ARCHIVES Georgetown University Washington, D. C. 20007 GEORGETOWN is published quarterly in the Fall, Winter, Spring, and Summer by the Georgetown University Alumni Association, 3604 0 Street, Northwest, Washington, D. C. 20007

Officers of the Georgetown University Alumni Association

President Eugene L. Stewart, '48 Vice-Presidents College Anthony F. Essaye, '55 Graduate School Col. Louis G. Mendez, Jr., '56 School of Medicine Dr. Thomas F. Keliher, '34 School of Law John E. Nolan Esq., '55 School of Dentistry Dr. JohnS. Clemence, '38 School of Nursing Mrs. Mary Korfonta Fleming, '43 School of Foreign Service Mitchell Stanley, '51 School of Business Administration Richard P. Houlihan, Jr., '54 Institute of Languages and Linguistics Elsa J. Corridon, '60 Recording Secretary Miss Rosalia Louise Dumm, '48 Treasurer contents Louis B. Fine, '25 The Faculty Representative to the Alumni Association Georgetown's Fourth Reverend Anthony J. Zeits, S.J., '43 Founder: Father Bunn The Vice-President of the University for Alumni Affairs and Page 2 Executive Secretary of the Association Bernard A. Carter, '49 Georgetown's Second Editor Founder: Giovanni Antonio Denis L. Nichelson, '57, '61 Grassi, S. J. Page 8 Editorial Consultant Dr. Riley Hughes Georgetown Campus, July Designer Page 13 Robert L. Kocher, Sr. Georgetown In The Nation Photography Page 14 Peter Carter, '65 Catholic Higher Education: Characteristics and Achieve· ment Page 17

THE COVER: The Strategy and Political After twelve years as President of Georgetown Economy of the War Against University, the Very Rever end Edward B. Poverty Page 26 Bunn, S.J., will assume his new position as Georgetown's first Chancellor on December 3, 1964. The cover sketch is the work of the well­ On Our Campus Page 30 known artist, Bernard Godwin. Book Review Page 31 THE WHITE HOUSE

WASHINGTON Septennber 22, 1964

Dear Father Bunn:

As you prepare to retire fronn the Presidency of Georgetown University, I ann pleased to join your nnany friends and beneficiaries in tribute to your distinguished tenure, Georgetown's 17 5th anni­ versary thenne, "Wisdonn and Discovery for a Dynannic World, 11 is a nnost fitting resunne of your fine service to both its faculty and its students.

You have throughout these years adhered to the best of the past, while keeping alert to the dennands of the present. You have innpressed upon the stu­ dents of Georgetown the responsibility that is theirs in a future which, God willing, will be better and brighter for all Annericans,

With warnn good wishes for your health and happi­ ness,

Sincerely,

The Reverend Edward B. Bunn, S. J. President Georgetown University Washington, D. C. I by Riley Hughes

On December 3, 1964, Father Edward B. Bunn, S. J ., will pre· sent the Univerity mace, symbol of the office of the presidency of Georgetown University, to his successor, the University's forty­ fourth president and thirty­ seventh man to hold that office, the Very Reverend Gerard J. Campbell, S. J. With this gesture will end the longest presidential term in the institution's history of a cen­ tury and three-quarters. And at this moment the man who has directed Georgetown's destiny for twelve years will begin a new era in her history by be- coming her first Chancellor. 1 The events of the past twelve years on campus, in spite of I their complexity and our near­ ness to them, provide their own perspective. It is not too soon to be able to descry the outline of a new Georgetown, one which came into being with Father Bunn's appointment to the presidency in 1952. The new Georgetown is not a mat­ ter of architectural profile only, or even primarily. The Hilltop, as viewed from the Potomac, presents the same majesty of towers and other landmarks familiar for nearly a century. The Healy spires and the white eggshell of the Observatory still frame the landscape from the Virginia shore. Hidden from view, Old North lives on in its eighteenth-century life, a re­ minder of all our yesterdays. There are subtle moderations of the profile of course-the low­ lying, severe lines of New South and beyond it the bright, chal­ CONTRIBUTOR'S NOTE lenging facade of the Reiss Science Center. To the visitor Riley Hughes, a member of the faculty since or returning alumnus these and 1946, is associate professor of English and other striking brick and mortar director of the Georgetown University Writers Conference. Dr. Hughes, who has been asso­ additions of the past decade ciate director of the 175th Anniversary Pro­ will serve as compelling evi­ gram, is the author of six books and a nation­ dence of new strides in George­ ally known literary critic. He is general editor town's continuing history. of the 175th Anniversary WISDOM AND DIS­ They are evidence as well of COVERY BOOKS being published by P. J. Kenedy. new perspectives. They obvi- ously bespeak a heightened ~ town on a new course. When to­ mained a primary concern of his terest in science and the heal­ day takes its place in the texture "rare goodness and heart." And ing arts, and they reflect the of the past, it will be increas­ at the first it was he alone who dimensions of a complex devel­ ingly seen that in her forty-third took the long view and, with tact opment of the concerns given president the University had, in and patience, overcame in­ initial impetus in John Carroll's every sense, her fourth founder. numerable obstacles. prospectus of 1786, offering in­ There were three others, each To maintain that today's Uni­ struction in "the easier Branches the right man at the right time versity, with its many divisions of the Mathematics." Just as in the right place. Their suc­ and facilities was explicity with­ clearly the East Campus, in the cesses seem inevitable to us now, in the Founder's vision would of Walsh Memorial Building, is as we look around us in the one course be absurd. Nonetheless testimony to an enhanced global hundred and seventy-fifth an­ John Carroll foresaw that his commitment to the require­ niversary year. Yet one must "literary establishment" was to ments of training in diplomacy marvel, in looking back upon the exert a profound effect on the and in linguistics. But these ad­ University's history, at the ex­ country's lay and clerical leader­ ditions to the Georgetown traordinary individual energies ship. He was by no means con­ campus scene do not indicate which were brought to bear at tent to create a seminary upon the full scope of Father Bunn's moments of crisis and decision. European lines; in all matters years of achievement. George­ Perhaps this institution more his school was to be, in his de­ town has had " building presi­ than most has been, in Emer­ lightful phrase, "calculated for dents" before, and she will have son's phrase, "the lengthened the meridian of America." It is them again. What Father Bunn shadow of a man." Certainly owing to Archbishop Carroll has given to the University, it Georgetown was born in the that Georgetown came into be­ is already apparent, is more faith and vision of a single man. ing and remained as a pro­ than the contribution inevitable For John Carroll, in the anxious foundly American institution in in a steady growth in facilities years of planning, his school was its regulations, discipline, and and services. He has given the to be "the object nearest to my spirit. "Agreeably to the liberal University a new direction; he heart." In his long lifetime of Principle of our Constitution" has channelled the energies of service to church and country, runs a phrase in Father Carroll's this complex of men, buildings, in spite of the burdens of the prospectus of 1786; it was this and purposes and placed George- episcopacy, Georgetown re- accommodation to the American

