill the Coast refinery water as a precaution. But on River. Nearly 17 miles of the river’s Guard closed 29 miles of the river to this day, two men working on shoreline and wetlands were affected. traffic. At risk in the area at the time were 300,000 migratory geese and ducks that had settled into the marshes and bays of eastern Plaquemines Parish near the mouth of the river, as well as millions of oysters. The area was also home to pelicans, shorebirds, seabirds, crabs, shrimp and sport fish. Pelicans and other animals were found covered with oil. Officials said it was fortunate the wind and tide pushed the oil to the river’s west bank, keeping it concentrated there and minimizing harm to wildlife in the Delta National Wildlife Refuge on the east bank.5

Page 5 Shutterstock Images, www.shutterstock.com Images, Shutterstock “Motiva Tank Explosion” Delaware City, Delaware

“I saw a big fireball and a black cloud the fumes. Later, from his hospital 660,000 gallons of sulfuric acid coming at me,” recounted 40-year- bed, Beaver recalled seeing two men spilled from the tanks, breached a old truck driver John Beaver, who working on top of the tank that was large containment area and began was working at the Motiva destroyed in the explosion. One of polluting the nearby Delaware River.6 Enterprises oil refinery in Delaware those workers was killed and eight Thousands of fish and crab were City, Delaware on July 17th, 2001. others injured. killed. The body of Jeff Davis, 50 —– Beaver was describing the scene The tank that had exploded was a contractor who died when he fell when a giant storage tank at the one of a cluster of six big storage from atop the collapsing storage tank refinery exploded. He was sitting in tanks that held more than 1.2 million into a pool of the toxic acid —– was the cab of his truck at the time, gallons of spent sulfuric acid. During never found. waiting to be loaded with some the explosion, the tank was rocked The EPA estimated that more than petroleum waste. When he saw the off of its foundation and later 1 million gallons of sulfuric acid and fireball coming at him he ducked collapsed in the fire, while a nearby petroleum products spilled into under the dashboard for protection, tank began to leak. More than waterways leading to Red Lion Creek but immediately began to have trouble breathing. He managed to get the truck rolling for about 50 feet, Had any one of these elements been handled but then passed out. Two other contract workers nearby managed to “more effectively, this accident probably would not get to him and pull him away from have occurred.

” and the Delaware River, killing at least 2,400 fish and 240 blue crabs, as well as affecting nesting herons on nearby Pea Patch Island. In August 2002, the U.S. Chemical Safety Board (CSB) charged that the accident occurred because of neglected warnings, shoddy equipment changes, and chronic, unrepaired corrosion and leaks in the 415,000-gallon storage tank. “Had any one of these elements been handled more effectively,” said CSB chairwoman, Carolyn Merritt, “this accident probably would not have occurred.”7 U.S. Chemical Safety Board Safety Chemical U.S.

Page 6 2001 Incident List

April 1 FROST CAUSES PIPELINE FIRE? A few miles west of Bottinneau, North Dakota, a Dome gasoline pipeline ruptured and burned 1.1 million gallons of gasoline before the pipeline was eventually shut down. The company attributed the break to damage by an “outside force,” which Bottineau County Sheriff Steven Watson said appeared to be frost that melted at uneven rates, twisting and breaking the pipeline. The real culprit? Lax regulation on pipelines.8

April 19 MECHANICAL FAILURE CAUSES RIG BLOWOUT

Near the crawfish ponds and www.istockphoto.com iStockphoto, sugarcane fields of Loreauville and New Iberia, Louisiana, an oil drilling impacted a nearby residential The transportation and storage of rig, owned by Louisiana Swabbing and community. Although the Tranguch fuels can become dangerous contracted to Nuex Exploration, site was believed to be the main processes when safety measures experienced a failure on the blowout source of the spill, three additional are not followed correctly. stack preventer. Escaping natural gas, gas stations, all within a 1 mile radius, combined with sand and oil, caused a also contributed to the plume. The the jack-up drilling rig Marine IV, then spark that ignited the well, resulting in site’s impact area involved a 12 city- owned by Pride Offshore Drilling.11 an explosion that destroyed the rig. block area of 402 properties, 359 of The resulting 80-foot flames and which are residential. EPA found 71 November thick, black clouds could be seen from private residences exceeding the non- BARGE SPILL SHUTS DOWN several miles away. Although there detect level for benzene, a highly RIVER were no reported injuries at the well dangerous liquid toxin, and installed While waiting to enter the McAlpine lock site, the fire burned for four days. sewer vent traps to help prevent and dam on the Ohio River, a tank Over 46,000 gallons of oil were spilled vapors from entering homes in this barge’s cargo tanks were damaged by during the blowout which affected the area. EPA also had to remove an unknown object below the waterline. nearby Tee Bayou.9 contaminated soil from the site and Workers were able to plug the leak but also treat contaminated not until after 125,000 gallons of June groundwater.10 gasoline were dumped into the Ohio COMMUNITY HEALTH River. Not only were water and local THREATENED BY LOCAL GAS July wildlife disturbed by the large spill, but STATIONS DEADLY OFFSHORE BLOWOUT local business was affected as well when The EPA ordered cleanup of an One worker was killed and others were the locking chambers on the river had underground gasoline leak from the injured during an uncontrolled well to be shut down in an effort to contain former Tranguch Tire Service site in blowout in the Texas offshore area of this mishap.12 Hazelton, Pennsylvania where an the Gulf of Mexico during drilling underground gasoline plume of an operations. The fatality, injuries and estimated 50,000 gallons or more had blowout occurred in association with

Page 7 “Gas Station Blues” Leaking Underground Tanks

Perhaps no other part of the oil system is better known to the average person than the corner gas station. In America, and around the world, there are hundreds of thousands of gasoline stations, many under the banner of the familiar gasoline brands —– Exxon, Chevron, Texaco, Shell, Sunoco, and others. But buried beneath each and every gas station are a series of tanks that hold thousands of gallons of gasoline or diesel fuel. Not all of these tanks have what experts call “good integrity,” meaning that they are much more likely to leak. In the early 1990s, EPA estimated that about 25 percent

properties, some of which were found Gasoline is a toxic substance. Depending on the to have excessive levels for benzene.14 “blend, gasoline can have as many as 225 chemical In July 2001, the Plainview Water District of Long Island, New York, which supplies drinking water to components and additives, including known 35,000 residents, brought a lawsuit against ExxonMobil over a gasoline carcinogens such as benzene. leak from a former Mobil gas station the district feared would contaminate Chevron” first disclosed a small spill to of the 800,000 underground tanks at its 11 drinking wells. Maryland officials in 1989, but testing U.S. gas stations were leaking. In the In Orange County, California, in February 2001 indicated that the 2000-2010 period, despite tougher hundreds of leaking gasoline stations large, 1,300-foot underground gasoline laws and regulation, gas stations have resulted in settlements during the plume had migrated beneath the continued leaking gasoline and diesel 2002-2005 period revealing the Washington, D.C. community. The fuel throughout America. These leaks extent of the problem in that area. BP, plume was found to contain high levels sometimes contaminate groundwater ARCO15, Thrifty Oil16, and Shell Oil17 of benzene in a few locations and and drinking water sources, foul creeks agreed to pay over $10 million in order gasoline was found in groundwater and rivers, threaten wildlife, or seep to clean up nearly 400 gas stations several feet below the basements in beneath residential communities, which had leaked gasoline into the neighborhood.13 posing dangers with fumes. groundwater, threatening public In February 2001, 12 years after the In June 2001, EPA took over the drinking water supplies. Chevron company first knew it had an cleanup of an underground gasoline In November 2008, Shell Oil entered underground gasoline leak at a leak in Hazelton, Pennsylvania where an agreement with the state of Maryland/Washington, D.C. service several gas stations owned or formerly Washington to clean up contamination station, the company informed owned by Shell, Amoco, and Standard from leaks at 83 current and former Washington, D.C. officials and local Oil were all believed to have gas stations. Shell agreed to clean up residents, that a large underground contributed to a gasoline plume larger soil or groundwater contamination in plume of leaked gasoline had migrated than 50,000 gallons. That leak crept seven Washington counties, including beneath their community. Some beneath a nearby residential King, Snohomish, Skagit and Whatcom community, impacting a 12 city-block residents complained for years about counties.18 gasoline smells, but to no avail. area with more than 350 residential

Page 8 2002 Incident List

January 6 students” at nearby schools including contaminating the Mississippi River, the TRUCK SPILLS DIESEL INTO the Broad Avenue Elementary School Minnesota Department of Natural RIVER and the Wilmington Middle School, Resources set a controlled burn that A petroleum tank on a truck carrying both in Wilmington, California.20 lasted for one day and created a smoke red-dyed diesel and being transported plume about a mile high and five miles by Hi-Noon Petroleum, Inc. was April 10 long. The U. S. National Transportation involved in a traffic accident on Idaho MYSTERIOUS SPILL OILS BIRDS Safety Board determined the probable State Highway 12, just northwest of A spill of unknown origin of at least cause was “inadequate loading of the Kooskia, Idaho. The accident resulted 10,000 gallons of industrial grade pipe for transportation that allowed a in the release of approximately 10,000 waste oil was found in the Rouge River fatigue crack to initiate…The fatigue gallons of diesel into the Middle Fork of in Detroit, Michigan. The spill did not crack grew with pressure cycle stresses the Clearwater River. Notification was appear to contain toxic chemicals, until the crack reached a critical size and sent to four downstream municipal according to preliminary tests but the pipe ruptured.”22 water systems to prepare for potential about 70 oiled birds were found oil impacts. The systems were closed according to agent of the U.S. Fish and 2002 for two days. Hi-Noon Petroleum, Inc. Wildlife Service. Cleanup costs were BP FALSIFIES INSPECTIONS provided bottled water to local expected to reach at least $2 million.21 California officials alleged that BP had residents.19 falsified inspections of storage fuel July 4 tanks at a Los Angeles area refinery January 25 MAJOR PIPELINE RUPTURE and that more than 80 percent of the REFINERY POLLUTES LOCAL A 34-inch diameter steel pipeline owned facilities didn’t meet requirements for SCHOOLS and operated by Enbridge Pipelines, maintaining storage tanks. Inspectors According to charges brought by ruptured in a marsh west of Cohasset, had to get a warrant before BP allowed California’s South Coast Air Quality Minnesota spilling over 250,000 gallons them to check the tanks. The company Management District, strong odors of crude oil into the environment. The eventually settled a lawsuit brought by from BP’s Carson oil refinery in the Los cost of the accident was reported to be the South Coast Air Quality Angeles area “caused a public approximately $5.6 million. In an Management District for more than nuisance and severely affected attempt to keep the oil from $100 million.23

When oil is spilled, birds and other wildlife can be devastated two-fold: they can be directly covered in the sludge and their habitat and food sources get contaminated.

