March 11, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 4895 MEDICAL CORPS commands and other duties determined by IN THE AIR FORCE Joseph L. Yon. the President to be within the contempla­ The nominations beginning Jimmie D. Robert O. Canada, Jr. tion of said section, for appointment to the Baggett to be captain, and ending David E. grade of admiral while so serving. Horace D. Warden. Wieland to be second lieutenant, which Rear Adm. Paul P. Blackburn, Jr., U.S. nominations were received by the Senate and SUPPLY CORPS Navy, having been designated, under the appeared in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD on. Robert H. Northwood. provisions of title 10, United States Code, February 17, 1965. Ira F. Haddock. section 5231, for commands and other duties determined by the President to be within the IN THE ARMY CIVll. ENGINEER CORPS contemplation of said section, for appoint­ The nominations beginning Carroll E. Harry N. Wallin. ment to the grade of vice admiral while so Adams, Jr., to be lieutenant colonel, and The following-named Reserve otllcers for serving. ending George H. Zeigler, Jr., to be second permanent promotion to the grade of rear Rear Adm. Herschel J. Goldberg, Supply lieutenant, which nominations were received admiral: Corps, U.S. Navy, for appointment as Chief by the Senate and appeared in the CoN - GRESSIONAL RECORD on February 25, 1965. LINE ot tlie Bureau of Supplies and Accounts in the Department of the Navy for a term of Richard D. Adams. IN THE MARINE CORPS 4 years. The nominations beginning Thomas C. CIVll. ENGINEER CORPS Rear Adm. George G. Burkley, Medical Abbott to be first lieutenant, and ending­ Edward H. Gessner. Corps, U.S. Navy (retired), for appointment Jack B. Zimmermann to be first lieutenant, Vice Adm. Roy L. Johnson, U.S. Navy, hav­ to the grade of vice admiral while serving at which nominations were received by the ing been designated, under the provisions of the White House pursuant to article II, sec­ Senate and appeared in the CONGRESSIONAL title 10, United States Code, section 5231, for tion 2, clause 2 of the Constitution. RECORD on February 25, 1965.

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS

International Longshoremen' s Association this Nation perhaps those now trading The legislation would provide deduc-· with communism will reassess their pol­ tions for persons engaged in trade or· Refuses To Load Red Cargo Ships icies. Certainly such actions as those business who provide new jobs for the· taken last week by the lLA are in keep­ skilled and for all persons who provide EXTENSION OF REMARKS ing with the commonsense ideal of put~ new jobs for domestics and the unskilled. OF ting America first. Training and educating the unemployed do not create jobs, but businesses can, HON. PAUL G. ROGERS and I believe that H.R. 271 is an impor­ OF FLORIDA tant private enterprise challenge and the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Create New Jobs With Tax Relief for Congress can help solve unemployment Thursday, March 11, 1965 Businesses · through this vehicle by passing thU. legislation. Mr. ROGERS of Florida. Mr. Speaker, it was revealed last week that EXTENSION OF REMARKS one of the free world ships which has en­ OF gaged in trade with Communist North A Bill To Permit an Orderly Changeover Vietnam was in New York harbor load­ HON. CHARLES E~ BENNETT ing American cargo. Thus the vessel, OF FLORIDA to the ZIP Code System of Addressing Severn River, is able to profit from trans­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Mail porting Communist goods and American Thursday, March 11, 1965 cargos as well. This ship is a good ex­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS ample of a situation which exists at a Mr. BENNETT. Mr. Speaker, the Fed­ time when the U.S. merchant marine has eral Government is making a determined OF slipped to the point where it now carries effort to do something about the unem­ HON. JOE R. POOL less than 10 percent of American sea ployment rate in the United States. Cur­ OF TEXAS trade. rently, the unemployment rate hovers Russia, by contrast, carries over 75 around the 5 percent mark of the labor IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES percent of her ocean trade in Soviet force which now numbers 70 million Thursday, March 11, 1965 hulls. Yet countries the United States American workers. Through various Mr. POOL. Mr. Speaker, I introduced calls allies are free to come and go from Government-directed methods we have yesterday a bill which will permit a more our harbors hauling goods in the same created many jobs in the last year or so orderly changeover to the ZIP code sys­ hulls the Communists use for goods go­ through adoption of the tax reduction tem of addressing mail desired by our­ ing to North Vietnam and Communist program, a continuation of the Man­ very able Postmaster General