Archbishop Carroll Father Grassi Father Hea.ly Father Bunn scene and spirit that was the York was finally and perma­ the trials of these years was the Founder's greatest of many gifts nently abandoned. Under his joy of the Jesuits of Georgetown to his "Academy at George vigorous leadership the physical and of Archbishop Carroll at the Town, Potomack River, Mary­ plant was enlarged and, even restoration, during Father Gras­ land." more important for the future, si's term, of the Society of Jesus The first two decades of t he the curriculum was overhauled throughout the world. Just as he life of Georgetown College from and strengthened, particularly had shared in the restoration of 1791, the year of the appoint­ in the natural sciences. Owing to the Society·s fortunes, Father ment of the first president, Rev­ him the transition from acad­ Grassi had been in large measure erend Robert Plunkett, and of e my to college was firmly and responsible for the permanent the arrival of the first student, irrevocably made. Through the upswing in those of the College. William Gaston, were years in services of Georgetown's e mi­ By force of his energies and his which the future, and often, the nent first student, now a mem­ unbounded optimism and en­ very survival of the new institu­ ber of Congress, the petition for thusiasm he had prevailed. "He tion were in doubt. Father Car­ a Congressional charter was ad­ was fascinated," writes Father roll had become Bishop Carroll vanced. On the very date, March Durkin in Georgetown Uni­ in the interval between the 1, 1815, of the Senate's ratifica­ versity: First in the Nation's founding of the Academy a nd tion of the treaty of peace with Capital, "by the art of govern· the successful search for a presi­ Great Britain, President Monroe ing an educational institution. dent. While still abroad for his signed the act granting George­ If other presidents of George­ consecration, the new Bishop town her charter and the right town regarded their office as a had learned that the seat of na­ "to admit any of the Students so bering responsibility, Father tional government wo uld be belonging to said College, or Grassi looked on it almost gaily, placed on the Potomac, "either," other persons meriting academ­ as an opportunity for solving h e wrote, "at George Town or ical honors, to any degree in the new puzzles and for l earning what would answer better for faculties, arts, sciences, and more about how to manage boys our school, within four miles of liberal professions, to which per­ and men wisely. He adminis­ it." Although the Founder's sons are usually admitted in tered the Co llege with the choice of location now seemed other Colleges and Universi.ties Italian touch of easy grace and to indicate a brilliant future for of the United States." hard realism." his school, financial difficulties, Only a year before, Father Over a half century was to a fluctuating and often decreas­ Grassi had witnessed the burn­ pass- a period of steady, quiet ing enrollment, and t he diffi­ ing of the Capital by the British development- before George­ culty of obtaining an adequate and had faced the problem, and town, now grown to eminence, teaching staff led in the acad­ possible disaster, to his College was to take a new direction. Un­ emy's early years to repeated which would have been entailed der her twenty-ninth president, suggestions for removal to New had the national legislature been Reverend Patrick F. Healy, S. J., York or at least a temporary forced to move its sessions to the the College truly became suspension. Thus Georgetown Hilltop. More than balancing Georgetown University. Once entered the nineteenth century tentatively and precariously. At the darkest hour for the Col­ new Republic and for the I am gratefu l to the directors of the Georgetown Alumni Asso· lege as well, Georgetown fo und ciation for affording me the opportunity to se nd a message in her ninth president, Father for th e special issue of th e Alumn i Ma gazine marking the John A. Grassi, S.J., her much complet io n of Father Bunn 's di sti nguished tenure at George· acclaimed "second founder." In town. I have hap py memories of my meeti ngs with your presi· the portentous year of 1812 he dent and re spect what he ha s stood for in the advancement became, at the age of thirty­ of liberal edu ca tion in the United Sta tes. Hi s achievements at seven, president of Georgetown Georgetow n in th e past twelve years speak for themselves . and shortly afterward superior Certainly this has been a notab le period in th e hi sto ry of of the "Society in North Amer­ your un iversity, and I am co nfident that Georgetown wi ll co n· ica." Father Grassi's contribu­ tinue to move swiftly forward along the course wh ich Father tion to Georgetown was to be Bunn has imaginativel y and determinedly charted . From Har· vard I send Father Bunn warm congratulatio ns and th e very one of restoration and renewal. best wishes fo r th e years ahead . It that was under Father Grassi NATHAN M. PUSEY the threatened r emoval to New again, curriculum reform was the modern university she had one of the chief factors of signi­ become. The schools of George­ ficant change. Father Healy was town had grown up in isolation acting president at the time of from one another, and they had the decision, pivotal in George­ come, over the years, to share town's history, to make of a col­ the same campus and the same lege with attached professional general purposes, but at the cost schools an institution of the first of much overlapping of services rank on the university level. and much unnesessary and ex­ Father Healy's strengthening of pensive duplication of facilities the curricula was felt on the un­ and of effort. Father Bunn ad­ dergraduate and graduate levels dressed himself to the task of alike. For the A. B. degree the bringing into being a vital and College now required twice as Bunn's, decades which were to revitalizing unification of the many class and laboratory hours change drastically the require­ schools which would unite them in chemistry as Columbia, Yale, ments and patterns of under­ in a common purpose without a and Williams, her nearest rivals graduate, graduate, and profes­ loss of their integrity or their in the field; again, requirements sional education. These decades identity. With the help of a Ford in physics at Georgetown ex­ were, of course, periods of de­ Foundation grant and a dona­ ceeded the number of hours in velopment and progress, in cur­ tion from an alumnus, he was the subject possible to elect at ricula and in the addition of new able early in his term of office to Harvard. During Father Healy's professional schools as the Uni­ turn a congres of schools and presidency significant changes versity enlarged the scope of her colleges into a viable university. and improvements were also offerings-either pioneering, as A change in the mechanism of made in the postgraduate, med­ with the School of Foreign Serv­ an organization, however signifi­ ical, and law departments. In ice, or supplementing profes­ cant, is not ordinarily dramatic this period, when advanced and sional offerings in the same or even immediately visible. But professional studies were almost broad field, as with the School the changes at Georgetown dur­ everywhere in the hands of of Nursing. Upon taking office in ing the years of Father Bunn's teaching, as opposed to research, 1952, after a campus internship, presidency soon become both faculties, Georgetown's offer­ so to speak, as regent of the visible and dramatic. There is ings were at least comparable to Dental and Nursing schools more than fiscal drama in the those given elsewhere, and in since 1948, Father Bunn in­ fact that in this period there­ so me instances, notably in t he herited a complex of schools search expenditure of the Uni­ modernizing of medical courses, modern in every sense of teach­ versity rose from six hundred to those of a half dozen larger ing and research activities, thousand dollars to nineteen and richly endowed private uni­ schools diverse in needs and million dollars. Even more strik­ versities. As a symbol of George­ goals. It was to be his task to ing is the fact that whereas the town's response to new chal­ consolidate and unify a varie­ operating budget for 1952 was lenges, and as a vehicle of t hat gated campus into "a finer seven million dollars, that for response, Father Healy made Georgetown." 1963-1964 is twenty-seven mil­ the most significant single addi­ In his fact-finding report of lion. Father Bunn, whose admin­ tion in facilities in the Univer­ 1948 as director of studies for istrative career-following a fif­ sity's entire history with the the Maryland Province, Father teen-year teaching career-goes erection of the magnificent Bunn saw that the prime re­ back to 1938, when he became building which, over his protest, quirement for Georgetown's president of Loyola College, has bears his name. For his provi­ growth and development was to always followed a threefold sion, both material and intellec­ be one of unification of the divi­ principle as administrator: What tual, for Georgetown's perma­ sions of the University. Just as education do you want? What nence as an institution and as a diversity of the schools had been ~ cilities do you need in person­ true university, Father Healy in­ the need of the past, for as they nel and bricks and mortar? What disputably ranks as one of her came into being they perforce is the cost of providing them? great presidents and-in a very needed to be independent and The bricks and mortar alone an­ real sense-as her third founder. self-supporting, a consolidated swer alone to these questions has Seven decades separate the university was now urgently re­ meant the building on campus of end of Father Healy's presidency quired to enable Georgetown to a new School of Nursing; of the and the beginning of Father continue to play a vital role as Edmund A. Walsh Memorial Citation C itation

0ol~rn John Carro ll (lwa r~ Hono mn! Mernbrrshiu

Thr Vrry Rru. E~warb B. Bum1. S. J . The Vrrl\ Rru. Eowaro B. Bunn, S. J . .. ,. . ... u.. - ··· ~ ...... ru•• J...... c...... tc:t-.-.. • .n; ...... , l ikli "·

SCROLLS: On October 17, 1964, Father Bunn was made an honorary member of The Alumni Associ­ ation and awarded a Golden John Carroll Medal. These scrolls accompanied the presentation.

Building for the School of For­ growth and achievement in aca­ ment-in faculty, student body, eign Service, the Institute of demic excellence, he has the en­ and in intellect ual environment, Languages and Linguistics, and heartening knowledge that the through study, teaching, andre­ t he School of Business Admin­ University can, as he puts it, search. Georgetown, under his istration; the new diagnostic "face any of h er sister univer· direction, has not sought growth building for the Medical Center; sities of the hig hest reputation in mere numbers, but rather the New South residence hall, and in any part of the United steady, normal growth of a stu­ the Reiss Science Center. In this States." A university grows, he dent body of high qualifications. 1 75th Anniversary year two new holds, " by pressures and de­ His goal and emphasis have al­ residence halls, one for men and mands," and Georgetown's pre­ ways been the strengthening of one for women, have been eminent position as the first uni­ the University as a community erected. versity in the nation's capital of students and scholars, for he As Father Bunn looks over the has, in his view, meant t hat the sees t he University in terms of past dozen years of his adminis­ dem ands upon her can be satis­ its people. His greatest personal tration and of Georgetown's fied only by the highest achieve-J satisfactions as president, in fact, have come to him from "the will come from the universities," concept and his concern. backing of the alumni and the he says, "and their foresight and But most of all, as Father winning of friends for the Uni­ ingenuity will be their best guar­ Bunn prepares for his new post versity." antee of continuing indepen­ he looks outward. His attention As the formal celebration of dence." He is convinced that the is fixed not upon the campus the University's 175th Anni­ leadership for American society alone but on the community­ versary year comes to a close, lies with the universities. "Un­ and on the nation and world be­ Father Bunn, the oldest man less education moves," he adds, yond. The potential greatness of ever appointed to the presidency "somebody else will." Georgetown University, it is his as well, to date, the president to In his plans to assist in the strong conviction, will lie in have enjoyed the longest tenure, further development of an inde­ what it can do in utilizing educa­ stands at the beginning of a new pendent Georgetown, one con­ tion for leadership. The trend of career. It is given to few men to tinuing to contribute to the com­ human affairs, h e contends, is pioneer in the paradoxical con­ munity, the nation, and the toward "a community of man­ texxt of a long tradition, but as world, Father Bunn will concern kind." It is therefore his fervent first Chancellor of Georgetown himself not only with com­ desire that Georgetown willful­ University Father Bunn will munity relations but with fill her destiny-a destiny dic­ have that opportunity. He sees campus development. He ex­ tated by the logic of her tradi­ his chancellorship as a challenge pects steady institutional growth tions and of her geographical to serve in the furthering of the on the Hilltop, and he looks for­ and spiritual position-by offer­ development of the University ward to the building of a new ing wise leadership in shaping in all areas, but especially in re­ library with the same zeal and the contours of this community. lation to the concept of the con­ determination he put in to the This is a sweeping concept, a sortium of Georgetown with the Reiss Science Center. "I have broad charter of intellectual other area universities, with the the absolute conviction," he says liberties and challenges. Most of National Institutes of Health, firmly, "that the new library is all, it is a revitalization-in the and with the graduate agencies essential and urgent." He hopes terms of today and the unfold­ of the federal government. that an art museum will de­ ing tomorrows - of John Car­ Where other university and velop as part of the new library roll's pioneering faith and vision. college presidents have often ex­ structure, as part, now that the pressed misgivings and even sciences have been given a fears, Father Bunn has steadfast proper ambiance at Georgtown, hope and conviction -he wel­ of a strengthened program in comes cooperation with govern­ the humanities. As chancellor he ment, and he sees no threat to will wish to concern himself with the independence of private in­ the establishment of endowed stitutions in such a relationship. chairs of study in literature, his­ To the doubts ofthose who fear I I tory, classical languages, eco­ eventual government control of nomics, and government. As an private education he opposes a educator he sees his most excit­ distinction between integrity ing challege and opportunity in and isolation. Universities, he focusing his energies on the Uni­ holds, must surrender their iso­ versity's educational program, lation, their sense of the aca­ in helping to shape organiza­ demic ivy tower. But this is in tional studies which will enable no sense a surrender of a uni­ Georgetown's institutional ob­ versity's integrity; it is, rather, jectives "to seep down to the the fulfillment of a proper mis­ marrow of the faculty and staff." sion. Education, he is confident, He sees seminars for the faculty shapes a nation's ideas in all on these objectives and even­ areas of life and living. Excel­ tually a faculty senate as steps lence in the student body and to the realization of his goal on validity and selectivity in re­ helping to energize the Univer­ search cannot fail, he holds, to sity's personnel in the self­ result in courage and vision in knowledge which will contribute public service. "In the dialogue to the "finer Georgetown" which with the marketplace, direction has for two decades been his georgetown's second founder: Giovanni Antonio Grassi, S.J.

I by Paul Horgan

P ulitzer Prize Winner, Pa ul Horgan received an Honorary L.H.D. from Georgetown on M arch 22, 1962. He is the a uthor of such well-known works as The Rio Grande in North American History, A Distant Trumpet, and Cit izen of New Salem.

