J Szerszunowicz Obraz Czlowi

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J Szerszunowicz Obraz Czlowi Recenzenci: dr hab. Bogusław Nowowiejski, prof. UwB dr hab. Piotr Wróblewski Redaktor serii: Bogusław Nowowiejski Projekt okładki: Wojciech Siwak Redakcja: Joanna Szerszunowicz Korekta: Zespół Redakcja techniczna i skład: Stanisław Żukowski c Copyright by Uniwersytet w Białymstoku, Białystok 2011 ISBN 978–83–7431–276–9 Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku 15-097 Białystok, ul. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 14 tel. 857457120, e-mail: [email protected] http://wydawnictwo.uwb.edu.pl Druk i oprawa: „QUICK-DRUK” s.c., Łódź SPIS TREŚCI WSTĘP ................................................... ............... 9 I. FRAZEOLOGIA FAUNICZNA JAKO PRZEDMIOT BADAŃ JĘZYKOZNAWSTWA PORÓWNAWCZEGO ......................... 14 1. Terminologia frazeologiczna w ujęciu kontrastywnym .................. 14 2. Stan badań kontrastywnych nad frazeologią fauniczną................. 23 Podsumowanie ................................................... ......... 31 II. FRAZEOLOGIA FAUNICZNA W UJĘCIU KONTRASTYWNYM: WYBRANE ZAGADNIENIA TEORETYCZNE ...................... 32 1. Obrazowość frazeologii faunicznej ...................................... 32 2. Kulturowy charakter frazeologii faunicznej ............................ 34 2.1. Symbol i stereotyp zwierzęcy: motywacja ikoniczna i symboliczna frazeologizmów faunicznych ....................................... 34 2.2. Faunizmy jako nośniki ewaluacji................................... 41 2.3. Frazeologizmy fauniczne jako nośniki naiwnego obrazu świata .... 50 3. Pochodzenie frazeologizmów faunicznych .............................. 53 3.1. Fauniczne europeizmy frazeologiczne .............................. 53 3.1.1. Frazeologizmy fauniczne – realizacje modeli wspólnych językom europejskim ........................................ 57 3.1.2. Frazeologizmy fauniczne o proweniencji antycznej........... 61 3.1.3. Frazeologizmy fauniczne o proweniencji biblijnej ............ 63 3.1.4. Frazeologizmy fauniczne o proweniencji literackiej .......... 64 3.1.5. Frazeologizmy fauniczne odzwierciedlające zbieżne obserwacje świata zwierzęcego............................... 65 3.1.6. Zapożyczone frazeologizmy fauniczne ....................... 66 3.1.7. Fałszywi przyjaciele we frazeologii faunicznej ............... 70 3.2. Frazeologizmy fauniczne jako nośniki specyfiki kulturowej ........ 73 3.2.1. Frazeologizmy fauniczne mające w swoim składzie nazwę zwierzęcia o dużym eko-kulturowym znaczeniu w danej kulturze ................................................... 73 3.2.2. Frazeologizmy fauniczne pochodzące z literatury narodowej 75 3.2.3. Frazeologizmy fauniczne pochodzące z kultury popularnej . 77 3.2.4. Frazeologizmy fauniczne motywowane zwyczajami .......... 78 3.2.5. Frazeologizmy fauniczne motywowane obserwacjami charakterystycznymi dla danego kręgu kulturowego......... 80 3.2.6. Frazeologizmy fauniczne nominujące pojęcia specyficzne dla danej kultury............................................ 81 3.2.7. Frazeologizmy fauniczne motywowane wiedzą lokalną ....... 84 3.2.8. Specyfika językowa frazeologizmów faunicznych ............. 86 Podsumowanie ................................................... ......... 88 III. OBRAZ CZŁOWIEKA WE FRAZEOLOGII FAUNICZNEJ ........ 89 1. Opis człowieka w słownikach tematycznych ............................ 89 2. Antropocentryzm frazeologii faunicznej ................................ 93 3. Opis wyglądu człowieka ................................................ 97 3.1. Ogólne cechy wyglądu: wzrost i tusza ............................. 98 3.2. Opis części ciała ................................................... 103 3.2.1. Twarz ................................................... .... 104 3.2.2. Głowa ................................................... .... 106 3.2.3. Wargi ................................................... .... 107 3.2.4. Zęby................................................... ...... 107 3.2.5. Oczy ................................................... ..... 107 3.2.6. Brwi / rzęsy ................................................. 110 3.2.7. Nos ................................................... ....... 111 3.2.8. Uszy................................................... ...... 111 3.2.9. Szyja / kark ................................................. 111 3.2.10. Włosy ................................................... 112 3.2.11. Broda / wąsy .............................................. 115 3.2.12. Skóra ................................................... .... 116 3.2.13. Paznokcie .................................................. 117 3.2.14. Nogi................................................... ..... 117 3.2.15. Pierś ................................................... .... 118 3.3. Ocena wyglądu ................................................... 