John A. Cuba, to name but a few Red nations. power Development and Training Act, Gronouski. Along with other Members. · Resistance to this situation is build­ and an increased emphasis on college and of Congress, I have been receiving letters. ing, and the International Longshore­ vocational education programs. The ad­ from mailers who contend that the De­ men's Association announced Saturday ministration has proposed other pro­ partment is moving too quickly on this. that it would refuse to load the Severn grams in hopes that they will cut further service. From all I can gather, the mor~ River and ships like her flying the allied into the unemployment rate, and I speak than one-quarter of a million bulk third-· flag in the North Vietnamese trade. specifically about the Economic Oppor­ class permit holders will find it very dif-­ The ILA president Thomas Gleason tunity Act and Federal aid to elementary ficult-if not impossible-to add ZIP code has also urged that an American vessel and secondary education. numbers to all their address plates by· loaded with codfish caught by Soviet Mr. Speaker, I have introduced legis­ January 1, 1967, the date on which the· fishing trawlers off the New England lation in the 89th Congress which I be­ Postmaster General has made ZIP coding; coast not be worked by ILA crews. The lieve will help fill the gap in the unem­ a mandatory requirement. ship was still unloaded as of yesterday. ployment ranks of our country. The idea And the ILA has also refused to unload of my bill, H.R. 271, which I also intro­ The bill I have introduced is identical' vessels which have engaged in trade with duced in the 88th Congress, came to me to that introduced by our colleague, AR­ Communist Cuba. from a distinguished Jacksonville, Fla., NOLD OLSEN, of Montana, H.R. 5180. I This refusal to handle cargos carried citizen, Reid W. Digges. Mr. Digges pro­ am also informed that a simllar bill has. in hulls serving the Communists is a posed that an employer be given tax relief been introduced by Congressman JOHN. clear example of the growing discontent for every job he creates, and this sug­ LINDSAY, of New York. These bills will Americans are showing for those who gestion has been incorporated into my bill become the subject of public hearings patronize the Communists. With simi· to amend the Internal Revenue Code of before the House Post Office Committee: lar actions recurring elsewhere across 1954. beginning March 24. 4896 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE March 11, 1965 Our colleague, ARNOLD OLSEN, is Early in his career, Frank X. Cull legislation authorizing Federal voting anxious that every interested citizen have served on the Hill as secretary to former registrars in those areas where local offi­ an opportunity to testify. There is a good U.S. Senator Robert J. Bulkley before cials refuse to register qualified Ameri­ chance that his subcommittee will go to returning to Cleveland to build an en­ can citizens. Many Members have also other cities to gather testimony. I viable record in a profession that is care­ discussed the need to eliminate the use heartily recommend that this be done. ful with its accolades. of literacy tests as a means of arbitrarily Every citizen is affected by the postal Frank X. Cull will be sincerely missed discriminating against Negro Americans. service and will welcome the appearance by the entire membership of the Ohio Mr. Speaker, I ask that the telegram of the subcommittee in his own commu­ bar, and most particularly by his pro­ to President Johnson and the list of 63 nity. I would recommend that the sub­ fessional associates in the firm of Haux­ Congressmen who signed it be printed in committee include a Texas city in its hurst, Sharp, Cull & Kellogg, with whom the RECORD immediately following my itinerary. he has been in practice over a long period remarks. There is undoubtedly a need for the of years. We Members of the House of Representa­ use of five-digit numbers as a part of tives urge you to use the full powers of your the address on U.S. mail. ,But the transi­ office to prevent further violence in Selma, tion to such a revolutionary principle Ala., against Negro Americans striving to Sixty-three Congressmen Urge Full Use gain their right to register and vote who are should be accomplished in a judicious of Federal Powers To Prevent Further relying on the first amendment's guarantee way. The cost of conversion is great. of "The right of the people peaceably to as­ Mailers will be far better able to amortize Violence in Selma, Ala., and Call for semble and petition the Government for their costs over a 5-year period. The Legislation Protecting the Right To redress of grievances." bills which Congressmen OLSEN and We feel that local law and order has broken LINDSAY and I have introduced will pro­ Vote down in Selma, Ala., just as it did in Little vide incentives