If h e s hould look out through one of the before the Father President's arrival, an august in­ tall, narrow windows of his first sentence, tention had accompanied the foundation of the col­ lege by Archibishop Carroll, who wrote in his pro­ the Very Reverend Father President of posals of establishment: "On this academy is built 1814 would be able to see his second_ all my hope of permanency and success to our holy religion in the United States." " The College, " he wrote in his flying script, with The Father President - his name was Giovanni heavy, down strokes the lighter lines whipped up­ Antonio Grassi-called upon Archbishop Carroll in ward, the whole giving an effect of animation of Baltimore to pay his respects on arriving in the mind and gesture, " the College is an extensive and United States in October, 1810. He was assigned to most convenient edifice. It commands one of the the Georgetown Academy and two years later was most delightful prospects in the United States, and appointed president. What a difference there was its situation for health is exceeded by none. The between the ideal and the real as he found these garden and court where the students recreate are at Georgetown. very airy and spacious." The College had not prospered, despite its great He was writing the text of the College catalogue purposes. There were ten boarding students, and and the claims he made were intended to attract these with a handful of day scholars added up to and reassure parents in the early years of his resi­ " nothing," said the Father President, " but a crew dence at Georgetown. And now he could look far­ of blackguard youths and boys." He had to admit ther, to an educational advantage available to no that he found himself in a "melancholy situation, other institution of learning. This was the United compelled to be a sorrowful spectator of the mis­ States Congress, the philosophical voice of that erable state of this College. " There was much work still-young marvel of the political world , the Ameri ­ to do and he fell upon it with all his uncommon can democracy, which learned men crossed the energy. ocean to examine. The Father President went on to On assuming the presidency he was thirty-seven say of Georgetown in 1814: years old, and was described as "a man of elegant "Among the many other advantages which it en­ manners and polished address, learned and able." joys, its contiguity to the city of Washington, the He was of medium height, and his short-cropped seat of the federal government is not the least con ­ cap of hair and his arched eyebrows were of auburn siderable as the students have occasionally an op­ color. He had an intent gaze in his large, clear hazel portunity of hearing the debates in Congress, it eyes-the gaze of a man drawn by life's evidence being only a plea sant walk from the college to the all about him. His color wa s ruddy and hi s wid e Capitol." mouth and generous chin expressed even in repose Even greater claims had accompanied the foun­ a pleasant nature. If his movement expressed his dation of the College in 1788. It was to be a place qualities of mind, he moved rapidly, with precision, where " an undivided attention may be given to the grace and econmy. An Italian he was born at Ber­ cultivation of virtue and literary improvement, "and gamo in 1775, and at the age of twenty-four, moved where "a system of discipline may be introduced by a dedication to a cause which seemed all but and preserved incompatible with indolence and in­ lost in 1799, he entered the Novitiate of the So­ attention in the professor, or with incorrigible hab­ ciety of Jesus at Colorno, in northern Italy. its of immorality in the student." In fact, "the Almost everywhere in the world the society was benefit of this establishment should be as general banned, having been dissolved in 1773 by Pope as the attainment of its object is desirable." More­ Clement XIV. Civil and religious governments re­ over, a breadth of charity must prevail, for "agree­ fused organized status or canonical existence to ably to the liberal principle of our constitution, the the Jesuits everywhere but in Russia - but there seminary will be open to students of every religious under the patronage of Tsar Paul I, son of Cath - erine the Great, the Father General of the society about the administration of an educa tional institu­ guarded for the future the live spark of the intel­ tion .-And then, once again-and for the last time­ lectual and spiritual tradition of the followers of China seemed to calL On April ' 10, 1810, the Ignatius Loyola. Italian novices were sent to Russia stalled missioners received a letter from their for their training, and there went the young Grassi . Father General ordering-them to return to Russia, His ability-the style of his mind and energy­ where they were to arrange for a jouney overland , was quickly recognized. While still in his t wenties across independent Tartary, to China. They pre­ he was ordained and beca me the rector of the Col­ pared to go, but for Father Grassi, in any case, the lege of Nobles at Polocz. Though in exile, as it were, five years attempt to reach China was at an end. in Russia , the society kept its gaze upon the larger New orders reached him at Stonyhurst. URder world , and searched for work that needed doing. obedience, he proceeded to Liverpool, and on board Father Grassi was chosen to accompany a mission the North-Atlantic packet ship " Leda" he sai led in to Astrakhan on the shores of the Caspian Sea, and August, 1810, for America, taking with him what fell at once to the study of Armenian. was described as his "fine collection of philosoph ­ But hi s plans were cha nged for him, early in ical·instruments.'' 1805 and he was called to St. Petersburg where He has already told us with a sigh what'he found the General assigned him to a mission preparing to on his arrival at Georgetown. But he was a most make its way to China. There was no as!Surance cultivated man,and such a man always does honor that once arrived at Pekin the missioners wou ld be to the traditions of his vocation and his place. He received with good will or e-ven in safety. But with could only give his best Finding woefully ·little two companions of his society, Fathe( Grassi learned enterprise- in his environment, he almost at plunged into his preparations, and in mid-winter, once set to work, with the aid of a Jesuit l'ay dressed in Ru ssian furs set out in a train of three brother, to -construct models out of wood to demon­ sledges for Sweden. It was the beginning of a fan -­ strate the copernican system, and the movement of tastic effort to reach China. the planets, and the diurnal and the annual move­ They took full sets of vestments, and sacred ves ­ ments of the-earth. He devised a terrestial globe. sels, and medicines, and small religious images In a room in the original building of the Academy, and objects to use as gifts, and secular clothing for built in 1788, which had been visited with stately risky environments, and the habit of their society courtesy by General Washington, he set up a small for places where they might openly live in their pro­ museum for the display of his instruments. fession, and letters of recom mendation, and-for These, the common necessities of his ow intel­ Father Grassi, who was scientifically inclined - lectual life, were at once the marvel of t-he time, various mathematical instruments and systerns of not only for the rascally - student body, but for apparatus to demonstrate physics and astronomy. visitors. Commodore Porter came. Commodore They crossed Finland, and the Gulf of·Bothnia, Decatur came and presented to the museum a and came to Sweden , and after '-many delays suc­ fragment oJ his flagship. Members of Congress ceeded in proceeding to Copenhagen. where they came. took ship for London , planning to sail from there Education, abstract in its philosophical character, for the Orient had also its visible virtues, some of which cou ld be But despite cordialities from enlightened noble­ demonstrated. men and cou rtesies from continental diplomats, the It was not long until astonished students heard missioners were frustrated in every effort to take themselves performing- for the college visitors ·a passage for China by the East India Company, dialogue on the Copernical system composed by which controlled all the shipping for the Orient Father Grassi. He prepared them to perform chem -. trade, and had no commerce with Jesuits. They ical experiments for the public, and trained -them finally sailed for Lisbon, where they hoped to be to expound in elocution upon the "vicissitudes of granted passage for Macao or Canton in a Portu ­ the seasons." For himself, he took pleasure in cal ­ guese ship. Here again they were denied what they culating ec lipses, and determining the altitudes of needed, and two years passed in Lisbon until the missio~ers obeyed orders from their general in Russia to return to England, before a threatened French invas ion of Portuga l sh ould come off. The settled at Stonyhurst College in England, a haven of their society. There they awaited further orders, but none came for years, and they worked as they could. Father Grassi pursued his scientific learning. He learned English . He observed much the sun , and noting the results in his diary, where seemer foreshortened. Subject to chance and he also recorded in October 1812 that for supper vagary, it would be difficult to claim for a still mod­ the " boys eat their possum, which lives in the est academy any kinship with the grand academic woods, and is found only in America." communities of an older world. By then he was the Father President, and had But now, in the summer of 1814, not long be­ forty-two resident students in the College and seven fore the British lit up the skies of Washington, an day students, after which the enrollment figures immense change of climate occurred in the philo­ steadily climbed. Archbishop Carroll visited the in­ sophic cosmos of the Vatican. Pope Pius VII , re ­ stitution when he could, once gave a specia l din­ versing the decree of his predecessor Clement XIV , ner as a treat to the boys, for which the total bill restored the freedom, the integrity, and the open ­ was fifteen dollars and eleven cents, and declared gesture of the Society of Jesus throughout the in December, 1813 that " Fr. Grassi has revived the world . It was a vast gain in great dimensions for College of Georgetown, which has received great Jesuits everywhere-and it had powerful effect in improvement in the number of students and course all possible local significance wherever the fellows of studies." In his great hope for his faith through­ of Saint Ignatius awaited their restoration in out the nation, the archbishop could only have been patience. To the Father President of Georgetown it encouraged by what he saw of the Father Presi­ meant, among other, and perhaps more general dent's labors and results. things, the occasion for identifying the College as a These were for a time shadowed by war, for the Jesuit institution in all honor and vitality: with the British, pursuing their land campaign in the War justification now of seeking official sanction for the of 1812, maneuvered their forces near Bladens­ granting of degrees in academic respectability. burg, northeast of Washington, in August, 1814, He lost no time. and on the twenty-fourth, defeated raw United The first enrolled student of Georgetown was States troops there. At the College a number of now a member of Congress-William Gaston. After students were spending the summer vacation . Late suitable conferences and draftings, he presented in the day they saw American soldiers retreating in January, 1815, "the petition of the president through Georgetown, and when night fell they and directors of the College of Georgetown . .. to looked through the College windows and saw the be invested with authority and power to confer the sky over Washington break into firelight. The British usual academical honors on those who by their pro­ were burning the Capitol. Soon afterward, the in ­ ficienecy in the liberal arts may be judged deserv­ vaders put the torch to the White House, the Treas ­ ing of such distinctions . .. . " Thirty-three days ury Building, the Navy Yard, and shipping anchored later, on March 1, 1815, President James Madison in the Potomac. Someone said the firelight was so signed an act sent to him by the Congress which bright that those at the College cou ld read by it. gave full powers to the College. It was also the day When day broke the collegians saw British troops on which peace was ratified between Great Britain at work in Washington, and prepared themselves and the United States. The year held another act of for the sack of Georgetown. Sacred vessels and momentous satisfaction for the Father President. plate were hidden and prayers arose in the chapel. On December 27, he wrote in his diary, " I was I Presently the enemy was seen to withdraw: thanks­ made a citizen at the court in Washington, " and by giving was offered: and a week later, with a disser­ now, of course, he was John Anthony Grassi. tation by the Father President, and the singing of For the rest, the world was moving fast, and mar- l the " Veni Creator, " the College opened its next vels were freshly at hand to be examined. At the regular session on schedule. Present were five Navy Yard a certain Mr. Rose showed the Father priests, two scholastics, nine brothers, nine secular President and a group from the College an appara­ masters and tradesmen, sixty-five students and tus of "perpetual motion" and "explained in what twelve servants. The students wore the traditional it consisted. " Students were given excusions on the Georgetown uniform of a coat and pantaloons of Potomac in steamboats, daring the experience first blue cloth with large yellow buttons, and a waist­ known ten years before by Robert Fulton with his coat of red kerseymere. "Claremont" on the Hudson. They went as far as And now, by