Page 9 Shutterstock Images, www.shutterstock.com Images, Shutterstock “Barge Explodes in New York” ExxonMobil Oil Depot

On Friday morning, February 21, been responsible for other previous barge explosion, the U.S. attorney’s 2003, a tanker barge off-loading New York spills, including one East office in Brooklyn asked a federal gasoline at ExxonMobil’s oil depot at River spill in March 2002 in which a judge for a judgment against Staten Island, New York exploded Bouchard employee was found legally Bouchard of up to $61.6 million under with tremendous force, shaking drunk. The cleanup for that spill the Clean Water Act.25 About 3.2 businesses and homes for miles lasted several weeks and cost $1.3 million gallons of gasoline were around. Black smoke from the blaze million. Bouchard would have yet spilled into the Arthur Kill waterway drifted through the boroughs of another spill just two months at the time of the incident, much of Brooklyn, Manhattan and Queens and following the Staten Island barge which was assumed to have been rattled city residents. On Wall Street, explosion, when one of its barges ran burned off in the fire that followed. stock traders, thinking that the aground outside a shipping lane at “Shipping companies that spill large explosion was a terrorist attack, Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts. In that quantities of gasoline into the began to feverishly sell off stock24. spill, 98,000 gallons of fuel oil took a environment and navigable waters Meanwhile, at the accident scene, considerable toll on shorelines, birds must be penalized and made to it looked like a war zone. “I looked and other wildlife. contribute to the cost of future up at the sky, and I saw pieces of Five years after the Staten Island cleanups,” said U.S. attorney, Benton J. Campbell, in a statement at the It sounded like a bomb going off. I could feel the filing. “debris hitting the top of my car.” metal flying all over,” said worker Jaime Villa, who was repairing a pump at the depot when the barge exploded. “I ran as fast as I could go.” Electrical contractor Ernie Camerlingo also described the scene: ‘’It sounded like a bomb going off. I could feel the debris hitting the top of my car.” The barge —– Bouchard Barge 125 —– had unloaded about half its cargo of 100,000 barrels of unleaded gasoline before it exploded, killing two barge crewmen and injuring one ExxonMobil worker. The barge continued to burn ferociously following the explosion, sending flames higher than 100 feet into the air. A NASA satellite image later showed the smoke plume stretching 94 miles from the site of the fire. The Bouchard barge company had captbbrucato.wordpress.com

Page 10 2003 Incident List

January 24 waters outside of the shipping lanes at ANOTHER ENBRIDGE PIPE LEAK the entrance to Buzzards Bay in A pipeline at the Enbridge Energy southern Massachusetts. Barge “B terminal in Douglas County, 120” had a capacity of more than 4 Wisconsin ruptured, spilling crude oil million gallons and discharged onto the frozen Nemadji River, a approximately 98,000 gallons of that tributary of Lake Superior. At least into the waterway. Overall, more than 100,000 gallons of oil spilled during 90 miles of coast line were oiled. Over the event, most of which was 400 birds were killed, and the habitats contained at the terminal site in storm of three endangered species —– roseate water ditches and two retention tern, piping plover and tiger beetle —– ponds. Approximately 18,000 gallons and shell fish were damaged when migrated to the frozen Nemadji River, they were soaked in oil. Two oiled seals about a half mile away.26 were also reported in the terrible incident. Clean up costs exceeded $23 April 7 million and a lawsuit was later brought IMPROPER TANK OPERATIONS by Massachusetts property owners.28 CAUSE EXPLOSION An 80,000 barrel storage tank at a November 2 ConocoPhillips Co. tank farm in GAS PIPELINE EXPLODES…AGAIN Glenpool, Oklahoma, exploded and A Texas Eastern Transmission natural burned as it was being filled with gas pipeline exploded in Bath County, diesel fuel. More than 300,000 gallons Kentucky, less than one mile south of of diesel were in the tank when it a Duke Energy pumping station. A fire exploded. The resulting fire burned for burned for about an hour before 21 hours and damaged two nearby firefighters extinguished it. The same storage tanks. The cost of the line had previously exploded in accident, including emergency October 1985 in Hillsboro, about 5 response, environmental remediation, miles north of the 2003 blast where evacuation, lost product, property two people were injured.29 www.shutterstock.com Images, Shutterstock damage, and claims, was almost $2.5 million. There were no injuries or December 18 Oil and fire do not go well together. fatalities, although nearby residents PEMEX REFINERY INCIDENT Unfortunately, we’ve seen too were evacuated, and schools were KILLS WORKERS…AGAIN many incidents involving closed for two days. The U.S. National A fire at a Pemex oil refinery at dangerous fires and explosions Transportation Safety Board Tula, Mexico, about 50 miles north of from oil rigs, pipelines, and determined that the probable cause Mexico City, killed one worker and refineries over the past decade. was “ignition of a flammable fuel air injured four others. Pemex officials mixture within the tank by a static said the blaze started in a unit that electricity discharge due to the produces diesel fuel. Firefighters were improper manner in which able to control the blaze. The Tula ConocoPhillips Company conducted refinery is Pemex’s second most tank operations.”27 important refinery, with a capacity of 320,000 barrels per day, and is the April 27 main supplier for the Mexico City area. BARGE SPILL DESTROYS A series of accidents occurred at this ENDANGERED HABITAT same refinery two years earlier, killing Oil cargo barge “B-120” owned by the two workers and prompting a Bouchard Transportation Co. of temporary, partial closure.30 Hicksville, New York, grounded in

Page 11 “Highway Fireballs” Tanker Truck Explosions

He was running a little late and with a car on an elevated stretch of headed for his next delivery stop Interstate 95 near Bridgeport, south in Bethesda, Maryland. As he Connecticut, igniting a fire that caused came into the turn off the elevated part of the roadway to buckle and cave ramp, passing over I-95, he lost in. The blaze was so strong that it also control of the truck as it rode over and melted steel support beams on a newly through the concrete guard barrier, constructed bridge on the southbound going airborne over the side, and side. The incident forced partial closing crashing onto the northbound I-95 and traffic rerouting on one of the lanes below. An explosion and large busiest highways in the Northeast for fire followed, spreading 8,800 gallons more than a week. of burning gasoline all over the traffic lanes and beyond. Four vehicles TRAFFIC NIGHTMARE. traveling northbound on I-95 drove In late April 2007, an oil tanker truck into the fire, losing visibility and with 8,600 gallons of gasoline came colliding. onto an interchange in Oakland, “There was fire everywhere,” California. As the truck entered a reported one spokesman for the curve, the driver lost control, hit a

Shutterstock Images, www.shutterstock.com Images, Shutterstock Maryland State Highway guardrail, and flipped the truck on its side. The tanker then exploded, There was fire everywhere. It was down in the sending flames hundreds of feet into the air. The driver of the truck was “woods, on other vehicles. It was terrible there. hospitalized with second degree burns, but no other injuries were reported. Tens of thousands of oil tanker trucks Administration.31 “It was down” in the Luckily, the incident occurred at 3:45 travel North American highways every woods, on other vehicles. It was a.m., when there was minimal traffic. day. And as with all vehicles, accidents terrible.” Later, after firefighters had The fire was so powerful that it happen, whether it’s vehicle problems, extinguished the blaze, they found the buckled a three lane section of driver mistakes, roadway design, or wreckage of five vehicles within the Interstate 580 and caused it to some combination of factors. Yet oil burned area. Four people died in the collapse onto some lanes of Interstate tankers —– typically hauling flammable, incident with one of the commercial 880 30 feet below.33 Both were key explosive and/or toxic cargoes —– are truck drivers escaping from his commuter routes and heavily used. On not just any vehicle. Accidents burning vehicle. The National an average day, the two spans carried involving these vehicles, when they Transportation Safety Board 160,000 vehicles. Repairs on the occur, can often be catastrophic, determined the cause of the accident interchange lasted several weeks. killing and maiming people, polluting to be “failure of the tanker driver to the environment, and creating maintain control of his vehicle for These are only a few of the “rolling fire disruptions that can tie up a region for undetermined reasons.”32 Also bomb” incidents that have occurred in weeks and months, costing millions of contributing to the accident according the U.S. during the last decade, many dollars. Here are a few examples, to the NTSB was “the narrowed incurring considerable disruption and beginning in 2004. shoulder at the beginning of the repair costs. Other tanker truck overpass and the outdated design of incidents were less disruptive, FOUR DEAD. this section of the roadway.” however, they still involved spills of oil, On January 13th, 2004, the driver gasoline, diesel, oil waste, etc. that of the Petro Chemical Transport DAMAGED BRIDGE. polluted nearby rivers, streams, or tanker truck had just filled up for the A few months later, in late March other water sources. second time that day at the Citgo 2004, a tractor trailer carrying 9,000 fuels terminal in Baltimore, Maryland. gallons of home heating fuel collided