in the form of rate re­ Rock, Ark., on September 24, 1957, Oxford, Miss., on September 30, 1962, and various ductions for those mailers who volun­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS Alabama communities on June 11 and Sep­ tarily ZIP code and presort their mail. OF tember 10, 1963, when two of your prede­ I think we should be ever aware that as cessors, one a Democrat and one a Republi­ private mailers undertake the task of HON. JOHN CONYERS, JR. can, relied on their powers under sections presorting the mail-a function always OF MICHIGAN 332, 333, 334, title 10, United States Code, to performed by postal employees in ·the 'IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES suppress domestic violence, unlawful com­ binations, conspiracies depriving American past-there will be a reduction in the Thursday, March 11, 1965 post office work force. I am not certain citizens of rights secured to them by the U.S. Mr. CONYERS. Mr. Speaker, 63 Constitution and Federal law. whether it is desirable to take these jobs The disgraceful and arbitrary exercise of away from our loyal postal clerks by Members of the House of Representa­ the State police powers in Selma, Ala., on forcing private mailers to perform the tives, 52 Democrats and 11 Republicans, Sunday, March 8, 1965, dramatically demon­ mail sorting function. I would be. hope­ joined on March 10, 1965, in sending a strated that State and local officials not only ful that the postal unions will let us have telegram to President Johnson urging permitted but participated in an illegal and their views on this subject. . · him to use the full powers of his office brutal suppression of a peaceful assembly by If it is inevitable that the American to prevent further violence in Selma, Negro citizens protesting the denial of their Ala. The 63 Congressmen also sup­ right to vote. postal system is to become computerized, We feel confident that you will utilize all we must be extremely cautious that auto­ ported additional legislation which will the resources of your office, both moral sua­ mation will not outlaw the human factor. provide Federal remedies to those citi­ sion and any Federal troops or marshals that There is no substitute for the loyal post­ zens of Alabama and elsewhere in Amer­ might be needed, to remedy the violation of man. More often than not, he is the ica who are being denied the right to the Bill of Rights in Selma, Ala. closest link citizens have with their Gov­ vote by discriminatory and arbitrary We further urge you to endorse additional methods. legislation which will provide Federal rem­ ernment. He should not be replaced by edies to those citizens of Alabama and else­ a machine. I am using this previously granted where in America who are being denied their I am hopeful that the Postmaster Gen­ permission to extend my remarks in the right to vote by discriminatory and arbi- eral will withdraw the regulation which CONGRESSIONAL RECORD to express my trary methods. . would require the sacking of certain bulk great admiration and respect for these THOMAS s. ASHLEY, Democrat, of Ohio; second- and third-class mail by ZIP code 63 colleagues-and the many other JONATHAN B. BINGHAM, Democrat, of New sectional centers beginning July 1 of Members who have sent similar messages York; JOHN A. BLATNIK, Democxat, of Min­ to the President-for expressing their nesota; RICHARD BOLLING, Democrat, of Mis­ this year. Merchants and business firms souri; JOHN BRADEMAS, Democrat, of Indiana; which use the mails to conduct their feeling that the recent events in Selma, GEORGE E. BROWN, JR., Democrat, of Cali­ affairs simply are not ready for this com­ Ala., have been so serious that Federal fornia; HUGH L. CAREY, Demoocat, of New plex requirement. Mr. Gronouski action is necessary. York; ELFORD A. CEDERBERG, Republican, of should withhold all orders of this .kind Mr. Speaker, if you will excuse me a Michigan; JAMES c. CLEVELAND, Republican, until Congress has had a c}lance to certain amount of parochial pride, I of New Hampshire; RAYMOND F. CLEVENGER, gather and weigh evidence .. would like to point out that all the mem­ Democrat, of Michigan; JEFFERY CoHELAN, bers of the Michigan delegation, Demo­ DemOCTat, of California; JOHN CONYERS, crats and Republicans, joined in a JR., Democrat, of Michigan; JAMES C. COR­ MAN, Democrat, of California; EMILIO Q. DAD­ separate telegram to President Johnson DARIO, Democrat, of Connecticut; CHARLES c. Eulogy to Frank X. Cull urging the maximum use of Federal DIGGS, JR., Democrat, of Michigan; JOHN c. power to prevent further violence and to DINGELL, Democrat, of Michigan. protect constitutional rights in Selma, JOHN G. Dow, Democrat, of New York; KEN EXTENSION OF REMARKS Ala. I am particularly proud to serve W. DYAL, Democrat, of California; DoN ED­ OF with a State delegation that is so con­ WARDS, Democrat, of Californiai LEONARD .FARBSTEIN, Democrat, of New York; BILLIE HON~ cerned about finally winning the struggle ROBERT E. SWEENEY to achieve human dignity for every S. FARNUM, Democrat, of Michigan; PAUL A. OF OHIO American citizen. · FINO, Republican, of New York; JACOB H. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES GILBERT, Democrat, of New York; EnrrH I also want to express my admiration GREEN, Democrat, of Oregon; SEYMOUR HAL­ Thursday, March 11, 1965 for those Members who made such co­ PERN, Republican, of New York; JAMES gent and eloquent remarks here on the HARVEY, Republican, of Michigan; AUGUSTUS Mr. SWEENEY. Mr. Speaker, I was floor of the House about the responsibil­ F. HAWKINS, Democrat, of California; WAYNE saddened today to learn of the passing ity of the Federal Government to protect L. HAYS, Democrat, of Ohio; FRANK J. HOR­ of one of Cleveland's fine citizens, Frank Americans using their constitutional TON, Republican, of New York; ANDREW X. Cull, a celebrated civil trial lawyer rights from the brutal use of power by JACOBS, JR., Democrat, of Indiana; ROBERT for more than 50 years, who at the age W. KAsTERMEIER, Democrat, of Wisconsin. local Police officials. I noted with great PAUL J. KREBS, Democrat, of New Jersey; of 77 had achieved the highest respect interest that so many Members have JOHN V. LINDSAY, Republican, of New York; of his colleagues and of the citizens of pointed out that the events in Selma JOHN C. MACKIE, Democrat, of Michigan; RAY Cleveland, Ohio. illustrated the critical need for Federal J. MADDEN, Democrat, of Indiana; RICHARD D. March 11, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 4897

McCARTHY, Democrat, of New York; ROBERT with reference to the captive nations and w~th a T~ras Shevchenko freedom stamp, MCCLORY, Republican, of Illinois; CHARLES the book burning in the national library will receive early consideration. On this McC. MATHIAS, JR., Republican, of Maryland; of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences in SPARK M. MATSUNAGA, Democrat, of Hawaii; March Scevchenko anniversary occasion PATSY MINK, Democrat, of Hawaii; WILLIAM Kiev on May 24, 1964. The text of the a no finer dedication of effort could b~ S. MOORHEAD, Democrat, of Pennsylvania; F. inscription on the Shevchenko monu­ made than to realize the objectives of BRADFORD MORSE, Republican, of Massachu­ ment has been extensively quoted here these resolutions. setts; LUCIEN N. NEDZI, Democrat, of Mich­ and abroad and has inspired a tremen­ igan; ROBERT N. C. NIX, Democrat, of Penn­ dous interest in the plight of the captive sylvania; JAMES G. O'HARA, Democrat, of non-Russian nations in the U.S.S.R. Michigan; _THOMAS P. O'NEILL, Democrat, of The text reads as follows: Attacking the Problems of the Spanish­ Massachusetts; ADAM CLAYTON POWELL, Dem­ ocrat, of New York. Dedicated to the liberation, freedom and Speaking OGDEN R. REID, Republican, of New York; independence of all caiptive nations' this monument of Taras Shevchenko, 19th cen­ JoSEPH Y. RESNICK, Democrat, of New York; EXTENSION OF REMARKS HENRY S. REUSS, Democrat, of Wisconsin; tury Ukrainian poet and fighter for the in­ TENO RONCALIO, Democrat, of Wyoming; dependence of Ukraine and the freedom of OF JAMES ROOSEVELT, Democrat, of California; all mankind, who under foreign Russian im­ BENJAMIN ROSENTHAL, Democrat, of New perialist tyranny and co~onial rule appealed HON. HENRY B. GONZALEZ s. for "The new and righteous law of Washing­ York; EDWARD R. ROYBAL, Democrat, of Cali­ OF TEXAS ton," was unveiled on June 27, 1964. This fornia; WILLIAM F. RYAN, Democrat, of New IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES historic event commemorated the 150th an­ York; JAMES H. SCHEUER, Democrat, of New niversary of Shevchenko's birth. The me­ Thursday, March 11, 1965 York; WILLIAM L. ST. ONGE, Democrat, of morial was authorized by the 86th Congress Connecticut; SAMUELS. STRATTON, Democrat, of the United States of America on August 31, ~r. _GONZALEZ. Mr. Speaker, during of New York; HERBERT TENZER, Democrat, of 1960, and signed into Public Law 86-749 by this time when we are making great New York; FRANK THOMPSON, JR., Democrat, Dwight D. Eisenhower, the 34th President of strides toward the Great Society I feel of New Jersey; PAUL H. TODD, JR., Democrat, the United States of America on Septem­ that it is incumbent upon me to bring of Michigan; CHARLES A. VANIK, Democrat, ber 13, 1960. The statue was erected by to the attention of this body the prob­ of Ohio; WESTON E. VIVIAN, Democrat, of Americans of Ukrainian ancestry and friends. Michigan. lems and the aspirations of the Spanish­ ON OCCASION OF POHRUZHALSKY'S TRIAL speaking population in our country, not The unprecedented book burning that only because of my own heritage, but be­ House Joint Resolution 225, House Joint occurred in the National Library of the cause as a Member of Congress it is