a turn of events full of joy for the Mount Vernon , on one outing, and had a picnic on Society of Jesus, the Father President was in a the shore below the famous old house, and were position to proceed with a step of great importance " kindly received by Colonel Washington, walked in to the College. Hitherto he could not conduct the the garden, saw the vault in which the general's College officially as a property of the society, for the remains lie, " and sailed upstream again at four society was not officially recognized by the church . o'clock to arrive home five hours later. The use of Under this condition, in which local rather than the steamer cost five dollars for the day. Another general values must be obtained, the long view expedition ran aground and the Father President one family to a house, which was usually built of wood. The rooms were simple and clean, without any hint of " Italian magnificence," but instead held few f?ictures , and plain mahogany furniture. There were no courtyards or plazas with fountains. He thought the " arts of ornamentation" were held in little esteem, though he recognized that Benjamin West and John Trumbull were not only accomplished American painters but much admired ones . Ameri ­ can interest ran to mechanical inventions, which did by machine the work for which there were not enough hands. In a society busy with trade and the had to wa it and wonder for his boys until midnight. desire for money it was , he thought, " not surpris­ Still, all be lieved that such outings demonstrated ing that the flowers of poetic genius fail to flourish ." " that t ravel by steamboat was practicable, rapid He saw that there was "no lack of gifted men," but and safe." he thought they remained more satisfied with "a Natural wonders awaiting disclosure in other ytide acquaintance of many subjects than a profound elements were also exa mined. Father Wallace , who knowledge of any single field. " He had to add that taught mathematics, natural philosophy and chem· the educated ear was often astonished at the confi ­ istry, assembled his class out of doors on the Feast dent and decisive views uttered by less well­ of St. Ignatius in 1816 and " sent off a balloon." informed citizens. If it carried no passengers-though in 1783 at An · He examined the New Englanders, and though nonay in France a balloon had carried aloft the first he refused to think their practices characteristic of creatures to be lifted skywa rd which were a sheep, all the Americans, he had to recognize that Yankees , a coc k an d a duck-Father Wallace's balloon was as he heard them ca lled , were considered "the most watched with such interest along its whole course knavish and cap able of the most ingenious imposi· that, he was gratified to discover, " it led to no little tions," as they took their trading ventures every­ correspondence." It must seem that the arts of where. Though he found behavior "generally civil ," learning were in a lively condition under the Father certain niceties we re wanting in manners. His fel­ President . low-citizens thought nothing of knifing away at their His own duties were va rious and demanding. In fingernails or combing their hair in public, qr loung· add ition to his presidency, he served the office of ing about with their feet on another chair or Superior of hi s society in the United States, and the " propped up high against the wall. " It was sad, but also went about on horsebac k to ca rry his priestly he must admit that though newspapers were every­ offices t o the surrounding countryside. He often where, and edifying literature was available, the said Mass at the Alexandria Mission, where Madam " most popular reading" was to be found in "novels Cu stis, Genera l Washington's adopted daughter, which serve to deprave hearts and minds" -indeed, heard hi m, and gave him " two pictures for the novels were read in " incredible quantities." church." The Lees and the Fitzgeralds rece ived It was hard to believe, but Americans gambled him, and when occasion req uired he took the last and got drunk more often than Italians, with con­ sacraments to their slaves, whose condition made seqences which he must declare to be "fatal to in ­ him reflective. "The sad clang of servile chains he dividuals and to entire families." Dancing was the said may yet often be heard beneath the sun of most general entertainment. The Father President liberty." thought that "the mania for jumping about in this And indeed, all that he sa w of life in the United manner" was " not less powerful than in France it­ States was of interest to him, and much of it was self. " He never saw such luxury as that available surprising. How utterly wro ng was the general Euro· to any American. Why, they dressed as wel l in the pean idea of America, he sa id that "many Euro· country as in the city, and he concluded that the pean s imagine that a large proportion of the inhabi · cost of " a holiday garment" was " no index of the tants of America are civilized aborigin al Indians," condition " of the wearer. But if there was a veneer which of course was preposterou s, when the popu · of well -being it did not in the end hide the waste lation was almost entirely de rived from European which was " common in this country." Fortunately, stock - t he English, the Irish, the German, the bread was abundant. " Those who are not lazy wil l French . An d yet life in America was like life nowhere not be poor," he decided , " and will not beg in pub­ else, and he gazed upon it in fascination. lic." He was glad to observe that " civil order and He saw no palaces like t hose in Italy, for exam· tranquill ity" were genera lly well maintained. There pie, in whi ch many families lived . Here there was was " much show of piety," despite "indifference as to sect," and "everyone reads his Bible," said end, reasons of health made a sea voyage precari · the Father President, 'and in New England they will ous tor him-he had always suffered excruciatingly not permit a traveler or allow a messenger to con­ at sea - and tor his remaining thirty years of life he tinue his journey on a Sunday," which seemed ab· lived, and worked -for one could always be sure surd to a cultivated Mediteranean spirit. that he would work, with imaginative high spirits­ As for American education, he had many opin· in Italy. ions. Edacation1 he saw, was " far from neglected," One of hi s useful concerns was to bring knowl­ though it was mainly sought "to maintain status or edge of his transatlantic country to the old world. to earn a fortune." Everyone reached for ed~cation A confrere wrote that Father Grassi was "doing and families -made sacrifices so that their young much good in Rome correcting ·misconceptions might rise. There seemed to be two general curric­ about America. " Father Grass( in fact, lost no time ula-one of elegant learning tor those destined for in writing and publishing a year after his departure law or medicine-the professions: the other of sim · from the College a book which became briefly, fa· pie value to those prqmised to agricu lture or trade mous, and which still engages scholars. He ca ll ed who would require little beyond a little arithmetk it " various advices on the present state of the re­ and a little writing. public of the United States in North America. " In It .seemed to him that the American youth, on four years it had three editions. He wrote it "to give reaching a certain age, became "impatient with Europeans a better idea of America. They had the suggestions" . and, determined to have his way, wrong id ea entirely," he said in a letter to the Arch· sometimes descended to "insubordination and to bishop of Baltimore. violent revolts against superiors." He must conclude His other late concerns included duties as rector that " such uprisings were "not unusual in Ameri· of the College of the Propaganda Fide at Rome : can colleges," and he- shook his head ·over riots Confessor to the King and Queen of Sardinia, to which only recently had occurred "in Princeton, in whose palace he used to walk instead of riding in New Jer-sey and in William and Mary in Virginia," the coach sent for him; and rector of the College of where "the students broke windows, chairs, furni· Nobl es in Turin. He lived a rich life to a full age , ture, and everything that came to their hands, and and died i·n December 1849 at seventy-four. were at the point of destroying the very buildings." As his beloved College prospered and grew, he How could such things come about? He shrugged. became known as the "Second Founder of George­ "Since the people who preside over such places," town"· - Archbishop Carroll, of course, being the he said, "gave small attention to morals and deport· first. To the Father President, they said, George· ment, and concerned themselves only "with the in· town wed " its first great impulse and thorough or­ jection of a little knowledge into the students," it gan ization." They sa id , "probably no other eccle­ need not have surprised anyone that the students siastic of the day enjoyed in greater measure the should "bring themselves to certain excesses of be· esteem and confidence of the hierarchy" in Amer­ havior." These, of course, were "condemned by ica. Indeed, Bishop Flaget nominated him for the honest Americans. " On this subject, the Father throne of the new diocese of Detroit. Everyone he President resolved in conclusion: "The observers of dealt with seemed to feel the creative bounty of his American customs have always deplored the tact nature. that the fathers, especially·in the south, yield sadly It is good to think why. He believed in man's and foolishly to their children whom they seem un­ power to achieve unexpected ends under the bless­ able to .contradict and whose capricious wishes they ing of good intentions. do not restrain. From the beginnjng, it did not seem inplausible Meanwh il e, his College prospered. At commence ­ to him that two small structures measuring sixty­ ment in 1817 the first baccalaureate degrees were four feet by fifty, with ten pupils, unruly wretches, conferred - two of them, which were received-by mostly, for the moment, should contain under God's brothers, Charles and George Dinnies. A few weeks grace the perf~ctly viable seed of ari institution later the Father President, on a delicate and com­ worthy to rank one day with the great universities plicated ecclesiastical mission tor the Archbishop of the world. Possum suppers, wretches, and all, of Baltimore, sailed for Rome. He .had lively plans he proceeded pn the assumption that the difference tor his return to the Potomac. between his struggling Academy and the universitie·s But when he reached Rome, he was informed by of Europe was only one of degree, not of kind . the Father General, who had returned from Russian His vision and his priestly faith met to foster his Sanctuary, that he was to remain in Rom e. The dis· purpose. After his time, it would rest secure in the appointment must have been keen, and later, for a hands of his fellows in the Society of Jesus. They little while, it seemed probable that he would after here remember him well, and so shall I, newly, and all resume his presidency at Georgetown. But in.the greatefully, a son of his Academy. In the last grey negative light I lie 011 my stomach under Copley Hall maples where spiders embellish a parlor for a pair of college lovers and ajack-o'-dreaTTUJ who will not stare. An injured yellow jacket makes hypertension noises in the grass. The flip- flop of sandals passes with a negress and magenta shorts. "If our heart condemn us, Christ is greater than our heart"-is it Mauriac that nun is pressing into the youth whose day and face seem bothered by God? An insect strikes my ear, booms, and is gone. Inexorable ivy over us all, and Jebbies of all varieties strutting, loping, and limping -brushcut scholastic, Ph.D. lion, the dusty eyed (it is a fiction they have trained their Ark and Dove cannons on the Capitol); their Carroll reposes comfortably in his founder's bronze chair, serene as Pompeian­ red geraniums sentineled for action at his feet. Looped arm in am~ like Bobbie Burns and his auld lang syne acquaintance, two under­ grads too friendly from their visit in The Tombs of the 1789 (or maybe the Scarlet Garter) trip onto campus when every pigeongrey stone crumbles tradition. There is a slight breeze, only one, pulling three flags I see patterned like a syllogism: our country's, the college's, and the shirttail over the peg pants of a student-so plunged in self that he misses the vast professor whose butter colored tie is also melting. Losing the fuller context for a laundry truck, I h ear "he picked the wrong vocation by being born" from the lips of a hard-to-guess- her-age, though she sparks the rockpath with her heels. A bird warbles a trill or two before I spot him in his black eye-mask, but cannot name him for all his effete eastern equipment. Habits of Dominic, Benedict, Mercy, de Paul swish by and a barefoot friar cool in his "wool that beats out the heat." Tennis court closing, and the moist young men drift to their halls; they gleam that mudgold hue of the Potoma~ on their hard bodies and they breathe heavily. Cars keep breathing or coughing by, a few head- lights stabbing the dusk. The lightning bugs with their small torches pierce more gently, and several children with Mason fruit jars come to save them­ "Our earliest childhood is so soft and full of light," Bernanos nudges my aging ribs- like these two lovers on my forgotten left, too busy to see my eye possess them now. The girl wears a slip of pale moon in her hair, the boy's face is sad as a poet's and he knows in the serious dawn he will again meet the departing girl in her, though a locked future be still a future. Some stars wear through, a pair of searchlight chords touching and crossing above this couple helps me remember how I am a man having part of earth within, hurrying between tl;e now and later of a promise. Before a day or dream shut down. Raymond Roseliep