Page 12 2004 Incident List

January 19 September 20 gallons of oily water from skimming FRONTIER REFINERY RIG SPILLS INTO STREAM operations. The cleanup cost to federal EXPLODES…AGAIN…AND AGAIN AFFECTING WILDLIFE and state oil spill contingency funds Loud explosions rocked the Frontier Oil During construction of a new well in was nearly $2 million. No responsible refinery in Cheyenne, Wyoming on a Kingston Township, Ohio, a drilling rig party was initially identified, but oil Monday afternoon in mid-January malfunctioned resulting in an oil spill. sample tests conducted by both state 2004, causing flames to shoot high in The spill, first reported to the Ohio and federal laboratories indicated that the air along with thick, black smoke. Department of Natural Resources by a Polar Texas oil tanker, owned by Raymond Cleveland, a contractor who the drillers, was initially believed to be ConocoPhillips, was the source of the was working inside the refinery contained to the drilling site. Response oil that soiled beaches around the grounds, told an Associated Press to neighbors’ concerns regarding Dalco Passage.36 reporter that he heard two loud petroleum odors revealed that crude explosions —– a smaller one followed by oil had reached the nearby West November 26 a larger one —– and then he and Branch Creek and traveled about 1.5 TANKER SPILLS INTO RIVER another worker bolted for the gate. miles downstream past a residential Cyprus-registered tanker M/T Athos I, About a third of the work force was on area. Later estimates indicated that up a 750-foot vessel, was believed to have duty at the time of the explosions, but, to 84,000 gallons of crude had spilled, hit one or more obstructions in the fortunately, no injuries were reported. contaminating stream wildlife. Cleanup Delaware River near Philadelphia, Refinery fire-fighting crews were crews later vacuumed large amounts Pennsylvania during maximum spring joined by the Cheyenne Fire of oil off of West Branch Creek, and low tide, resulting in three hull holes, Department in battling the blaze, approximately one mile of the creek including a major gash in the cargo which was extinguished within a couple was excavated to remove heavily hull. The tanker was carrying 13.6 of hours. The refinery is owned by impacted vegetation.35 million gallons of heavy crude oil from Houston based Frontier Oil Corp. and Venezuela, approximately 264,000 produces gasoline, diesel, liquefied October 14 gallons of which were released into the petroleum gas, asphalt and coke. The PUGET SOUND MYSTERY SPILL river. The spill spread downriver, oiling plant was the scene of two previous A tugboat captain on Puget Sound, 57 miles of river shoreline in explosions: one in 1992 that killed an Washington, noticed and reported an Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and employee and injured five others, and expanding oil slick in the channel Delaware. The spill also closed the one in 2001 when hydrogen gas between Tacoma and Vashon, Delaware River to commercial vessel compressor exploded and injured two Washington known as the Dalco traffic for over a week. Submerged oil workers.34 Passage. The oil came from an resulted in contaminated water intakes unknown source. An extensive cleanup and also forced the closure of the April 28 effort gathered 59 tons of oily debris Salem Nuclear Power Plant on the New COMPANY FAILURES LEAD TO from the shores and over 6,800 Jersey side of the river.37 DIESEL SPILL A petroleum pipeline owned and Spilled oil, like that operated by Kinder Morgan Energy from the Athos Partners ruptured and spilled over barge in the 65,000 gallons of diesel fuel into Delaware River, marshes adjacent to Suisun Bay in does not only Northern California. The company pollute the water failed to notify California authorities and wildlife but it about the spill for 18 hours, a failure also requires costly for which it was later cited. It was and time intensive found that the line was corroded for cleanup efforts. which Kinder Morgan pled guilty and paid $3 million in penalties and restitution.

Page 13 United States Coast Guard Coast States United “BP’s Texas City Disaster” 15 Killed, 180 Injured

On March 23rd, 2005 in Texas City, Financial losses would exceed $1.5 report on the accident noted: “Cost- Texas, a horrendous explosion and billion. cutting and failure to invest in the fire at the BP oil refinery killed 15 Eva Rowe, 21 years old, was driving 1990s by Amoco and then BP left the workers and injured another 180 to Texas City on the day of the Texas City refinery vulnerable to a people. It was one of the worst U.S. explosion to visit her parents, who catastrophe. CSB Chair Carolyn industrial accidents to have occurred both worked at the refinery. “I was at Meritt, appointed by President since the late 1980s. Pat Nickerson, a a gas station about 45 minutes George Bush, noted at a press veteran of that refinery for 28 years, away,” she would later recall. “Some conference on the investigation: was on site that day, driving his truck man inside said that the BP refinery “What BP experienced was the inside the refinery to an office trailer. had exploded. I called my mom. And perfect storm where aging “I looked down the road. It looked like my mom didn’t answer, and that’s infrastructure, overzealous cost fumes, like on a real hot day, you see not like my mom. She always cutting, inadequate design, and risk these heat waves coming up,” he answered.”40 Rowe later learned that blindness occurred. The result was explained, describing the scene, “and both of her parents were among the the worst workplace catastrophe in then I saw an ignition and a blast. 15 killed that day. more than a decade.”41 Meritt said much of the same thing in a CBS 60 Minutes interview: “The Cost-cutting and failure to invest in the 1990s by problems that existed at BP Texas City were neither momentary nor “Amoco and then BP left the Texas City refinery superficial. They ran deep through that operation —– of a risk denial and a vulnerable to a catastrophe. risk blindness that was not being addressed anywhere in the Then my windshield shattered. The ”In the aftermath of the accident organization.” She added: “These roof of the vehicle I was driving caved there were several investigations, things do not have to happen. They in on me.”38 none of which had good things to are preventable. They are predictable, A thunderous explosion occurred report about BP. The U.S. Chemical and people do not have to die when a gasoline processing unit Safety Board (CSB) March 2007 because they’re earning a living.” under repair overflowed with gas and was ignited by a nearby idling truck. After the blast, Nickerson began digging through the wreckage looking for survivors. “Out of the corner of my eye, there was somebody on the ground,” he later recalled in a 60 Minutes interview, “A guy named Ryan Rodriguez, was just kind of staring at me. He couldn’t move because his face was so deformed from the blast. And bones and stuff were protruding from his chin.”39 Rodriguez died in the ambulance. When the explosion occurred that day, the surrounding community was rocked; 43,000 people were told to “shelter in place.” Homes were damaged as far away as three- quarters of a mile from the refinery.

Page 14 U.S. Chemical Safety Board Safety Chemical U.S. Shutterstock Images, www.shutterstock.com Images, Shutterstock

Instead of more wind turbines, 2005 Incident List Americans have seen increased occurrences of explosions, fire, June 16 penalty and spend more than $5.5 and black smoke since 2000. COMPANIES FORCED TO COMPLY million on environmentally beneficial The U.S. Environmental Protection projects to reduce emissions and to my worries,” said Gagne after Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Department support activities in the communities seeing the respirator-equipped of Justice announced a settlement where it operates. Sunoco agreed pay workers. “What do I do?” he asked. with petroleum refiners Valero, Tesoro, a $3 million civil penalty and spend “I’m very upset that I’m not getting and Sunoco for repeated violations of more than $3.9 million on phone calls. There’s nothing scarier 42 its Clean Air Act permits at 18 environmentally beneficial projects. than when the gas industry leaves us refineries in 8 states. The companies uninformed.”43 agreed, for each refinery, to upgrade July 12 leak detection and repair practices, TANKER TRUCK SPILLS November implement programs to minimize The wreck of a tanker truck south of TWO WORKERS KILLED flaring of hazardous gases, reduce Silt, Colorado caused a spill of what Two workers were asphyxiated at emissions from sulphur recovery was believed to be nearly 8,000 Valero Energy’s Delaware City, plants, and adopt strategies to ensure gallons of produced water and Delaware refinery due to a nitrogen the proper handling of benzene condensates (a byproduct of natural- gas leak.44 wastewater. Air pollution fines were gas drilling). Witnesses reported that also part of the settlement. Valero fumes filled the air and a yellow Year 2005 agreed to pay a $5.5 million civil substance formed roadside puddles. ANNUAL REPORTED SPILLS The spill occurred six miles up Dry Calgary-based Enbridge, Inc., a large Hollow Road and the accident caused a North American pipeline operator, There’s nothing scarier seven-hour road closure covering a reported that it spilled over 412,000 half-mile radius. One resident in the gallons in its operations during 2005, “than when the gas industry area, Gary Gagne, reported seeing two spills which the company says were hazardous materials trucks at the largely ‘contained within its facilities.’45 leaves us uninformed. accident scene and clean-up workers ” with respirators. “That just sort of adds Page 15 Petroleum Company Accidents and Spills 2000-2009

Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill – April 2010

Significant Natural Gas Outer Continental Shelf Spills: Distribution Incidents: spill incidents 50 barrels and greater where fatality or injury occurred or in size of petroleum and other toxic property damage was greater than substances resulting from Federal or equal to $50,000 in 1984 dollars Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) oil and gas activities Total Fatalities and Injuries Minor Spill ––less than 10,000 gallons 0 (557 incidents) (82 incidents) 1 - 2 (326 incidents) Medium Spill ––between 10,000 and 3 - 6 (40 incidents) 100,000 gallons (47 incidents

7 - 10 (4 incidents) Major Spill ––greater than 100,000 gallons (1 incident)

Data Sources: Significant Natural Gas Distribution Incidents: geocoded from 2010-02-17 PHMSA Pipeline Safety – Flagged Incidents.zip at http://primis.phm Outer Continental Shelf Spills: geocoded from Spills50bbl1964-2009.xls at http://www.mms.gov/incidents/spills1996-2011.htm Page 16

sa.dot.gov/comm/reports/safety/SIDA.html Map prepared by GreenInfo Network July 2010. www.greeninfo.com

Page 17 “Citgo Fouls The Calcasieu” June 2006: River Spill

On June 19th, 2006, a waste oil tank Two years after the spill, the federal guilty to negligence for failing to at the Citgo Lake Charles oil refinery government brought legal action maintain storm water tanks and on the Calcasieu River in against Citgo under the Clean Water adequate storm water storage at its southwestern Louisiana spilled an Act. In court, EPA argued that Citgo refinery. The company was fined $13 estimated 3 million gallons of slop oil failed to maintain its wastewater million, the largest ever at that time after being compromised during a treatment facilities and oil skimming for a criminal misdemeanor violation violent rain storm. system for 10 years before the spill. In of the Clean Water Act.47 The court Citgo’s spill was initially contained by oil booms, but the booms later failed and oil spread down the river Citgo knowingly misinformed government into Calcasieu Lake. Roughly 2.25 million gallons of slop oil were “agencies of the status and capabilities of their waste released into the water as a result.46 The Louisiana Department of Public water treatment unit.” National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration Atmospheric and Ocean National

Health issued a public health and 1994, Citgo had converted its lagoon also found that Citgo knowingly recreational advisory on swimming, waste water system into a tank misinformed government agencies of fishing, and boating in the Calcasieu system, but to cut costs, only two the status and capabilities of their Estuary. A cleanup effort commenced storm water tanks were built, waste water treatment unit. In one and continued for weeks, costing although they were advised that an August 2009 state court proceeding, a millions of dollars. About 20 miles of additional tank was needed. judge found that Citgo downplayed the the Calcasieu River, its ship channel, Documents surfaced which showed hazards of the spill and failed to warn and three area lakes were closed for that Citgo cut $30 million from its the public about what was in the slop weeks. storm water tank project. Citgo pled oil that was released into the river.

Page 18 2006 Incident List

March 2 barge and commercial ship traffic. Two CORRODED BP PIPELINE SPILLS years after the spill, Valero paid $2 A leak from a BP pipeline on the tundra million for violations of the Clean of Alaska’s North Slope spilled some Water Act and was required to institute 267,000 gallons of thick crude oil over safety measures that would prevent two acres near the Prudhoe Bay future oil discharges.49 production area. The spill went undetected for nearly five days before June 5 an oilfield worker driving through the DANGEROUS WORKING area detected the scent of CONDITIONS TURN DEADLY hydrocarbons. BP and the Alaska Three workers were killed and another Department of Environmental seriously injured when explosions and Conservation initially stated the oil a fire occurred at the Partridge Raleigh escaped through a pinprick size hole in oilfield in Raleigh, Mississippi. The a corroded 34 inch pipe that tied into workers, all employees of Stringer’s BPXA the larger Trans Alaska Pipeline Oilfield Services, were completing System. However, five months after the piping connections between tanks A petroleum company’s negligence incident, BP conceded that the leak was when welding sparks ignited can magnify an incident by several part of a widespread corrosion problem flammable vapor venting from one of fold. Some leaks, like this one in in its system that would force it to the tanks. An investigation by the U.S. Alaska’s North Slope, go on for replace 16 miles of a 22 mile pipeline Chemical Safety Board (CSB) found days before they are detected, from Prudhoe Bay. In 2007, BP pled that unsafe work practices were the fixed, and cleaned up. guilty to the negligent discharge of oil cause of the accident and under the federal Clean Water Act and recommended increased Occupational affected a 16 mile stretch of the was fined $20 million for the spill.48 Safety and Health Administration Kentucky River, and also eventually (OSHA) inspections of the region’s oil entered the Ohio River. The spill June 1 and gas production facilities. CSB also resulted from a weld failure in a pipe VALERO SPILLS INTO SHIPPING called on the Mississippi Oil and Gas that had been laid nearly 60 years CHANNEL Board to identify, and refer to OSHA, prior. Both Mid-Valley Pipeline Co. and Valero Refining spilled over 140,000 potentially unsafe health and safety Sunoco Pipeline LP are affiliates of gallons of oil into the Corpus Christi conditions observed during field Sunoco Logistics, of Philadelphia, a Ship Channel at Corpus Christi, inspections of well sites and drilling company responsible for constant Texas. The spill came from the West operations. The fatality rate of the oil leaks, spills, and other incidents. Plant section of Valero’s Corpus Christi and gas extraction industry is over Refinery where an above-ground eight and a half times higher than the October 17 storage tank on the edge of the canal average for all industries in the U.S., ANOTHER SUNOCO LEAK leaked oil into the water. The Corpus according to the CSB. “Lives cannot be An estimated 220,000 gallons of crude Christi Ship Channel, which spills into an acceptable added cost of providing oil spilled onto the ground at Sunoco’s the Gulf of Mexico, is used for heavy fuel to American consumers,” said CSB oil refinery in South Philadelphia, Chairman Carolyn Merritt.50 Pennsylvania. The oil spill occurred at a storage tank on the Sunoco tank The fatality rate of the oil August 15 farm, and remained on site, within a SUNOCO PIPELINE LEAKS containment area surrounding the “and gas extraction industry is Sunoco Pipeline LP and Mid-Valley tank, according to Philadelphia Fire Pipeline Co. agreed to pay a $2.57 Department officials. According to over eight and a half times million penalty in a U.S. Justice EPA, the incident reinforced the Department settlement for a January importance of providing secondary higher than the average for 2005 pipeline leak that dumped more containment for bulk storage than 260,000 gallons of crude oil into containers as required by the Oil Spill all industries in the U.S. the Kentucky River.51 The spill Prevention regulations.52

” Page 19 “The Oil Beneath Brooklyn” Leak Causes Underground Oil Lake

could be found at depths ranging from 10 to 40 feet. Under a 1981 agreement with the U.S. Coast Guard and New York City, Mobil and Amoco began a recovery program, pumping out 2.5 million gallons from the underground plume. In the late 1980s, other leaks were found —– one from 1988 when a Mobil pipeline leaked 60,000 gallons of gasoline.53 In July 1990 —– at a time following the Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989 and a resurgence of environmentalism —– Mobil Oil announced a renewed commitment with New York to clean up the Greenpoint spill.54 The initiative played well in the newspapers, and for a time, the clean up seemed to be moving forward. By the mid-1990s, however, there came reports of elevated levels of several toxic chemicals in air and soil samples leading to additional problems and The Brooklyn Paper Brooklyn The lawsuits. To this day, EPA and local officials are strugglingto clean up this On July 17th, 2007, New York State had traced the problem to oil storage site. attorney general Andrew Cuomo filed tanks located on a site along The oil mess in Brooklyn, New York a lawsuit against Exxon Mobil and Newtown Creek near the Brooklyn- is not an isolated case. Similar leaks four other companies ordering them Queens boundary line. Mobil, Amoco and plumes are found throughout the to clean up a 57 year old oil spill that and a number of other companies had U.S., especially near oil refineries and had formed a giant underground pool oil storage tanks there dating at least tank farms, but also near many active of mixed petroleum beneath the to the 1940s. Paragon Oil, a and abandoned neighborhood gas streets of Brooklyn, New York. The subsidiary of Texaco, now stations where underground storage giant oil leak —– variously estimated Chevron/Texaco, had a terminal there tanks have leaked. Leaked at between 17 and 30 million gallons as well. Over the years, leaks from underground oil and gasoline plumes —– began sometime in the 1940s. Oil tanks and pipes, plus occasional such as these have migrated beneath refining had begun in that part of the spills, led to the accumulation of a residential communities, city as early as the 1860s but it huge underground plume of mixed contaminating drinking water aquifers wasn’t until a gasoline explosion in petroleum products. and wells. Toxic fumes have also have 1950 that city officials were alerted In the late 1970s, the U.S. Coast also threatened public health and to the seriousness of the problem. Guard made the first study of the safety. These are yet another real Construction workers excavating in plume, estimating its size to be 17 cost that society continues to pay for the 1970s confronted a black ooze million gallons. By 1979, the oil had its oil and gasoline —– in health seeping up from the ground, spread underground 52 acres, moving effects, community endangerment, temporarily halting construction beyond the tank farm, now beneath a local disruption, and cleanup costs. there until the material could be residential neighborhood near the removed. By 1978, New York officials Brooklyn Queens Expressway. Oil