my Ukrainian Academy of Sciences last May duty to be aware and cause others to be Resolution 226; Shevchenko, the So­ is something we shall hear more and a ware of all peoples throughout our land. viet Russian Empire, and the United more about. A clandestine pamphlet The U.S. Senate is blessed with having as a Member a man who symbolizes the States entitled "On Occasion of Pohruzhalsky'~ Trial," has circulated throughout the pinnacle of success and achievement to U.S.S.R., and a copy has recently reached the Spanish-speaking citizen in the EXTENSION OF REMARKS these shores. It should serve to open the United States. He is the Honorable Jo­ OF eyes of those who glibly talk about Khru­ SEPH M. MONTOYA. HON. THADDEUS J. DULSKI shchev's liberalization in the U .S.S.R. Because of his keen awareness and The pamphlet exposes the threats ability to articulate about the need to OF NEW YORK made by the Communist Party and po­ attack the problems of the Spanish­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES lice to students who planned to convene speaking, I would like to share with you Thursday, March 11, 1965 at the grave of Taras Shevchenko ac­ the remarks that Senator MONTOYA made before the San Francisco Press Club, Mr. DULSKI. Mr. Speaker, each year cording to an annual custom. The cere­ mony near the grave did occur; 2 days Friday, March 5, 1965. in the month of March, Americans in His remarks follow: communities throughout the Nation ob­ later the disastrous book-burning took place. It also points out that "Russian REMARKS BY THE HONORABLE JOSEPH M. MON­ serve and celebrate the anniversary of TOYA, BEFORE THE SAN FRANCISCO PRESS the birth and death of Taras Shevchenko, chauvinism, like anti-Semitism, has been .rehabilitated long ago in the colonial CLUB, FRIDAY, MARCH 5, 1965 the Poet laureate of Ukraine, national Ladies and gentlemen; I am delighted to hero, and an early world freedom fighter. empire called the U.S.S.R." The pam­ phlet makes reference to two other fires be here with you tonight in this beautiful This heroic figure and patrio tic national­ old city with the beautiful Spanish name and ist was born on March 9, 1814, and died in the national libraries of Turkestan, in Spanish traditions. It makes me feel at on March 10, 1861. It is most fitting that Turkemenistan and Uzbekistan. The home. we in America pay tribute to this living cost to the cultural treasures of these I am grateful to the Spanish-Speaking symbol of freedom and national inde­ nations is incalculable. Citizens' Foundation for inviting me to come pendence on these significant anniver­ HOUSE JOINT RESOLUTION 225, AND HOUSE and to tell you of some of the problems which JOINT RESOLUTION 226 beset your fellow Americans whose native sary dates. tongue is Spanish. SHEVCHENKO: SECOND STATUE OF LIBERTY Mr. Speaker, on the appropriate oc­ The Citizens' Foundation has joined with Ever since the erection of the Shev­ casion I shall introduce the highly sig­ similar groups throughout the Southwest in chenko statue in our Nation's Capital, nificant contents of this short pamphlet an effort to raise the cultural level and the into the RECORD. What is so amazing standard of living of my fellow Spanish­ as a second Statue of Liberty, most in­ is that so little, if anything, has been speaking Americans, and I am delighted to formed Americans are well aware of the reported in the press about this appar­ lend their cause all the help that I can. powerful symbolism represented by this So let us put away the black cat for tonight memorial. It will be recalled how coloni­ ently deliberate destruction of historical because this is a. story which needs to be alist Moscow hastily imitated our Con­ archives, rare books by classical Ukrain­ told. You of th,e press, radio, and television gress in 1960 to honor Shevchenko by ian writers, and other cultural riches. can render a great service, for the Spanish­ setting up a statue for him in Moscow, It is reported that some 600,000 invalu­ speaking citizens of this country are truly the capitol of Red imperio-colonialism, able books were destroyed. a forgotten minority. These events are sufficient to under­ The press can help us in our efforts by and how in June 1964 Khrushchev alerting the community at large to the need timed the unveiling before that of the score the need for a Shevchenko Freedom for uncovering the great human resources freedom statue here, we had the Rus­ Library in our Library of Congress. Hu­ which are going to waste. Help us to help sians on a psychopolitical propaganda man culture will be served greatly by those of the Spanish tongue to stop eroding run. What's more, our Shevchenko such a section in our library. House their talents. statue is far more beautiful and impres­ Joint Resolution 225, which I am spon­ The press has always taken up the cudgels sive than the contrived Russian one, and