The Reverend Raymond Rosellep is Auociote Professor of English at Loros College, Dubuque, Iowa. One of the most significant Catholic poets in th is country, he is the author of two books of verse and is preparing a third for publication. Fotl'ler Roseliep was named Poet in Residence th is post summer for Georgetown's Fifth Annual Writers Confere nce. When Father Roseliep prese nted this poem at two public readings lost summer at Georgetown, he carefully noted that he did not wish anyone to misinterpret his reference to the Jesuits " for whom I hove the deepest love and reference." He ex­ plained that the allusion to ''the Jebbies" in his poem is simply a momentary des· cription that fits the tone and the mood of the poem, and ' 'for me the term 'Jeb­ bies ' in itself is always o word of offedion." GEORGETOWN IN THE NATION

I by The Honorable Earl Warren

The Honorable Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, is an honorary alumnus of Georgetown. This address was delivered at the convocation marking the opening of Georgetown's University's 175th Anniversary Year, October 28, 1963.

I The celebration of the birth· peace in freedom are chal lenged I congratulate Georgetown I day of a great university is al· to discover and effectuate the University on the contribution it ways an important event, but means of accomplishing this has made to such wisdom I the celebration of one here in great objective. throughout the life of our Na· Washington that came into New nations are rapidly com· tion. Ever since George Wash· I being the same year as the Con· ing into being after centuries of ington selected the site for the stitution of the United States subjugation. They are looking "Federal City" of Washington in arouses exciting thoughts con· not only for independence but 1790 and construction of the cerning the past, present and for freedom and respect. In Capitol was started in 1793, future, not only of the Univer· these circumstances we must Georgetown has contributed men sity, but of the Nation itself. even rediscover the elements of of high principle to the Govern· These thoughts run the gamut freedom and make them effec· ment of the United States-hun· of climax after climax, successes, tive both at home and abroad . dreds of them-Senators, Con· failures, and all our hopes for We are still paying the price of gressmen, Cabinet Officers, the future. the slavery our Nation practiced Judges and other Government at the time this University came officials who often are not widely into being, and we must discover known, but without whom our The theme you have chosen the way to make meaningful in Government could not have be· for your anniversary, "Wisdom every respect the great princi· come great. These people have and Discovery for a Dynamic pies that are symbolized in the served well in every crisis World," is also productive of words, "All Men Are Created through which our Nation has such thoughts because in every Equal ," and "Equal Protection passed. Our Nation was born in · phase of modern life, we are in of the Laws ." A materialistic crisis, and it has been our lot to an age which cries out for Dis· world has faced us with the pass through many of them to the covery through Wi sdom. The nat· challenge to rediscover through one we face today. Of all of them, ural sciences and technology the Good Book the real meaning the worst was the War of theRe· have made discoveries that have of "The fatherhood of God and bell ion. At that time, Georgetown profoundly changed our way of the brotherhood of man" in the was a thriving University. There life and the changes cry out for light of present·day conditions. were students here from all parts social adjustment to keep them I am sure those are the things of the Union. When the drums of in harness. In the political world, you had in mind when you dedi· war rolled, hundreds of students strange and bitter authoritarian cated this anniversary to "Wis· left these halls of learning to en· ideologies have attempted to dom and Discovery for a Dy · list in the Armed Forces, some in stop the march of freedom, an d namic World." And wisdom it the Army of the United States, those who believe in the dignity will take-all the wisdom we can others in the Army of the Con · of man and his right to live at muster. federacy. Georgetown never for· I got he r sons, but on the con­ National Government with pow- trary, after the War sought tore­ ers adequate to meet foreign unite them in a spirt of unity and and domestic problems effec­ in loyalty to the Union wh ich had tively. More than 4,000 cases prevailed . Today we all celebrate were decided by the Court dur­ the centennial of one of those ing his tenure. Of these, he wrote wartime classes -the Class of more than 700 opinions on al­ 1863. Among the members of most every phase of the law, that cl ass was one who was many of them of great impor­ destined to exemplify that unity tance. in an outstanding way. He was But the most important con ­ Edward D. White, later to be­ tribution White made to the Na­ come Chief Justice of the Un ited tion was the spirit of unity which States. He was but 16 yea rs of he engendered on the Court and age when the War broke out He the reconciliation which he fos­ was a Lo uisianian by birth, the tered throughout his long public son of a Governor of that State, career after the War. It was , in­ a Catholic by faith, an d the deed, a tribute to him, a former product of Jesuit teaching. Once Confederate soldier, when all his home, he ran away without the colleagues asked the President family approval, and enjisted as unprecedented step. He ap­ of the United States to appoint a private in the Armed Forces of pointed Edward D. White to be him Chief Justice, something his State. Later, as a lieutenant the ninth Chief Justice of the that as far as we know never he was captured by the Union Un ited States. He thus became happened in the history of our Army at Port Hudson and was the first and with one exception country. On the Court at that eventually paroled home. Sick the only man on the Supreme time was Justice Oliver Wendell and racked by fever, he wended Court ever to be appointed Chief Holmes. Striking, indeed, was his way home on foot to the Justice. In that capacity he the friendship between these point of utter exhaustion. He served with great distinction for two. Both of them had known collapsed on the side of the road, the rema inder of his life. the rigors of the War , the one and while he lay there it is said White's 27 years of service on fighting for the Union, th ~ other the Supreme Court were eventful that a good Samaritan ca me for the South. Holmes had been ones in the development of ou r along, took off his own blue five times wounded and was dis­ Nation. In this period, marked by overcoat and put it over the charged as a Brevet Colonel. two wars, America became a boy's shoulders. It was at that White had almost died as he major world power. Domestic­ moment he later stated that the made his way homeward across ally, the epoch saw enormous in­ future Chief Justice decided to a war-torn land. And yet these dustrial and commercial devel ­ devote hi s energies to a recon­ two, during clement weather, opment, and an increasing ro le ciliation between the North an d used to stroll frequently, arm in by the National Government in the South. After the War, he be­ arm, from the Capitol towards the country's affairs. Inevitably, came a lawyer and entered -poli­ White's home. Theirs was an the social and economic prob­ tics in the tradition of the fam­ abiding friendship. lems of the day were reflected ily. He served successively as Perhaps more remarkable in the litigation before the Court. State Legi slator, a trial judge, was the fact that White came to White viewed the Constitution as member of the Louisiana Su­ see that the greater values of an expanding document, flexible preme Court, and United States the Constitution had to be pre­ enough to respond to conditions Senator. Then in 1894, White ferred to the cause he had loved not envisioned by the Founding took his seat as Associate Jus­ and fought for. This was touch­ Fathers. Rather than a "barrier tice of the Supreme Court of the ingly demonstrated when in to progress," he said it was "the United States under appoint­ 1914 he said: ment by President Cleveland - broad highway through which a recognition of his outstanding alone true progress may be en ­ "Now with the mists of the service to State and Nation. In joyed." Though a devoted son of conflict of the Civil War 1910, upon the death of Chief his native State and a proud war­ cleared from my vision, as my Justice Full er, President Taft, at rior for the Confederacy, he real ­ eyes fall with tender reverence the request of all the other ized that the survival and growth upon that thin gray line, lo, members of the Court, took an of a strong America required a the invisible has become the visible and the Blue and the who had no voting rights. In the many others like them, cou ld Gray, thank God, are one. I famous case of Guinn v. United cast aside their earlier differ­ see it (peace and brother­ States in 1914, known as the ences and resulting prejudices hood) illustrated in that flag Grandfather Clause Case, he and work together for the that stands behind me .... wrote the opinion invalidating strengthening of the Union after In the clarified vision in which the practice as being contrary having fought on opposite sides it is now given to me to see it, to the Constitution of the United in a divisive war, certainly Amer­ as I look upon its azure field, States. icans of today should be able it is res pendent with the lustre When Chief Justice White and willing to submerge their of the Southern cross, and as wrote this opinion, he was not differences and irritations for I contemplate its stripes they only making manifest his own the common good. Nothing less serve to mark the broad way strong and generous character, wi ll serve the cause of America. for the advance of a mighty but he was reflecting the prin­ Immediately after the Civi l people blessed with that plen­ ciples of this University and the War, Georgetown as a symbol of titude of liberty t_empered with teaching that he received here unity adopted the colors of Blue justice and self-restraint es­ in the troubled days of the Class and Gray. It again brought to­ sential to the protection of the of 1863. gether students from all parts rights of all. And thus again I He was reflecting the spirit of of the land. For the last hundred see, although t~e Stars and unity that had guided the des­ years, they have come together bars have faded widely and tinies of this School for genera­ here under those colors to the forever, the fundamental as­ tions. He was reflecting great great enrichment of our coun­ pirations which they symbol­ credit on his University, and I try. It thus became in the edu­ ized find their imperishable am sure that everyone con­ cational world a symbol of unity existence in the stars and nected with it is today happy to as the United States became in stripes." celebrate the anniversary of his the political world. As it pro­ What a profession of faith in class and the anniversary of the jected its established principles, the lasting unity and brother­ abolition of slavery at the same ideals and traditions to uphold hood of our Nation! He con­ time that you are celebrating the our common heritage it com­ quered his early prejudices and 175th anniversary qf your bined religious and ethical val­ felt free to admit that the seces ­ founding. ues in a scientific and humanistic sion had been both unconstitu­ We need that spirit of unity culture. These values are implicit tional and unwise. "My God," and reconciliation now as much in your motto, "Utraque Unum," he once said in anguish, " My as we did in his day. The world signifying that spiritual and eth­ God if we had succeeded." is divided by bitterness, and that ical values are at one with the And his action fitted his bitterness has found its way into scientific, cultural and political words. When the Southern segments of our national life. ideals of man~ind. In such a tra ­ States attempted to avoid the Unrestrained by our better na­ dition one can find the wisdom proscription of the 15th Amend­ tures, it can do us untold in ­ needed for this age that is upon ment to the Constitution which jury. We are in another crisis as us. guaranteed the right of every grave as that which brought the I congratulate you on your American to vote without regard Constitution of the United States one hundred and seventy-fifth to "race, colour or previous into being. It is a world crisis, birthday, and I join you in hon­ condition of servitude," he stood and how long it will last we can ­ oring the memory of one of your squarely for the words of the not know. It is a crisis that is students of the Class of 1863, Constitution. Some of the States, born of bitterness ana it is axi­ a great American, the ninth Chief in order to prevent Negroes omatic that bitterness begets Justice of the United States, from voting provided in sub­ bitterness. Edward D. White. stance that all persons were eli­ We don't know that if we are gibl~ to vote if their grandfathers to play a noble part in the affairs had been eligible prior to 1866 of the world, we must be a united to vote. That was the year after nation; united in spirit and the Constitution, through the united in action. It is the spirit 13th Amendment, prohibited of unity that has made us a great slavery forevermore. This, of Nation, and nothing less than course, would have defranchised unity will sustain us as -such in all the Negroes because their the future. If Chief Justice White grandfathers had been slaves and Mr. Justice Holmes, and CATHOLIC HIGHER EDUCATION: Characteristics and achievement

I Reverend Gerard F. Yates, S.J.