Page 20 2007 Incident List

January 1, February 2 November 1 Northern Minnesota near Clearbrook. PIPE SPILLS TWICE INTO TWO DEAD, SEVEN INJURED The pipeline had leaked two weeks FARMLAND, WATER TABLE A 12 inch diameter pipeline operated earlier and a temporary repair had An Enbridge Inc., pipeline moving by Dixie Pipeline Co., carrying liquid been made but as the two workers Canadian crude oil through Wisconsin to propane, ruptured in a rural area near were removing the temporary repair, Chicago leaked 50,000 gallons of crude Carmichael, Mississippi. About oil began leaking and the fumes oil onto farmland and into drainage 430,000 gallons of propane were ignited. The pipeline is part of the ditches of Clark County, Wisconsin. released and the resulting gas cloud Enbridge system that carries crude oil Company officials reported that the line expanded over nearby homes and from Canada into the U.S. Several rural cracked open and released crude until ignited, creating a large fireball that fire departments responded to the an operator could shut it down from an was heard and seen miles away. In the pipeline fire and residents in a one mile operations center in Canada. Just one ensuing fire, two people were killed, radius were evacuated for a time. month later and 80 miles up the seven were injured, four houses were Pipeline closings that followed the pipeline, over 125,000 additional gallons destroyed, and several others blaze halted nearly a fifth of oil were spilled when construction crews damaged. About 70 acres of grassland imports to the U.S.58 struck the pipeline. Not all of the oil and woodland were also burned. Dixie from this spill was cleaned up quickly Pipeline reported that damages —– December enough which resulted in oil seeping including property damage and loss of NATURAL GAS EXPLODES HOUSE into the local water table.55 product —– totaled $3.4 million. The In Bainbridge, Ohio, a house exploded U.S. National Transportation Safety in a fireball after methane gases had October 16 Board determined that the probable infiltrated the house from the REFINERY EXPLOSION & FIRE cause of the ruptured liquid propane groundwater below. A 2008 study by An early morning explosion and fire pipeline was failure of welds near pipe the Ohio Department of Natural occurred at the Exxon Mobil oil joints.57 Resources concluded that pressures refinery in Billings, Montana. The caused by hydraulic fracturing —– a explosion rocked nearby residents and November 28 technique used in natural gas well continued to burn for most of the day. TWO KILLED IN ANOTHER PIPE production —– had pushed the gases At the peak of the blaze, flames of 100 BLAST through underground geology into the feet or more could be seen at the site. Two workers were killed after an groundwater aquifer beneath the The fire began at the refinery after Enbridge pipeline leak caught fire in house.59 piping leaked hydrogen and hydrocarbon gases that ignited and caused the large explosion and fireball. There were no injuries in the refinery or in nearby communities, though residents reported feeling the blast a mile or two from the refinery. Shanie Harper, a clerk at a gas station in the Lockwood area told the Billings Gazette the blast was enough to “rattle the windows.” Harper added: “You really realize how close you live to something that could be dangerous.”56

There’s no room for error when it comes to pipeline, rig, and refinery safety. Lax regulation and non- compliance has been a recipe for

disaster over the past decade. www.istockphoto.com iStockphoto,

Page 21 “Big Blast in Big Spring” Explosion Shakes Town

In mid-February 2008, a thunderous the refinery, said, “I thought it would cloud was discovered, the order was explosion rocked the Texas knock the walls down.” Two given for workers to evacuate the Panhandle town of Big Spring and elementary schools were evacuated, area, which likely saved lives. Those was felt as far as 45 miles. The Alon and classes were later canceled at all who saw and heard the blast were oil refinery on the outskirts of town nine campuses in the Big Spring amazed no one was killed. “There is a was the source of the blast, and an school district while parents were very simple explanation for that,” ominous, mushroom-like cloud of asked to pick up their children. offered Big Spring Mayor Russ smoke rose into the sky that could be At the refinery, meanwhile, McEwen: “The Lord was looking out seen for miles across the flat Texas Panhandle. The refinery, which dates to 1928, had been run by a succession of owners over the years, but most recently by the Alon Israel Oil Company which purchased it and other assets from Atofina Petrochemicals (FINA) in August 2000. The 67,000 barrels per day refinery produces fuel products and asphalt for markets in the southwestern United States. On the day of the explosion, all 170 workers at the Big Spring refinery were accounted for within an hour or so of the incident. However, four workers were injured; one was hospitalized for burns, while the others were treated and released. One passing motorist was also injured after being struck by debris

from the explosion. In town, Productions Adams/Mulberry David

for our community and the refinery It was extremely scary; you shook you were so workers today. There is no other explanation.”61 “scared. In mid-December 2008 it was reported by the company that a meanwhile,” there was a bit of panic multiple fires caused by the faulty weld on the bottom of a pump as buildings shook for miles around. explosion were fought by firefighters case led to the explosion. Alon, prior “It was extremely scary; you shook and eventually put under control. to the explosion, was reviewing the you were so scared,” said Laura Some roads were closed, with welding on similar pump cases at the McEwen, the wife of the town’s emergency officials warning of the refinery, but was not certain how mayor, who lived about two miles potential for more explosions. As many pump cases similar to the one from the refinery. “Our walls details emerged from within the that failed existed at the refinery. shook...It was like an earthquake.”60 refinery, workers reported seeing a John Moseley, managing editor of the “knee high” gas cloud moving Big Spring Herald, whose downtown through the refinery minutes before office was also about two miles from the initial explosion. Once the gas

Page 22 2008 Incident List

January 31 released, Behr became critically ill and fuel oil being spilled into the river at LARGE FRACKING FLUID LEAK faced multiple organ failure. When her and below the Port of New Orleans, Marathon Oil, one of several companies doctors sought to uncover the chemical Louisiana. The chemical tanker MV drilling for gas on the Roan Plateau identity of the drilling fluid called Tintomara split an American near Parachute, Colorado, reported a ZetaFlow, they were stymied by a Commercial Lines fuel barge in half, defect in a fluid reserve pit liner that confidentiality claim for BP’s causing the spill and forcing the closure caused the release of nearly 1.4 million concoction. It was not until Behr began of a 58 mile stretch of the river south gallons of toxic watery drilling or the tough road to recovery that the of New Orleans. All vessel traffic was “fracking” fluids from the pit that was chemical make-up of ZetaFlow was halted and more than 2,000 “flow back” from a hydro-fracture finally revealed to the doctor. Even responders worked on cleanup efforts operation. The fluids, according to state then, the doctor was sworn to secrecy for more than month. The barge was documents, were being stored in a by the chemical’s manufacturer and salvaged and about 100 miles of the reserve pit for use in another “frack” was prohibited from sharing the affected river was cleaned. However, job, but they “infiltrated the subsurface, information with his patient.65 the National Oceanic and Atmospheric moved laterally, and discharged from a Administration (NOAA) reported for a cliff” above Garden Gulch, Colorado July 23 time that more than 10 miles of and into the Parachute Creek MAJOR MISSISSIPPI RIVER SPILL “stranded oil” remained, as cleanup drainage.62 A collision between a barge and a efforts were complicated by a six foot tanker on the Mississippi River resulted drop in river level.66 April in more than 400,000 gallons of heavy OIL SLUDGE KILLS DUCKS At least 1,600 ducks died in a toxic tailings pond at a Syncrude tar sands operation in Alberta, Canada north of Fort McMurray.63 Ecologist Kevin Timoney estimates that tar sands production has resulted in the permanent loss of as many as 400,000 birds, many of them waterfowl that die in polluted ponds.64

April 17 SECRET DRILLING FLUIDS? Cathy Behr, a Durango, Colorado emergency room nurse, almost died after treating a natural gas field worker who had been splashed in a “fracking” fluid spill at a BP natural gas drilling operation. During the treatment, Behr had stripped the man’s clothes off to treat him and stuffed them into plastic bags. Although the worker was later

Spilled oil isn’t just bad for human health and the environment; it’s also bad for business. Large stretches of river have been shut down to barges over the past decade

when oil spills have occurred. Guard Coast States United

Page 23 “Montana Tank Blaze” 2009: ConocoPhillips, Billings, Montana Paul Ruht/Billings Gazette Ruht/Billings Paul

A fire raged at the Billings, Montana ConocoPhillips oil refinery on The fire burned ferociously and the smoke Christmas Eve, 2009 when a large “plume was visible for miles. storage tank containing asphalt caught fire and spewed a thick, black cloud of enforcement” action taken against smoke and soot into the air. The fire tank that burned had a total capacity burned ferociously and the smoke of about 97,000 barrels or four million ConocoPhillips because the fire was plume was visible for miles. A gallons. But at the time of the fire it considered to be a malfunction. This northeast wind carried the plume over was about a quarter full. “malfunction,” however, was south Billings, along the Yellowstone In February 2010, a refinery responsible for emitting tons and tons River Valley and south of Laurel. spokesman reported that the of pollutants including sulfur dioxide, Refinery and Billings fire-fighting company’s investigation found that carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and crews focused on keeping the flames while oil was being removed from the particulate matter into the from spreading to other nearby fuel tank, the oil level fell below the small community’s air.67 tanks as they sprayed surrounding warming heater inside the tank, which structures and fuel tanks with water to in turn, caused the heater to increase keep them cool as the fire raged in temperature, igniting vapors inside nearby. the tank. Jim Hughes, an As the fire came under control, a environmental specialist with the heavy, dark layer of the smoke hung Montana Department of Environmental over Billings for the afternoon. The Quality, said there would be no