soring, calls for its establishment. I for the underprivileged and the economically hope. that this resolution, as well as deprived. I hope that w~en I finish tonight, the Ukrainian people themselves know it. you will see that here is a 'cause which merits Mr. Speaker, the interest in this whole House Joint Resolution 226, which seeks your crusading zeal. !listoric event has by no means subsided. the creation of a captive nations free­ Without your help, th~ work of the Span­ On the contrary, it has been steadily on dom series of postage stamps in honor of ish-Speaking Foundation cannot succeed. the increase since last year, particularly national heroes of freedom, commencing Without your help, they cannot rebuild the 4898 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE March 11, 1965 confidence of Spanish-speaking citizens nor Spanish-speaking Americans have less edu­ "It seems likely that this will be Frank's will they be able to draw forth the new lead­ cation than any other ethnic group. In last year of formal schooling." ers who are so necessary for a harvest of Texas, 52 percent have less than a fourth And so ends Dr. Clark's little story of better citizenship. grade education. one boy and his education. My purpose tonight is to outline some of Here in California, a State which rightly I think she makes it very plain that the the problems which beset the Spanish lan­ claims one of the best educational systems language barrier is at the root of Frank's guage minority in this country, and to sug­ in the country, one-fourth of your Spanish­ problem. There are other factors, of course, gest some solutions. Many of the solutions, speaking citizens have less than a fourth but it began with language, the key to all I may add, are embodied in ~he program of grade education. understanding. your own citizens' foundation under the Until very recently, there was little sign And at long last, our educational system leadership of Judge Ames and President that the situation was improving. is beginning to realize that people whose Dropout rates were going up instead of Sa.nte. native tongue is Spanish cannot learn by Public recognition of the severe handicaps down. In 1 year, from 1960 to 1961, the the same methods as those who grow up of the Spanish-speaking American minori­ dropout rate at one high school in Los An­ speaking English. geles increased by 2% percent--to the point English is now being taught in many ties in this country is long overdue. where 20 percent of the youngsters were Just why the great problems of this group schools in the first grade as a .foreign lan­ quitting school before they finished. guage. As more and more teachers come should be so invisible to the Anglo majority There are a number of reasons for this is an intriguing mystery which need not con­ to recognize the special problems of Spanish­ tragic educational picture, but the biggest speaking youngsters, I am sure the level of cern us too much here. Perhaps it is simply one is language. We Spanish-speaking that we have always been here, and have scholastic achievement by this group will Americans are rightfully proud of our lan­ also increase. blended too thoroughly into the landscape. guage, and most of us want to preserve it We of Spanish blood were settling New New Mexico is the one State in the South­ along with the rest of our Latin culture. west which has always had a large number Mexico a generation before the Pilgrims But there can be no doubt that it has landed at Plymouth Rock. of teachers whose native language was Span­ created barriers which so far we have not ish, and the teaching of English is much Every schoolboy in California knows your been able to cross successfully. own great State was discovered by the Span­ easier there. Teachers don't understand how hard it is Another promising new approach to this iard Cabrillo only 50 years after Columbus to try to learn both a new language and new discovered America. problem was described in a recent issue of ideas at the same time. the Federal Office of Education's journal. The historic debt of California-like every It has been an article of faith among most other State in the Southwest--to the early Maybe I shouldn't say new because the educators that there should be no other system was worked out during World War II Spanish adventurers and settlers is shown basic language in our schools but English. in the place names which cover your State. to train translators, but it is only now sifting Many schools had rules against Spanish­ down to public education. (And I must say in passing that I am speaking children speaking Spanish on the pleased that the Spanish pronunciation has This is the system known as audiolingual, school grounds. and the idea is simply this: survived so well in California. No one here About 6 years ago, a woman social scien­ says San Joes, unless he has just arrived, The