I. In setting about my task this evening I am em­ have shown how pointless is the ancient vice of boldened by the knowledge that this great univer­ odium theologicum. And it is in the same kindly sity, to which I am already indebted in so many spirit of inquiry that I hope to explore the charac­ ways, has recently conferred academic honors on ter and accomplishments of Catholic higher edu­ an old friend and confrere of mine, the Reverend cation in the United States. For the subject of edu­ Gustave Weigel, S.J. , who some days previously cation is only slightly less controversial-if at all­ had been similarly honored at my own university. than theology and religion. So much of his work as a theologian has been in I cannot claim any special expertness in the field removing walls of misunderstanding and building which has been assigned to me. Many of my con­ bridges between different churches; and Yale has temporaries were prone to a certain scepticism graciously honored him for his irenic spirit in which about the formal study of education. Was not the clear conviction is never sullied by the asperity of mastering of a field of knowledge-so the argument controversy. "You have broken through theRe­ ran-more important that devising methods of im­ formation wall," his citation ran, "and pioneered parting it? The aim of education was obviously the in Catholic-Protestant dialogue." He and other harmonious development·of "the whole man"-and Christian spokesmen, without sacrifice of principle, what "the whole man" was could be inferred with- out too much difficulty from one's philosophy. How different the medieval vision as expressed in There was an emphasis on the wisdom of the past, Beatrice's speech to Dante and the hope implicit in on classical literature, not only as a discipline for it: "Admire how great the company of the robes mind and literary style, but as a depository of "the of white, Behold our city, how wide it spreads its best that has been said and thought." This is an gyres." over-simplification, to be sure, even a caricature. The Catholic educator, then, in framing an edu­ Certainly I would not repudiate my classical train­ cational system to prepare youth for a full, respon­ ing. But as regards our present discussion, my own sible life in today's world, takes as his point of de­ professional studies-apart from ecclesiastical sub­ parture traditional wisdom, illumined by faith, jects- have been in the field of political science about man and his place in the universe. On the rather than education, my teaching and adminis­ one hand, he is conscious that his is the oldest cul­ trative work has been practically all at one place. tural heritage in the West, whose institutional em­ I can hardly claim, then, depth of knowledge or bodiment is the Catholic Church. The Catholic's breadth of view. I can only offer you the reflections system of thought is rooted in a spiritual tradition, of one who is deeply committed to teaching and leading him back through the ceaselessly varying scholarship in a Catholic University which was I I patterns of concrete events, to a still, high plane called by the late Pope Pius XI "the Alma Mater of changeless principle. His view of life, the basic of all Catholic colleges in the United States." assumptions of his educational system, are founded What I shall attempt here is, first to state in ultimately on certain propositions about man and general terms the problem of the Catholic educator the universe-his relationship to God, for example, in organizing his system; next, to outline enough of and to other men-that Catholics deem to be the history of the Catholic Church in this country divinely revealed. From these truths, which are the so that the development of its educational system objects of study, not of search, he arrives at others may be better understood; third, to examine sev­ by using all the powers of his mind. But he will eral important characteristics of Catholic educa­ never discover a new state of nature, for example, tion; and finally, to indicate its accomplishments, as did Rousseau, or a new matrix for human de­ with some attention to recent criticism from Cath­ velopment as did Marx. His life and all his striving olic sources. Though the relation of these ideas to is a testimony to the inquietum cor of St. Augus­ our conference theme is round-about, I believe that tine. For him, man will ever be the creature of God, they may suggest a new dimension to our discus­ destined to find fulfillment in God. He can never sion. In any event, I am most grateful to Yale and "wipe the slate clean" and begin all over again. the conference committee for the opportunity to Yet the Catholic educator is an inquirer, too. He address you on a topic of great intrinsic interest. classifies, forms hypotheses, generalizes. He works II. in the same framework of intellectual disciplines If one's idea of the state must be plotted with and cultural concerns as his contemporaries. Here reference to two axes, a theory of man and a at times a special difficulty may confront him. The theory of the universe, so surely must one's philos­ Catholic thinker must explain not only his basic ophy of education. If a man is merely a tangle of principles but often his terminology as well, for the atoms, fortuitously combined, fortuitously dis­ very continuity of his tradition seems almost to solved, if the grave is the ultimate fact of life, have imposed on him an idiom of discourse quite surely the principles, judgements and values con­ unfamiliar to his contemporaries. I have particu­ veyed to a student will reflect these suppositions. larly in mind some well-worn phrases of scholastic Fate or freedom, chance or choice, immortality or theology and philosophy. dissolution-these are quite dissimilar matrices, Finally, he must develop the application of his each with its consequences for ethics, aesthetics, principles to comprehend new needs, new facts, metaphysics. Thus the bright dawn of Homeric new situations. The rate of change in the modern .Greece cannot quite outshine an underlying des­ world is exponential; ours is a conspicuously dy­ pair when we hear the great Achilles tell Odysseus, namic world. And if principles are ultimate, they are not therefore static, they should be capable of "Seek not to speak sooth· expansion and adaption. If it is true, for example, ing ly to me of death . .. I that the two great commandments of the Gospel should choose, so I might point the way to peace and h appiness, it is still live on earth, to serve as the necessary to discover how they may be applied, hireling of another, of some step by step, in the weighting of subjects in a cur­ portionless man ... rather riculum, e.g., or in literary or artistic criticism, or than to be lord over a II of the passing judgment on social and international prob­ dead . ... " lems. The Catholic educator, then, must take care that the continuity or perspective which his tradi­ tion should impart to his views does not issue in mere static generalities and solutions, empty be­ cause they are oversimplified. The words of the Gospel may very appositely be applied here: "Every scholar, then, whose learning is of the king­ dom of heaven must be like a rich man, who knows how to bring both new and old things out of his treasure house." III. I shall return presently to the characteristics and aims of Catholic higher education. I believe, how­ ever, that such a discussion will be more meaning­ ful if it is introduced by an historical sketch of the Catholic Church and its educational system in the United States. Of the colonial period little need be said. Spain agreed on one thing- their relentless opposition to was the first European power to establish perma­ Catholicism, which characterized all the colonies nent settlements in what today is the United from Massachusetts to Georgia. To this intolerance States. From the Florida peninsula, around through there were two brilliant exceptions-the colonies of the Southwest and up into northern California, a Maryland and Pennsylvania. The former's found­ network of missions, a fabric of civilization spread. ers, George and Cecil Calvert, the Barons Balti­ Church and state were closely united; churchmen more, were Catholics, and they were dedicated to and Spanish government officials bitterly fought, the idea of religious toleration. but the primitive peoples of t he area learned the A majority of the first Maryland settlers in 1634 arts of peace-agriculture, husbandry, the care of were members of the Church of England, but life the vine, and all manner of handicrafts. We Ameri­ in the early years of the colony was characterized cans-and I include American Catholics- are often by mutual respect and toleration. Charles M. An­ quite ignorant of this fascinating history. It was drews rightly asserts: "In that respect, the settle­ an American Protestant scholar, the late Herbert ment of Maryland holds a unique place in the his­ Eugene Bolton of the University of California, for­ tory of English colonization." Puritan sabot~ge was mer President of the American Historical Associa­ soon to end this idyll. In spite of the Act of Tolera­ tion, who did most to promote an unbiased view tion of 1649, drafted by Lord Baltimore and passed of Spanish America. Franciscans and Jesuits, men by an assembly composed of Catholics and Protes­ like Junipero Serra and Eusebio Kino, deserve a tants, the Puritan victory destroyed the sanctuary place in any list of colonial pioneers. They and of liberty, and presently the r uthless regime of their confreres were the explorers, the cartograph­ English penal laws against Catholics was applied ers, and linguists, the anthropologists, the builders in all its rigor. of this vast area, as were their brethren in Canada. At about the same time that these events were New France, the St. Lawrence and Mississippi taking place, a new colony was beginning to the valleys, the region around the Great Lakes, were North. William Penn had wanted to found a com­ the second great area of Catholic penetration in munity where all who believed in God would enjoy the colonial period. Here there was a greater de­ freedom of worship and civil rights. So tolerant a gree of permanent settlement. Here too, the abo­ policy did not commend itself to t he government rigines were often more warlike and more savage, I in London; nevertheless in practice the rule of the and not only against the French explorer and colon colony was generous to Catholics. Many Maryland but against each other. Here the Recollets and families migrated there, and before the middle of J esuits pioneered, and t he names of Marquette the 18th Century, English Jesuits were active in and Hennepin appear on our maps, while the the ministry. A few of their German confreres fol­ church venerates as saints and martyrs eight lowed, for Catholic immigrants from the Rhine­ Jesuits put to death by the Iroquois in Canada and la nd were settling on the fine farm lands to the what is now New York State. France also estab­ west of Philadelphia. lished a settlement on the Gulf Coast, now known Elsewhere there is hardly any record of Catholic as Mobile, and the great colony of Louisiana. settlement. There was the honorable but short­ English settlement of these shores was, of course, lived attempt in New York, under the governor­ the most continuous, influential, and ultimately ship of the Catholic Colonel Thomas Dongan, to the most extensive. Both Anglican and Puritan establish religious freedom through a Bill of Rights adopted in 1683. The regime lasted for mostly poor and undistinguished, with one bishop, only five years; once more the Puritans triumphed, John Carroll, and one college he had founded, Dongan was hunted like a criminal, the Jesuits Georgetown. Its purpose, like that of older colleges were once more put to flight. But if one would founded in colonial days, was in part to educate trace the ancestry of the First Amendment to the candidates for the ministry. Thus Carroll wrote to United States Constitution, Lord Baltimore, Wil­ a friend: "On this academy is built all my hope of liam Penn and Thomas Dongan, a Quaker and two permanency and success to our Holy religion in the Catholics, are in the direct line. And what they at­ United States." Perhaps it would be well to recall tempted to do was not motivated by religious in­ that of the 182 permanent colleges founded before differentism but by realistic statesmanship and a the Civil War, 175 were under religious control. In sense of respect for the rights of the other party. all of these, the preparation of a learned ministry What wonder then that, when the Revolution was a principal objective. It was almost universally broke in 1775, the Catholics rallied to its support­ taken for granted that there would be a strong the Marylander, Charles Carroll of Carrollton, one spiritual bond, if not a formal legal connection, of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, between church and college, and even college and at their head? What wonder, either that the Cath­ state. olic French of Canada, satisfied with tpeir status But the encouragement of priestly vocations was under the Quebec Act, and alarmed at the anti­ not to be Georgetown's sole or even major end. Catholic reaction the same act provoked to the Like the Jesuit colleges of an earlier day in Europe, South, refused to join the American colonists, in it was to have a more comprehensive educational spite of the mission of Benjamin Franklin, Samuel aim: "And though no member," said Carroll Chase, and the two cousins Charles Carroll and again, "should take to the Church, we conceive this Father John Carroll? What wonder, finally, that end alone worthy of our most earnest concurrence this same Father Carroll, soon to become America's ... "the end, that is, of diffusing knowledge and first Catholic bishop, should express the true tradi­ promoting virtue. 