119 3.3.1. Pozytywna ocena wyglądu .................................. 119 3.3.2. Negatywna ocena wyglądu .................................. 120 3.4. Ubiór ................................................... ........... 123 4. Opis czynności zmysłów i wybranych czynności odbieranych zmysłami 124 4.1. Wzrok ................................................... .......... 124 4.2. Patrzenie ................................................... ....... 126 4.3. Słuch ................................................... ........... 127 4.4. Węch ................................................... ........... 127 4.5. Smak ................................................... ........... 128 4.6. Zapach................................................... .......... 128 4.7. Dźwięki wydawane przez człowieka ................................ 129 5. Opis poruszania się ................................................... 134 5.1. Opis tempa poruszania się we frazeologii faunicznej ............... 135 5.1.1. Poruszanie się szybko ....................................... 135 5.1.2. Poruszanie się powoli........................................ 136 5.2. Sposób poruszania się ............................................. 138 5.2.1. Iść / chodzić ................................................ 138 5.2.2. Skakanie ................................................... 141 5.2.3. Pływanie ................................................... 142 5.2.4. Inne rodzaje ruchu .......................................... 143 5.3. Upadek ................................................... ......... 145 5.4. Ruchy części ciała ................................................. 146 5.5. Brak ruchu ................................................... ..... 146 5.6. Cechy związane z ruchem.......................................... 147 5.6.1. Zwinność ................................................... 147 5.6.2. Niezdarność ................................................. 148 6. Opis wybranych aspektów fizyczności człowieka ....................... 148 6.1. Wiek człowieka ................................................... 149 6.2. Sen ................................................... ............. 151 6.3. Siła / słabość ................................................... 154 6.4. Zdrowie ................................................... ......... 155 6.5. Choroba / zła kondycja ........................................... 156 6.6. Śmierć ................................................... .......... 158 6.7. Higiena / brak higieny............................................. 160 6.8. Jedzenie / picie ................................................... 161 6.9. Używki / uzależnienia ............................................. 165 6.10. Opis sfery życia seksualnego...................................... 168 7. Opis człowieka jako istoty społecznej .................................. 173 7.1. Relacje międzyludzkie ............................................. 173 7.1.1. Rodzina ................................................... 173 7.1.2. Znajomość / pozytywne relacje ............................. 174 7.1.3. Złe relacje ................................................... 175 7.2. Funkcjonowanie w społeczeństwie ................................. 178 7.2.1. Edukacja ................................................... 178 7.2.2. Polityka ................................................... 181 7.2.3. Gospodarka / business / życie zawodowe ................... 182 7.2.4. Sztuka / rozrywka / czas wolny ............................. 185 7.2.5. Przestępczość / naruszenie prawa ........................... 186 7.3. Stany i sytuacje, w jakich znajduje się człowiek ................... 188 7.3.1. Bogactwo / bieda ........................................... 188 7.3.2. Bezpieczeństwo / zagrożenie ................................ 191 7.3.3. Wolność / niewola........................................... 192 8. Opis działań ludzkich .................................................. 193 8.1. Działania skuteczne / pożądane ................................... 193 8.2. Działania niepotrzebne / nieskuteczne ............................ 195 8.3. Czynności trudne / niemożliwe do wykonania / bezsensowne ..... 202 8.4. Naśladowanie ................................................... 203 8.5. Wyolbrzymianie ................................................... 205 8.6. Nudzenie się ................................................... .... 206 8.7. Podróżowanie ................................................... 207 8.8. Praca / próżnowanie............................................... 208 9. Opis człowieka jako istoty inteligentnej ................................ 210 9.1. Mówienie ................................................... ....... 210 9.2. Głupota ..................................................
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