Spanish-speaking youngster is first tist named Margaret Clark did a remarkable taught to speak English, not to write it. and San Jacinto has never become San Ja­ study of the Spanish-speaking Americans in cinto.) Audiolingists believe that language is first of . a section of San Jose known as Sal si Puedes. all for spoken communication. But in spite of all the manifestations of And incidentally, if you don't think Span­ Spanish culture, the present-day Spanish­ Once the student has mastered the spoken ish-speaking Americans have a sense of tongue, he can easily learn to read and write speaking American citizens of this region are humor, let me translate Sal si Puedes: the most disadvantaged minority to be found it. It means, "Get out if you can." As the author of this article points out, anywhere in the 50 States. Governor Brown In one section of the book she wrote about has done a tremenpous job in alleviating "The modern linguist does not reject the these people, Dr. Clark described the prob­ native tongue or dialect of his students. We some of the conditions. lems of a boy named Frank, a student in San Let me describe the picture for you statis­ should leave the student's language alone Jose. It is so clear a picture of what can and teach him a second idiom as if it were tically. happen that I want to read it to you: a foreign tongue. First of all, this· is primarily an urban "During his first year in school, Frank had problem. Like all other groups in the United "But his native language is vitally impor­ difilculties with English. He found it very tant to him in maintaining social accept­ States, the Spanish-speaking Americans are hard to learn both a new language and the more and more becoming city dwellers, and ab111ty. things his teacher tried to teach him. "Certain of our young men need to be able that means that the major attack on their "He spoke English fairly well at the end of problems must be urban oriented. The 1960 to communicate properly in the employment his first year in school, bu~ had not learned office without losing their status in the pool­ census counted almost 3% million Spanish his lessons well enough to be passed to the and Mexican Americans in California, Ari­ room." second grade. This story points up one of the most in­ zona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. "Frank was discouraged • • •. Things Of that total, only about one-quarter lived teresting things about Spanish-speaking and people and stories that Anglo children Americans. I believe that we are unique in the countryside. The rest were classified had learned about before they started to urban. California has the largest Span­ among all the ethnic groups which make up as school, Frank knew nothing about it. It this Nation in being able to preserve so much ish-speaking American population-1,426,- was a long time before he could figure out of our old ways. 000-and almost all of these people live in what a jack-o'-lantern was and what it had cities. Just a little over 200,000 are classi­ Clinging exclusively to Spanish as our to do with the Feast of All Saints. native tongue has been a disadvantage to us, fied as rural. "Although Frank had heard his parents as I have shown, but I believe that better Texas is close behind in the total, with and grandparents discuss the way the holi­ times are head. 1,418,000, and surprising though · it may day was celebrated in Mexico, never once had seem, theirs is largely an urban population There is, I hope and believe, growing ac­ anyone mentioned a pumpkin cut to re­ ceptance for the concept o! a pluralistic also. semble a face. society. I believe there is a chance that we Even my own State of New Mexico has "The American cultural tradition was so Spanish-speaking Americans wm be able to more city dwelling Spanish-speaking Ameri­ much a part of life for Frank's Anglo teacher save the best from our old ways and blend cans, 155,000 to 99,000, though as you can and fellow students that they scarcely it with the best from the Anglo way of life. see the percentages are much closer to even. thought of it, but it was a vast store of Earlier in this discussion, I singled out An important indicator of the standard knowledge that Frank had to learn slowly Texas as doing a particularly bad educational of living is housing, so let us examine some and by inference. job among its Spanish-American youth. of the Census Bureau's housing statistics. "But somehow he completed junior high Now I'd like to tell you the other side. In San Francisco, 10 percent of the Spanish­ school and entered James Lick High. Many Texas has developed what I believe is a really speaking Americans' housing was classed as of his friends had become discouraged and fresh approach to the problem of educating "deteriorated," compared to 6.3 percent of dropped out. the children of migrant farmworkers. that of the so-called