11 tion of his Maryland homeland and the full aspira­ The position of Georgetown, then and the Cath­ tion of his Catholic fellow countrymen, when he olic colleges which followed it was not unlike that wrote in his prospectus for Georgetown College in of other denominational institutions-by far the 1787 that it would "be open to Students of every majority at this time. All of them benefited from religious Profession" -a quite original gesture in legally established freedom of religion. This status American education. was not only a reflection of the sound principles of Let me remark here that the American Revolu­ the founding fathers; it was a practical recognition tion and the documents, state and federal, that of the impossibility of favoring one religion over bear it witness, were not secularist, still less anti­ another in the presence of such a variety of sects. religious. As the English historian E . E. Y. Hales As Hales puts it, "religious equality in the United has put it, drawing on the Declaration of Indepen­ States was the outcome of the play of historical dence, the Constitution of Massachusetts, and the forces; the union of so religiously divergent a Bill of Rights, "The American Revolution said, in people permitted no other solution." effect, that God was real, was the author of justice, The early decades of the nineteenth century and ought to be worshipped." The Constitutional were characterized by a great religious ferment. To Convention of 1788 was a far cry from the Paris this the denominational colleges contributed convention of 1793, and a whole world removed greatly, and as the frontier mover ever westward, from the Supreme Soviet of 1917. new foundations multiplied. Many of the great Here, then, on the morrow of the revolution, was state universities also trace their origins to this a small Catholic community-some 35,000 in all- period. The number of foundations, both Catholic and other, is astonishing; surely it reflects the en­ thusiasm of the founders rather than the resources available or the number of qualified students. A Catholic authority tells us that "of 42 Catholic colleges founded between 1786 and 1850 only ten were permanent.... Although this was a high mortality rate, it was slightly lower than the rate for non-Catholic colleges which was about 80%." With the expanding frontier a misionary motive for founding colleges became prominent in the minds of educational pioneers, Catholic and Prot­ estant alike. "The American college was typically a frontier institution .... The unusually large num­ particularly in New York and Philadelphia, was bers of small colleges founded in America consti­ the question of public support for church schools, tutes one of the most distinctive features of our and also of the availability of the Douai Bible to development in higher education." But another Catholic children in public schools. This was the darker side to the bright picture of immigration period when, had a more tolerant attitude pre­ and settlement showed itself as the nineteenth cen­ vailed, it might have been possible to work out tury moved on. It deeply affected the Catholic arrangements similar to those of other countries of Church in America and its educational institutions, mixed religion, where all schools meeting prescribed and though this is a sad page in our history-sad standards receive state support. One writer com­ even as much of our interracial history is sad­ ments that the most lasting effect of the nativist some mention must be made of it here. movement "has been to prevent any religious in­ In sixty years from 1790 to 1850, the Catholic struction of any kind from being given in state population grew from 35,000 to over 1,600,000. In public schools ... lest public money might be the single decade 1850-1860 this number doubled found to be spent in support of Catholic teaching." again. The Catholics of the colonial and early Fed­ The argument which prevailed in New York "was eral periods were, by and large, homogeneous with not the argument that it was impracticable for the their fellow citizens, except in their religion; but state to provide for Catholics, Protestants and the great influx of Catholic immigrants inevitably Jews alike, but rather the argument .. . that it was had for its effect the setting apart of their Church immoral for any public money to be spent in any as a foreign thing, and the intensification of the way that might assist popery. 'If the fearful dilem­ already deep prejudice against this alien, exotic ma were forced on me [said one minister] of be­ body. Agitation and incitement against Catholics coming an infidel or a Roman Catholic, according became so violent that on one occasion (in August, to the entire system of popery, with all it idolatry, 1834) a mob, stirred up by the eloquence of a well­ superstition, and violent opposition to the Bible I known minister, burned down the convent of the would rather be an infidel than a papist'." Ursuline nuns at Charlestown, Massachusetts, a Though these disputes concerned elementary highly regarded school attended by many non­ schools, it may easily be inferred how the deep Catholic girls from Boston. Hales's comment is elo­ cleavage produced by the nativist movement forced quent: "For this event only one man was brought Catholics to think of themselves more and more as to trial, and he was acquitted. But the Massachu­ a beleaguered minority, encouraged a defensive setts legislature saw fit to set up a committee for mentality among them, and provided an addjtional the inspection of convents." Similar violence threat­ motive for the development of Catholic colleges­ ened later in New York. But there, the redoubt­ the protection of the faith of those under attack. able Bishop John Hughes vindicated the rights of As time went on, this motive may have become un­ his flock. When the authorities refused to guaran­ duly prominent in the minds of many Catholics. tee protection, he stationed armed guards around Further to prolong these historical considera­ the churches, warning the Mayor and his Council tion would be to distort the emphasis of this paper. that his people should not be provoked. "If any But it is important to point out that education not Catholic Church is burned here, New York will be only shapes society but is shaped by it. Catholic a Moscow," said Hughes. Billington comments: education would not have taken the somewhat "Such an attitude, belligerent as it was, was neces­ separatist form it did had it not been for the op­ sary, for only through open threats could blood­ pression of Colonial times, the joyful victory of shed have been averted in New York in those religious freedom after the Revolution, followed by troubled days . . . Bishop Hughes deserves credit renewed intolerance under the impact of the immi­ for saving New York from a period of mob rule . gration and nativism during the 19th Century. . . . " In the end, New York calmed down and avoided the unfortunate example of Philadelphia, where during the course of a three-day riot in 1844 two churches and a seminary were burned as well as rows of houses, thirteen lives were lost, and fifty men wounded. To summarize briefly, the 1840's and 50's witnessed anti-Catholic riots, burnings of churches, attacks on convents on a widespread scale throughout the land. It is necessary to recall t hese unhappy events of the Nativist, Know-Nothing movement because the immediate occasion for much of the agitation, So spurred on by a new challenge, Catho~ , nature, man and God. "Admit a God," says New-l schools and colleges multiplied across the land. It man, "and you introduce among the subjects of has been by no means an unqualified success story your knowledge a fact encompassing, closing in -and certainly not such in material terms. Power upon, every other fact conceivable." Not that edu­ lists 268 Catholic Colleges for men founded from cation begins and ends with theology. As Newman 1786 until 1956; of these, only 82 survived as of puts it elsewhere," ... the object of the Catholic that date. This number of institutions and the Church in setting up universities .. . is to reunite variety of fields offered is astonishing, especially things which were in the beginning joined together when one considers the limited resources of the by God, and have been put asunder by man. Some Catholic community and the many importunate persons will say that I am thinking of confining, demands on it-not forgetting the claims of the tax distorting and stunting the growth of intellect by collectors. So fastidious a critic as Evelyn Waugh ecclesiastical supervision. I have no such thought. has summed up the results: "This achievement is Nor have I any thought of a compromise, as if re­ indeed something entirely unique. Without help ligion must give up something, and science some­ from the state-indeed in direct competition with thing. I wish the intellect to range with the utmost it-the poor of the nation have covered their land freedom, and religion to enjoy an equal freedom; with schools, colleges and universities, boldly as­ but what I am stipulating is that they should be serting the principle that nothing less than an en­ fo und in one and the same place and exemplified tire Christian education is necessary to produce in the same persons. I want to destroy that diver­ Christians. For the Faith is not a mere matter of sity of centres, which puts everything into confu­ learning a few prayers and pious stories in the sion by creating contrariety of influences. I wish home. It is a complete culture infusing all humane the same spots and the same individuals to be at knowledge .... The Englishman, who can boast once oracles of philosophy and shrines of devotion. no single instiution of higher Catholic education It will not satisfy me, what has satisfied so many, ... can only applaud what American Catholics to have two independent systems, intellectual and have done in the last one hundred years." religious, going at once side by side, by a sort of IV. division of labor, and only accidentally brought to­ Early in this paper I observed that one's view gether." of man and his place in the universe determines In this total, theocentric view of life-and hence one's educational objectives. Catholic reason illu­ of education-is to be found the Catholi c's inte­ mined by faith is quite clear about these points. In grating principle. He is a creature of God, a child referring to them, one would not expect acqui­ of God, destined to find fulfilment in God-as are essence in the Catholic view, but a realization at all men. From this principle also springs his belief least that it embodies a cultural heritage of consid­ in the unique value of the human person, endowed able standing, from the New Testament, through with rights which are not created by society but Augustine and the Schoolmen, to Newman and our are implanted by the loving hand of the Creator own day, with converging streams from Plato, and Father. Aristotle, and the Stoics. It has often been said Many critics have deplored the lack of any simi­ that Catholicism is not only a creed but a culture. lar integrating principle in American culture and That is, it is not merely an assent to a number of education at large. Walter Lippmann, for example, propositions dealing with man's relation to God, as far back as his Preface to Morals and as recently implemented, so to speak, by a certain ritual of as his Public Philosophy, expresses his concern worship. It is an attitude toward the whole of life, about the virtual disappearance of an agreed frame­ inspired by religion. From the Catholic's religious work of values for both public and private life, convictions there springs a hierarchy of values and founded in the rational faculty of man. "If," says priorities, and I shall attempt at this point to dis­ Lippmann, alluding to Sartre, "what is good, what tinguish some characteristics of this attitude. In so is true, is only what the individual 'chooses' to 'in­ doing, I shall be describing what Catholic educa­ vent,' then we are outside the tradition of civility." tion strives to impart, higher education in particu­ Here is to be found a second characteristic of Cath­ lar. It may well be that these objectives are not olic education, its rationalistic emphasis-the con­ quite fully realized nor adequately achieved. They viction that, after all these centuries, there are some are none the less the ideal-laid up, perhaps, in things that are proven; and while we may pene­ heaven. trate more deeply ino their meaning, we are not Probably the most important characteristic of the going to have to discover new things in their place. Catholic view of life and Catholic education is The imprint of Plato, Aristotle, and the Schoolmen totality. It would strive to encompass not only is strong on Catholic education, and Catholic col­ sensible reality but the immaterial world as well- leges require a substantial amount of formal schol- astic philosophy i n their curriculum. he does not view a Catholic college program as It seems to m e t hat a healthy insistence on the "secular" subjects plus the formal teaching of re­ value of reason is of particular importance in a ligion, or a Catholic college as a hothouse, still less democratic society. Decisions must be made ration­ a stockade, within which youth are to be sheltered ally, discussed rationally-not merely in terms of from the hostile world. It is rather a place where "I will" or "I like." There must be a sense of law­ this Catholic attitude towards life as a whole may fulness-of fas- to which decisions can be referred. be communicated. And I think you will agree that, All the hidden persuaders, attitude manipulators, to the degree that this communication can success­ propagandists must be held accountable to reason. fully take place, the result will be anything but "The rule of reason" is a lawyer's commonplace; parochial, one-sided, or inadequate. It will be hu­ the classical d efinition of law-alllaw, divine or mane, in the poet Terence's sense and Catholic in human-enshrined in Catholic philosophy describes the most complete sense. it as "an ordinance of reason." The Catholic edu­ v. cator believes that truth is attainable; that inquiry Such is the aspiration; what of the achievement? must somewhere have an end, must lead at last to Well, "A man's reach much exceed his grasp." The a verifiable conclusion. road has been a difficult one. I have noted already One must single o ut other characteristics of the large proportion of foundations that did not Catholic thought - a certain respect for tradition, smvive. Yet the tendency to expand continues. Ac­ for example, which might be described as pietas, corc!ing to the latest figures, there are at present 36 reverence, a sense of one's place in the scheme of accredited Catholic universities, 53 four-year col­ things. Or one might notice an awareness, both in leges for men, and 127 four-year colleges for life and li terature, of a life to come. As St. Paul women; their total enrollment is 321,284. Like said: "We have an everlasting city, but not here; their counterparts under other religious or secular our goal is the city that is one day to be." These auspices, these institutions vary in quality and attitudes stem from t he conviction that human scope. What is important is the steady improve­ history is linear, a steady progression from divine ment, particularly since World War II, which creation to fulfillment in the divine. shows itself in improved curricula and greatly Let me emphasize the fact that none of these strengthened staffs. Though most of these colleges characteristics is uniquely Catholic. I believe, how­ are principally concerned with Liberal Arts comses, ever, that the combination of them and the degree there has been considerable development in profes­ of intensity with which they pervade the Catholic sional departments as well, beginning with the mind is the mainspring of Catholic culture. These establishment of Georgetown's School of Medicine, are the attitudes that should color the Catholic in 1849-now the nucleus of a center comprising a educator's interpretation of reality and his present­ 400-bed hospital, a School of Nursing, and a School ation of it to his students. He would argue that his of Dentistry. interpretation of reality would be less than ade­ There are five other medical schools and 21 law quate if it did not reflect these characteristics. So schools under Catholic auspices, as well as other professional institutions. What will be of more in­ terest to this gathering is the extent of doctoral programs in academic fields. There are ten Catho­ lic graduate schools (six of them under the direc­ tion of the Society of Jesus) which offer the Doc­ torate in three or more areas. Together, they offer a total of 25 fields (I am not distinguishing the various specialities within fields as for example in Biology or History). Oddly enough, perhaps, the most frequent fields are chemistry, history, and philosophy, offered by nine of the ten schools. Next come English and Physics, offered by seven. It would take far too long to describe curricu­ lar development and to present statistics of various programs and enrollments. Catholic education has often been charged with inadequate achievement in the field of natural sciences. This may well be a valid observation. I suggest, however, that it re­ flects a shortage of material resources rather than cultural unconcern. This shortage is now gradually CONTRIBUTOR'S NOTE •..