Page 24 2009 Incident List January 1 oil refinery at Woods Cross near Salt Pipeline System in the Gulf of Mexico METHANE IN DRINKING WELLS Lake City, Utah had a flash fire. The some 33 miles offshore and 60 miles After a backyard residential water well accident occurred when a large southwest of Houma, Louisiana. The exploded in Dimock Township of flammable vapor cloud was released leak spilled approximately 63,000 Susquehanna County in northeastern from the storage tank that held an gallons of oil into the Gulf and Pennsylvania, an investigation by the estimated 440,000 gallons of volatile stemmed from a crack in the system’s state Department of Environmental hydrocarbons. The vapor cloud found pipeline. Local media reported that the Protection (DER) determined that an ignition source and the ensuing spill covered 80 square miles of Gulf methane contaminated the aquifer as flash fire spread more than 200 feet waters and the U.S. Coast Guard a result of nearby natural gas drilling. from the tank, reaching four workers in reported that “a nine-mile sheen with The gas had seeped into the drinking a nearby shed. The four injured men, several streamers of darker oil remains water wells of at least nine homes in ages 30 to 50, were all burned, but from the original spill.”70 the township, causing a threat of pulled to safety by co-workers. They explosion for at least four of them. suffered burns to the face, neck, arms, October 31 DER found that Cabot Oil and Gas and hands, with one suffering lung TWO TEENS KILLED Corp., the company that had drilled 20 damage from inhaling the searing Two teenage boys —– 18 year old Wade wells into the gas rich Marcellus Shale heat. In a local hospital burn unit, one White and 16 year old Devon Byrd —– within three square miles of the victim was listed in critical condition were killed while hanging out at an oil drinking well blast, was responsible for while two others were listed in serious. tank site located in a rural area near polluting groundwater with methane. Because other flammable materials the town of Carnes, Mississippi when Inspectors also suspected that too were near the fire, police began going the tank abruptly exploded. much pressure in the mile-deep wells, door to door to evacuate residents Investigators could not officially or flaws in their cement and steel within a half mile of the refinery. identify the cause of this tragic and casings, had opened a channel for the Previously in 2004 and 2005, the very mysterious explosion. According to the gas.68 same refinery had been cited for U.S. Chemical Safety Board, 42 “serious” safety violations.69 teenagers and young adults —– who January 12 sometimes seek out isolated locations TANK FIRE INJURES WORKERS July 25 for hanging out—– have died in oil tank Four workers were burned and a GULF PIPE LEAK explosions across the country over the nearby community evacuated when a A pipeline leak of crude oil occurred at past 27 years.71 large storage tank at the Silver Eagle the Shell Oil-operated Eugene Island November 5 PIPELINE EXPLOSION A major pipeline explosion occurred near Bushland, Texas on a weekday morning forcing residents in the area to be evacuated. The explosion, about one mile west of Bushland High School, shook homes, melted window blinds, and shot flames hundreds of feet into the air. Early reports indicated that three structures were damaged and one home near the blast was completely destroyed, but luckily no major injuries

Improperly managed and corroded pipelines crisscross petroleum company refineries and American landscapes spanning the country.

Page 25 iStockphoto, www.istockphoto.com iStockphoto, “Fed Up With Sunoco” Repeating Incidents: 2005-2010 Shutterstock Images, www.shutterstock.com Images, Shutterstock

incidents: One, when an overflow of ...The repeat of this sorry scenario will only be an underground butane storage facility caused explosions and fires, “stopped when the nation’s environmental seriously damaging homes on one block and causing evacuations on two protection laws finally grow some teeth. other blocks; another, in 2004, when Sunoco released 84 pounds of ” potentially deadly ethylene oxide; and In the southeastern corner of recent air pollution violations by the Pennsylvania, where the Philadelphia- Pennsylvania Department of then another in 2009 when based Sunoco Inc. (previously Sun Oil Environmental Protection (DER). “Delaware County was once again put Co.) has operated for decades with its The citation resulted in a $173,310 in harm’s way when Sun’s ethylene oil refineries and pipelines, local fine by the DER for three separate air unit on the Delaware border exploded, communities have grown tired of the pollution violations that occurred in resulting in a fire that took 10 hours repeating pollution and peril posed by 2008. Combined, these violations to extinguish.” the company’s facilities. Over the resulted in the uncontrolled release of “...The repeat of this sorry scenario years, there have been fires, volatile organic compounds, carbon will only be stopped when the explosions, chemical releases, and dioxide, and nitrogen oxides. nation’s environmental protection pollution violations. One editorial “This all occurred the same year laws finally grow some teeth. In the writer for a newspaper in that Sun was posting record revenues of meantime, Delaware County residents community —– the Delaware County $776 million,” noted the Daily Times must be satisfied with apologies and Daily Times —– exposed this repeated editorial. the prospect of ill health or injury pattern in a January 2010 editorial The Daily Times editorial went from another industrial disaster.” 74 after the company was cited for some further to list more of Sunoco’s past

Page 26 2010Incident List

April 2 rig, located in the Gulf of Mexico, Utah campus. Oil was found streaming SEVEN DEAD IN FIRE quickly sank and massive amounts of through Red Butte Creek, which feeds Seven workers were killed in an early crude oil began pouring out of the into the Jordan River and, eventually, morning fire at Tesoro Corp’s 120,000 destroyed well head. Although the the Great Salt Lake. Emergency crews barrels-per-day Anacortes, exact amount of oil spilled into the Gulf stopped the oil before it reached the Washington oil refinery. It was the has not been agreed upon, some Lake, but about 200 birds were found worst refinery accident since the government estimates place the total coated with oil. Salt Lake City Mayor March 2005 fire at BP’s Texas City, amount as high as 184 million Ralph Becker, seeing the Texas refinery. Federal investigators gallons.77 From the failed early environmental and wildlife impacts, say the victims were likely engulfed in attempts to stop the flow of oil, it issued a statement saying he was “a firewall” that ignited within seconds. quickly became clear that BP had no “saddened about the extent of the The U.S. Chemical Safety Board and backup measures for stopping an oil damages and will do all I can to ensure others are still investigating.75 spill one-mile below the surface of the our city’s natural assets are ocean. The spill has taken a substantial restored.”78 Chevron assumed April 7 toll: wildlife has been killed and oiled responsibility for the spill and initially WILDLIFE REFUGE SPILL while habitat has been destroyed; and reported that the pipe may have been An 18,000 gallon leak of crude oil from businesses and local economies have damaged by an electrical arc from a a pipeline of the Cypress Pipe Line been devastated by the halt of the nearby electric substation source. (CPL) Company spilled into the fishing and tourism industries. However, investigators have now Mississippi Delta National Wildlife stated that they found a hole in the top Refuge south of New Orleans, June 12 of the pipeline where it runs through Louisiana. Berry Brothers General AND THE BEAT GOES ON… Red Butte Canyon. Contractors, conducting dredging A Chevron oil company pipeline operations for ExxonMobil in the area, running from Colorado to the Refineries, such as Tesoro Corp’s notified the Coast Guard that oil was company’s Salt Lake City, Utah oil Anacortes location, have been the spilling into a canal located 10 miles refinery leaked 33,600 gallons of location of some of the most southeast of Venice, Louisiana. An area crude oil into a creek on the eastern deadly disasters in the U.S. over of about 160 square miles was affected edge of the city near the University of the past decade. —– 16 square miles of wetlands in the refuge and 120 square miles offshore in the Gulf of Mexico. CPL is a joint venture between BP and Chevron.76

April 19 WORKER KILLED A contract worker was killed at Motiva’s oil refinery in Port Arthur, Texas in a construction crane accident. Motiva has now had two fatalities since 2007 at this refinery while it has been attempting to expand production.

April 20 BP DEEPWATER HORIZON SPILL Possibly the worst and most controversial environmental disaster in U.S. history, BP’s Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill stemmed from an explosion in which 11 rig workers were killed and 17 were injured. The Deepwater Horizon Board Safety Chemical U.S.

Page 27 Conclusion

As the preceding litany of disasters makes clear, exploiting oil and gas resources to feed a growing appetite for energy is a dangerous business. Furthermore, petroleum companies repeatedly fail to protect people, nature or the climate. The 2010 BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico can and should be a wake-up call to all of us that now is the time to seriously begin reducing our dependence on dangerous fossil fuels and on the companies that repeatedly flaunt the rules, regulations and laws meant to protect all of us. Not only should the 2010 BP oil spill be the last major oil or gas disaster, it should signal the beginning of the end of all oil and gas disasters, including global warming. The 2010 BP oil spill should herald the beginning of a new, safer

clean energy world. Guard Coast States United

Recommendations:

PROTECT THE PUBLIC AND I Remove exemptions from the WILDLIFE Clean Water and Safe Drinking Water Acts for oil and gas I Eliminate the cap on oil and gas development and strengthen other company liability for damages laws to protect important fish, caused by oil and gas disasters. wildlife and water resources. The record of reckless carelessness outlined in this report demonstrates a I Implement new measures for clear pattern of companies accepting monitoring the effects of oil and liability costs and fines as a cost of gas development and make doing business rather than as a signal comprehensive and thorough to clean up their act. When companies mitigation and reclamation of fish, face the full cost of their actions, they wildlife and water resources a fixture will make better decisions to protect in all development decisions.