Anglos. "In high school, Frank discovered for the Once again, we are talking largely about In Santa Barbara, 35 percent was de­ first time what it meant to be a Mexican­ Spanish-speaking children. teriorated, against 5 percent for the Anglos. American boy in a school society dominated Several districts in the Rio Grande Valley And so it goes, in city after city through­ by Anglo students and teachers. Anglo stu­ with large migrant populations are trying out out the Southwest. dents of his age often drove cars, wore good this new system. Essen:tlally, it proceeds on Most shocking are the statistics on educa­ clothes, had spending money, and were a the the0ry that a short, crammed course is tional attainment. year or two ahead of him in school. better than none at all. In Bakersfield, almost 36 percent of the "Now 16 and in his first year of high Children get 9 months of school in 6 Spanish-speaking popUlation over 25 years school, Frank want.s nothing so much as to x;nonths. They start school at 8 and go until of age has less than 4 years Of SCbOOling. quit school and go to work. He see no 5, from November to May, with no vacations. Only 17 percent finished high school. future for him in school, and is not con­ Texas school officials admit that this is no The figures are similar for Stockton, Fres­ vinced that graduating from high school will solution to the problems of migrant work­ no, El Paso, Galveston, and Pueblo, Colo. help him to get a better job. ers-as such-but they feel they've found a March 15, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 4899 way to give the children a chance. Mecha­ great strides have been made in both Cali­ who have not already done so to sign nization of agriculture is increasing at a fornia and Texas in recent years. the petition suggesting to the Federal rapid rate, and "Today's migrant child will Here in San Francisco, your citizen's foun­ be tomorrow's displaced person because of dation-and other groups, I am sure-are Republic of Germany that a legal device mechanization unless something is done attacking the problems of the Spanish­ not be permitted to give freedom to un­ now." speaking American on many fronts. punished Nazi war criminals. Here on the west coast, there are many Night schools to teach English to adults This rather unusual action, designed new programs planned or starting. have been established, and a free job service to encourage members of the German I can tell you that the Office of Economic has been founded. The foundation is work­ Parliament to carry through a bill to Opportunity will soon make grants of o'Ver ing with dropouts and in education of youth. $1 million to local agencies in California and I commend their programs to your atten­ achieve this end, is warranted, I believe, other States for new services to migrant tion and your support. They are moving by most unusual circumstances. workers. In addition to education, there will ahead in the finest tradition of American Reports are current that mass mur­ be programs for job retraining and better social action. With your support, they will derers wait patiently for the day when health. show the way to a better life for many of the statute of limitations will allow them The Office of Economic Opportunity is also your fellow citizens. to crawl out of their hiding places to having considerable success in its efforts to I thank you. taunt decency with their public presence. reverse the school dropout trend through the Neighborhood Youth Corps programs. The Ordinarily, I believe in the end sought Stockton school district is sponsoring one by the statute of limitations. But there such program. is nothing ordinary about mass murde:r, One of the biggest programs of this kind in Do Not Free the Monsters about human torture, about degradation the country is in Los Angeles, where the of human beings, about fiendish experi­ Youth Opportunity Board was given a grant EXTENSION OF REMARKS ments conducted for sadistic pleasure. of $2.7 million to encourage the retraining OF and further education of disadvantaged teen­ All with a shred of decency must cry age boys. HON. BILLIE S. FARNUM out for punishment for the fiends and So you can see that we are making prog­ OF MICHIGAN monsters responsible. ress. Politically, Spanish-speaking Ameri­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES As noted, unusual circumstances ex­ cans are finally awakening to the power of cuse unusual actions, and I wish to com­ the ballot in asserting their rights. Thtf,rsday, March 11, 1965 My own State of New Mexico was for many mend to others the action I have taken years the only one where Spanish-speaking Mr. FARNUM. Mr. Speaker, I would in signing the petition now being cir­ Americans had real political influence. But urge Members of this honorable body culated among us.

cies all over the world may serve as an approved and signed the act