Getty Images Getty against these disasters. I Reform the royalty structure for oil and gas leases on federal land so the public gets a fair rate of return We are sick of the industry bragging about their and so there is dedicated revenue to “safety record when children are burying their safeguard wildlife and the environment. parents. Obviously, the status quo is not working. Jordan Barab, Deputy Assistant Secretary” for the Occupational Safety and Health Administration

Page 28 STOP MAKING THE PROBLEM companies accountable for doing I Facilitate the rapid adoption of WORSE their fair share to reduce pollution. It new electric vehicles by retooling will help create a level playing field car plants with new technology and I End corporate subsidies for fossil and an investment climate that helping make electric cars and fuel energy development. It is long rewards and speeds private trucks affordable and convenient past time to stop dipping into the investment in new, clean energy for households and businesses. pockets of struggling American technologies and fuels our economy. taxpayers and families to support the I Encourage businesses and the incomes of the most profitable multi- I End our sole dependence on oil for federal government to use hybrid national companies in the world. transportation. Today, 70% of the and natural gas fueled heavy oil we use goes to fuel cars and trucks, and develop advanced I Stop the new trend toward more trucks, but the gasoline powered biofuels for aviation fuels. dangerous and more polluting internal combustion engine is now dirty fuels. Traditional oil and gas I Invest in high speed rail and being replaced by new technologies development has a well known set of improved transit and freight that depend far less on oil. By safety and environmental risks and systems to provide far better ways speeding this transition, we can cut they need to be reduced. The to move both people and freight oil use rapidly in two decades while industry’s new efforts to extract oil within and between our cities. improving our quality of life. and gas from deep oceans, tar sands, I Help homes and businesses that I Keep making cars more fuel deep tight shale formations, oil shale, heat with oil to switch to cleaner efficient by enacting and fully or converting coal to a liquid fuel will fuels or more efficient furnaces. not only feed our continuing addiction implementing strong and popular to fossil fuels and stymie innovation, new fuel economy standards for There is no reason to sentence another they will also increase health and cars and similar standards for generation to cleaning up after the safety risks and pollution dramatically. medium and heavy duty trucks inevitable damage that comes from due over the next year. Protect ongoing dependence on dirty fuels. ACT NOW TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM EPA’s authority to regulate green We have the solutions today that move house gas emissions which us away from oil, while anchoring a I Pass comprehensive climate and underpins these valuable new and prosperous economy. We only energy legislation in the U.S. It is standards. need to act. critical to begin holding oil and gas

FOR MORE INFORMATION ABOUT PETROLEUM COMPANY INCIDENTS SINCE 2000, PLEASE VISIT WWW.NWF.ORG/NEWS-AND-MAGAZINES/MEDIA-CENTER/REPORTS/ARCHIVE/2010/OIL-DISASTERS-REPORT.ASPX

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Report researched and written by Jack Doyle (J.D. Associates) and Miguel Mejia (NWF). Contributors: George Ho, Tony Iallonardo, Felice Stadler, and Tim Warman.

National Wildlife Federation gratefully acknowledges the Grace Cooper Harrison Trust and NWF members for their support of this project.

Report design by Barbara Raab Sgouros.

© 2010 National Wildlife Federation.

Page 29 Shutterstock Images, www.shutterstock.com Images, Shutterstock 16 Knight Ridder/Tribune Business News, “Second Lawsuit Settled Over Orange County, Calif., Fuel-Additive Leak,” February 12, 2003. Endnotes 17 Associated Press, “Shell Settles Orange County MTBE Suit,” January 10, 2005. 18 Phuong Le, Associated Press, “Shell to Clean up 83 Gas Stations in Wash,” i http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2009/industries/20/ The Seattle Times, Tuesday, November 18, 2008. index.html 19 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Oil Spill Program Update, Vol. 4, No.4, ii http://www.opensecrets.org/industries/lobbying.php?cycle=2010&ind=E01 January 2002, pp.4-5. iii http://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/clientsum.php?lname=American+ 20 South Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, California, Petroleum+Institute&year=2009 “AQMD Seeks $319 Million Fine from BP for Air Pollution Violations,” March 13, iv http://legaltimes.typepad.com/blt/2010/07/american-petroleum-institute- 2003. ramps-up-lobbying.html 21 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Oil Spill Program Update, Vol. 4, No.6, v http://www.opensecrets.org/industries/contrib.php?cycle=2010&ind=E01 July 2002, p.6. 22 vi “Safety and Environmental Management Systems for Outer Continental U. S. National Transportation Safety Board, “Pipeline Accident Report: Shelf Oil and Gas Operations.” Federal Register 74 (17 June, 2009): 28642. Rupture of Enbridge Pipeline and Release of Crude Oil near Cohasset, Minnesota, July 4, 2002,” NTSB Number PAR 04/01, NTIS Number PB2004 viI U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety 916501. Administration. http://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/comm/States.htm?nocache=8428 23 Anne Belli, “BP Flaws Unattended for Years, Report Says; Baker Panel Says Safety Lapses Found at All Five U.s. Refineries,” Houston Chronicle, January 1 Jeff Nesmith and Ralph K.M. Haurwitz: “Pipelines: The Invisible Danger: 3 17, 2007. http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/special/05/blast/4475824.html Families killed in explosion form pipe that had clean bill of health. July 22, 2002. Available at http://www.statesman.com/specialreports/content/sp...; 24 Brooke A. Masters, “Explosion Rocks Staten Island Oil Facility; No Indication accessed November 9, 2008. of Terrorism, Authorities Say,” Washington Post, Friday, February 21, 2003. http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wpdyn?pagename=article&node=&conte 2 SEMP, Biot Report #558, “Fatal Carlsbad, New Mexico, Natural Gas Pipeline ntId=A41213 2003Feb21¬Found=true Explosion, 2000: Second Worst in US History,” November 09, 2008. http://www.semp.us/publications/biot_reader.php?BiotID=558 25 Andy Newman, “U.S. Sues Barge Operator in Fatal 2003 Explosion,” New York Times, November 6, 2008. 3 U.S. National Transportation Safety Board, “Hazardous Liquid Pipe Failure and Leak, Marathon Ashland Pipe Line, LLC, Winchester, Kentucky, January 26 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Oil Spill Program Update, Vol. 4, 27, 2000,” NTSB Report Number: PAB-01-02, adopted on 05/03/2001. No.6, July 2003, p.4. http://www.ntsb.gov/Publictn/2001/PAB0102.htm 27 U.S. National Transportation Safety Board, “Pipeline Accident Report, 4 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Oil Spill Program Update, Vol. 3, No. 4, Storage Tank Explosion and Fire in Glenpool, Oklahoma, April 7, 2003,” NTSB July 2000, pp. 1-2. and “Oil Spills Throughout History,” Washington Post, April Number PAR 04/02, NTIS Number PB2004 916502. 29, 2010. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/gallery/2010/ 28 National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 04/29/GA2010042903481.html “Bouchard Barge 120– Buzzards Bay, MA,” IncidentNews.gov, April 27, 2003. 5 Associated Press, “Weather Helps Protect Refuge from Oil Damage http://www.incidentnews.gov/incident/1051 Louisiana: Winds push the Slick Away From Wildlife Conservation Site,” 29 “Texas Eastern Transmission,”AcuSafe Incident News, November 2, 2003. December 1, 2000; Associated Press, “Farm Scene: Oyster Farmers Worry 30 “Refinery Fire Kills Worker,”AcuSafe Incident News, December 18, 2003. About Impact of Oil Spill,” December 1, 2000; and, “Oil Spills Throughout History,” Washington Post, April 29, 2010. 31 Associated Press, “Tanker Truck Accident Starts Fire on I 95,” January 13, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- 2004. dyn/content/gallery/2010/04/29/GA2010042903481.html 32 National Transportation Safety Board, Highway Accident Brief, “Tanker 6 U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, “Board Intensifies Truck Overturn and Fire Interstate 895 South, Near Elkridge, Maryland, Investigation of Motiva Acid Tank Failure, Fire; Four Additional Investigation January 13, 2004,” July 30, 2009, NTSB No. HAB 09/01. Team Members Deployed,”July 25, 2001. http://www.ntsb.gov/publictn/2009/HAB0901.htm http://www.chemab.com/newsroom/detail.aspx?nid=70 33 Jesse Mckinley and Carolyn Marshall, “Tanker Truck Fire Collapses Bay Area 7 U.S. Chemical Safety Board, “Motiva Enterprises Sulfuric Acid Tank Overpass,” New York Times, April 30, 2007. Explosion, Delaware City, DE. July 17, 2001. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/30/us/30collapse.html?_r=1 8 Jeff Nesmith and Ralph K.M. Haurwitz, “Spills and Explosions Reveal Lax 34 Associated Press, “Fire Breaks Out at Cheyenne Refinery,” Billings Gazette, Regulation of Powerful Industry,” American-Statesman (Austin, Texas), Sunday, January 18, 2004. Sunday, July 22, 2001. 35 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Oil Spill Program Update, January http://www.statesman.com/specialreports/content/specialreports/pipelines/2 2005, p.3. 2pipecarlsbad.html 36 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Oil Spill Program Update, January 9 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Oil Spill Program Update, Vol. 4, No.3, 2005, p.7, and October 2005, p.2. July 2001, pp.2-3. 37 National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 10 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Oil Spill Program Update, Vol. 4, No.3, “M/V Athos I, Delaware River, New Jersey & Pennylvania,” IncidentNews.gov, July 2001, p.7. November 27, 2004. http://www.incidentnews.gov/incident/1236 11 U.S. Minerals Management Service, 38 Daniel Schorn, CBS News “The Explosion At Texas City: 2005 Refinery http://www.gomr.mms.gov/PDFs/2002/2002-062.pdf Explosion In Texas Killed 15, Injured 170,” 60 Minutes, October 29, 2006. 12 “U.S. Coast Guard, Significant Spills From Tank Barges and Tank Ships,” http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/10/26/60minutes/main2126509.shtml Report on the Implementation of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, 2004, pp. 32- 39 Daniel Schorn, CBS News “The Explosion At Texas City: 2005 Refinery 33, and, “Barge Accident Spills Gasoline into Ohio River,” AcuSafe Incident Explosion In Texas Killed 15, Injured 170,” 60 Minutes, October 29, 2006. News, November 7, 2001. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/10/26/60minutes/main2126509.shtml 13 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Oil Spill Program Update, Vol. 4, No.6, 40 Daniel Schorn, CBS News “The Explosion At Texas City: 2005 Refinery July 2002, pp.6-7. Explosion In Texas Killed 15, Injured 170,” 60 Minutes, October 29, 2006. 14 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Oil Spill Program Update, Vol. 4, No.3, http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/10/26/60minutes/main2126509.shtml July 2001, p.7. 41 U.S. Chemical Safety Board, News Release and “Statement of CSB Chairman 15 Associated Press, “Arco Settles Lawsuit Over Drinking Water Carolyn W. Merritt,” October 31, 2006. See also, CSB’s BP Texas City Report, Contamination,” WaterTechOnline, December 18, 2002. http://www.csb.gov/assets/document/CSBFinalReportBP.pdf

Page 30 42 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Press Release, “United States Announces Clean Air Agreements with Valero and Sunoco; Two Petroleum Refiners to Reduce Harmful Emissions by 44,000 Tons Annually,” June 16, 2005. 43April E. Clark, “Tanker Truck Overturns, Spills on Dry Hollow Road South of Silt,” Glenwood Springs Post Independent (Glenwood Springs, Colorodo), July 12, 2005. 44 Reuters, Houston, Texas, “Fatal U.S. Refinery Mishaps,” Saturday, April 3, 2010. 45 Lee Bergquist, “Oil Spill Tainted Water Table; Recent Pipeline Leak Seeped into Deep Hole in Northern Wisconsin,” Journal Sentinel (Milwaukee, Wisconsin), February 16, 2007. http://www.jsonline.com/news/wisconsin/29343664.html 46 Associated Press, “Citgo Pleads Guilty to Violations in La. Oil Spill,” Wednesday, September 17, 2008. 47 Associated Press, “Citgo Pleads Guilty to Violations in La. Oil Spill,” Wednesday, September 17, 2008. iStockphoto, www.istockphoto.com iStockphoto, 48 Felicity Barringer, “Large Oil Spill in Alaska Went Undetected for Days,” New York Times, March 15, 2006; Felicity Barringer, “Oil Spill Raises Concerns on 65 Pipeline Maintenance,” New York Times, March 20, 2006; and,”BP Fined $20 Jim Moscou, “A Toxic Spew? Officials Worry About Impact of ‘Fracking’ of Oil Million for Pipeline Corrosion”, Anchorage Daily News, October 26, 2007. and Gas,” Newsweek.com, August 20, 2008, and, Abrahm Lustgarten, “Buried Secrets: Is Natural Gas Drilling Endangering U.S. Water Supplies?,” 49 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Valero Refining Texas Agrees to ProPublica.org, November 13, 2008. Resolve Alleged Violations Over Corpus Christi, Texas Oil Spill,” June 10, 2008. 66 http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/8b770facf5edf6f185257359003fb6 NOAA, “Month Long Response Continues for New Orleans Oil Spill,” 9e/b4a9cb157a51ec7d85257464007354dd!OpenDocument&Start=1&Count=5 NOAAWatch, Oil Spill Headlines, Tuesday, August 26, 2008. &Expand=1 http://www.noaawatch.gov/headlines/oilspill.php 67 50 U.S. Chemical Safety Board, “CSB Issues Case Study on Fatal Partridge Clair Johnson, “Refinery Trying to Find Cause of Tank Fire,” Billings Gazette Raleigh Oilfield Explosion in Mississippi; Recommends OSHA Program to (Billings, Montana), Monday, December 28, 2009, and Clair Johnson, Inspect Oil and Gas Production Facilities,” June 12, 2007. “ConocoPhillips Identifies Cause of Christmas Eve Fire,” Billings Gazette, Friday, February 19, 2010. 51 Bruce Geiselman “Pipeline firms to pay for Kentucky oil spill,” Waste News, 68 August 28, 2006. Laura Legere, “Nearly a Year After a Water Well Explosion, Dimock Twp. Residents Thirst for Gas Well Fix,” The Times Tribune (Scranton, PA), October 52 “Sunoco Has Philadelphia Spill,” The Oil Daily, October 17, 2006 and KYW-TV 26, 2009. News, Philadelphia, PA. 69 Ben Winslow and Jacob Hancock, “Refinery Explosion Injures 4; Homes 53 Bob Liff, “Greenpoint Gas Leak Grows; Officials Hike Estimate of Latest Spill’s Evacuated,” Deseret News (Salt Lake City, Utah), Monday, January 12, 2009. Size,” Newsday, May 4, 1988, p. 3. Amy Joi O’Donoghue, “Refinery Tank Was Repaired Before Fire,” Deseret 54 Elizabeth Kolbert, “Mobil To Pay Millions To Clean Up Vast Pool of Oil News, Saturday, January 31, 2009. Beneath Brooklyn,” New York Times, July 10, 1991, p. 1. 70 News story from WVUE Fox 8, New Orleans, Louisiana, July 28, 2009; U.S. 55 Lee Bergquist, “Oil Spill Tainted Water Table,” Journal Sentinel (Milwaukee, Coast Guard, Eugene Island News Release, July 29, 2009; Minerals Wisconsin), February 16, 2007. Management Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Gulf of Mexico Region, “OCS-Related Incidents – Spills, 2009,” Shell Pipeline Company, Inc., July 25, 56 Greg Tuttle, “Firefighters Battle Flames After Explosion Rocks ExxonMobil 2009. See also, National Response Center, Report # 912739 and National Refinery,” Billings Gazette (Billings, Montana), Tuesday, October 16, 2007. Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA Incident News, #8061. 57 U.S. National Transportation Safety Board, “Pipeline Accident Report: 71 Robbie Brown, “Deaths Draw Attention to Dangers of Oil Tanks,” New York Rupture of Hazardous Liquid Pipeline With Release and Ignition of Propane, Times, April 12, 2010. Carmichael, Mississippi, November 1, 2007,” NTSB Number: PAR 09/01; NTIS Number: PB2009 916501. 72 “Bushland Pipeline Explosion,” November 5, 2009. http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ap/tx/6707144.html 58 Joy Powell, “2 Workers Die in Pipeline Fire Near Clearbrook,” Star Tribune (Minneapolis, MN), November 29, 2007. 73 Editorial, “Penalty for Sunoco Has a Foul Smell,” Daily Times (Delaware Count, PA), Wednesday, January 6, 2010. 59 Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Mineral Resources http://www.delcotimes.com/articles/2010/01/06/opinion/doc4b440a7df2a1501 Management, “Report on the Investigation of the Natural Gas Invasion of 6681642.txt Aquifers in Bainbridge Township of Geauga County, Ohio,” September 1, 2008, 153 pp., and, Abrahm Lustgarten, “Buried Secrets: Is Natural Gas Drilling 74 Editorial, “Penalty for Sunoco Has a Foul Smell,” Daily Times (Delaware Endangering U.S. Water Supplies?,” ProPublica.Org, November 13, 2008. Count, PA), Wednesday, January 6, 2010. http://www.delcotimes.com/articles/2010/01/06/opinion/doc4b440a7df2a1501 60 Associated Press, “West Texas Refinery Explodes,” February 18, 2008. 6681642.txt http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,331039,00.html 75 Associated Press, “4 Hurt, 3 Missing in Blast, Fire at WA Refinery,” New York 61 Steve Reagan, “Miracle On I-20: 5 Injured In Huge Explosion,” Big Spring Times, April 2, 2010 and, Associated Press, “Refinery Where 7 Killed Likely Herald, February 19, 2008. Closed Through June,” Skagit Valley Herald, May 1, 2010. http://www.bigspringherald.com/content/view/109967/60/ http://www.skagitvalleyherald.com 62 David O. Williams, “State Backlogged with Gas Contamination Cases Dating 76 Environmental News Service,”160 Square Mile Oil Spill Fouls Mississippi Delta Back Years,” The Colorado Independent, May 11, 2010. Wildlife Refuge,” Louisiana, April 7, 2010, and, http://coloradoindependent.com http://www.incidentnews.gov/entry/525958 63 Lewis Kelly, “The Dilemma of The Ponds: Tar Sands Tailings Ponds Remain an 77 Associated Press, “Some oil spill events from Sunday, July 18, 2010,” July 18, Environmental Quagmire,” VueWeekly.com, April 2008. 2010. http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5i- http://www.vueweekly.com/article.php?id=15047 yfHJzPLDeBIhG5JDEF6VbaPR8QD9H1RTL00 http://www.edmontonjournal.com/business/Syncrude+lawyer+makes+case/30 41058/story.html#ixzz0oWHGli3g 78 David R. Baker, “Electrical Arc May Have Caused Utah Oil Spill,” San Francisco Chronicle, Tuesday, June 15, 2010. 64 Timoney, K and Lee, Peter, “Does the Alberta Tar Sands Industry Pollute? The Scientific Evidence,” The Open Conservation Biology Journal, 2009, 3.

Page 31 Shutterstock Images, www.shutterstock.com Images, Shutterstock

INSPIRING AMERICANS TO PROTECT WILDLIFE FOR OUR CHILDREN’S FUTURE.

National Wildlife Federation 11100 Wildlife Center Drive Reston, VA 20190 703-438-6000 www.nwf.org