Reverend Gerard F. Yates, S.J., is Foreign Stu­ dent Advisor at Georgetown, Professor of Gov­ ernment and former Dean of the Graduate School. The paper reprinted here was pre­ sented by Father Yates nt a Terminal Confer­ ence for Senior Foreign Fulbright Grantees nt Yale University.

lessened as government and private foundations article is studded with brilliant insights; the gen­ distribute their support more widely. It is hard to eral effect, however, is to leave a somewhat sour break out of the iron circle of poverty. Grants are taste. He goes so far as to state as a postulate (sic) bestowed where fine scientists are found; but they that the "general Catholic community in America are attracted where fine facilities exist-which facili­ does not know what scholarship is." I wonder ties are attainable only through grants and large whether, if one changed the adjective "Catholic" capital gifts. It may be mentioned in this context to Baptist or Presbyterian or indeed any other that there are Nobel Prize winners at Fordham minority designation, the proposition would not be and St. Louis Universities, while at Georgetown equally true; and therefore whether it really means there is a brilliant young experimental physicist very much. One may experiment with this state­ whose scientific contributions include the method ment, varying the religious group and the country of detecting nuclear detonations anywhere in the named, and find that it is one of those generaliza­ world. tions that has a stunning verbal effect but little In recent years there has been considerable criti­ meaningful content. cism, from Catholic sources, of Catholic intellectual However valid or otherwise these and other simi­ achievement and hence of Catholic higher educa­ lar criticisms may have been (and I am convinced tion. Two of the most important critical statements that even when they were put forth they needed have come from Monsignor John Tracy Ellis, Pro­ considerable qualification), there is evidence that fessor of American Church History, Catholic Uni­ they are now definitely out of date. A sociologist versity, and my confrere, Father Gustave Weigel, at the University of Chicago, the Reverend An­ S.J., Professor of Ecclesiology in Woodstock Col­ drew M. Greeley, working in the National Opinion lege. A debater would point out that both Monsig­ Research Center, has offered excellent statistical nor Ellis and Fr. Weigel are products of Catholic evidence to show a marked improvement in the colleges and universities, from their lowest degrees quality of Catholic college graduates. This material to their highest; but what of their arguments? is in the writer's doctoral dissertation, presented in Monsignor Ellis, writing in 1955, deplores the 1962, and in two articles based on it. The "anti­ scarcity and-lack of influence of American Catho­ intellectualist" view of Catholics would have it lic intellectuals. He speaks of a Catholic "self-im­ that graduates of Catholic colleges a.re less likely posed ghetto mentality," and draws on a number than others to go to graduate school, less likely to of statistical studies (based, it must be said, on choose academic fields - above all, the natural data already fairly old at the time of his writing) sciences - than vocational fields, less likely to be which purport to show the. mediocrity or worse of religious, loyal to their Catholic college, and so on. Catholic intellectual attainment. Greeley's studies show rather the reverse. They are Father Weigel, in an article published in 1957, based on an investigation made by the National does not concern himself with statistics. Instead, Opinion Research Center_of the career plans of after some important observations on the general some 35,000 college graduates of June 1961. To problem of the relation of theology and the Church summarize some of the more important findings, and secular knowledge, he offers some well-taken the statistics indicate that Catholic college gradu­ criticism of inadequate teaching of philosophy and ates of that year were more likely to go to gradu­ religion in Catholic institutions, suggesting, how­ ate school than Protestants. If they had decided on ever, that such teaching is typical. He remarks graduate work they were more likely to choose the that, in America, "the weak presence -of Catholics academic fields than their Protestant and Jewish in natioQal scholarship is a Catholic problem." His classmates. Whether these Catholic graduates had attended Catholic colleges or non-Catholic private ~ ectors of American education. My own university institutions made no difference: the percentage of from its very beginning has been vastly enriched those planning graduate work was the same in by professors who came to us from abroad and each. Both of these groups appeared more likely to Americans who completed their studies abroad. plan graduate education than Catholics in public Now the balance is changing, the debt is being re­ colleges. And, as a final indication, one-t hird of paid. I can speak wit h some authority of George­ the academic graduate students from the Catholic town, but I believe that our situation is not unique. colleges planned to study in the physical sciences. We are being approached by ma ny countries of Greeley concludes: "Perhaps no statistical argu­ South America and Africa with proposals to initi­ ment ever proves anything with certainty; how­ ate college - and university-level courses in lan­ ever, it is quite clear what the NORC study does guages, the medical sciences, the social sciences. It not prove. It offers not a bit of evidence for the is worthy of note that some of these countries want alleged intellectual inferiority of Catholics or of privately controlled education, not state education Catholic schools. Those within the Church who alone. I remarked early in his paper that my direct feel that the inferiority does in fact exist are now participation in such matters is limited to one place, in a position where they must bring up new evi­ and I trust that you will not feel that my refer­ dence or at least retreat into silence." As Greeley ences to Georgeown are excessive. I mention it now points out, enrollment in graduate school is not the again only as evidence that, in addition to achiev­ same as receiving the doctorate, and receiving the ing at least an adequate level in liberal and profes­ doctorate is not a charisma of scholarship. But sional education and looking forward to new re­ there is now a large starting field in the race. Few sponsibilities in international education, it has made ever achieve greatness; perhaps, at any rate, more some unique contributions to American education. Catholics are now approaching it. Such, I believe, was the concept of a specialized VI. School of Foreign Service which was inaugurated This survey, superficial as it has necessarily in 1919, and the modern approach to the teaching been, must now be brought into relation with the of languages in our Institute of Languages and Conference theme, "Education in a World of Crisis." Linguistics founded in 1949. And this year, a new The qualities which I have mentioned as charac­ research organization has been inaugurated, the teristic, in their combination, of the Catholic atti­ Georgetown University Center for Strategic tude toward life, are particularly relevant to this Studies, to be headed by Admiral Arleigh Burke, theme. Catholic education should impart perspec­ USN (ret.), former Chief of Naval Op eratio~s . The tive, a willingness to strive, a positive acceptance of purpose of this center is to conduct studies of the each man's obligation to face life and its problems, strategies by which free societies may utilize their individual and social. The world has faced crisis total strengh to preserve and develop the values before; one might argue that that is our normal underlying Western civilization. It will be a co­ stance. The Catholic's theocentric view should give operative organization in which it is expected that him stability and ultimate confidence in contend­ Georgetown scholars will collaborate with con­ ing with the world's evil. He will not seek solu­ sultants from other universities throughout the tions in better technology, but in improving the world. Other Catholic universities have also made quality of mind and will that employs material significant new contributions to American cultural resources. Above all, he will never be content to life. I have in mind the tremendous project of St. stay with things as they are; nothing but the best Louis University in microfilming the Vatican efforts, the best achievements of humanity are archives and housing this magnificent collection in worthy of humanity's Creator. a new library under ideal conditions for research. I have perhaps given a somewhat idealistic pic­ It may be fairly claimed, then, in the light of all ture of Catholic higher education. Yet I believe that I have said, that the achievement of Catholic that it is not a misleading one. No true educator education up to now has not been altogether incon­ will ever be satisfied with the present; he will con­ siderable. I believe that it will make a steadily stantly urge himself forward, redefining and clari­ greater contribution to American life in the future. fying his aims. Such definition and clarification lead the way directly to better performance. That this is happening now is not hard to dis­ cover. For example, America has been in a debtor relationship to the old world where scholars and scholarship have been concerned. Catholic higher education has probably been proportionately a greater importer of intellectual capital than other By Oscar Ornati

We live in a rich society and the that our economy can afford to efforts aimed at insuring higher United States of the 1960's is do away with poverty. Since rates of economic growth. Per· rightly viewed, the world over, doing away with poverty will re· ceptions of poverty and the as the model of an affluent so­ quire voter approval and sup­ hard facts of poverty appear to ciety. Yet poverty persists, and port to change the levels and be in conflict. Rural poverty as many are left untouched by the types of public expenditures, a condition of particular locali· general upward movement of this war will also require broad ties is overemphasized but the our economy. Recent history and public support and an emotional extent to which it is an urban the permanence of a large num· and intellectual commitment to and metropolitan phenomenon, ber of poor have shattered our battle and victory. and the problem of special belief that a sufficient enlarge· The necessary commitment groups, have been underplayed. ment of the economic pie will do can be ach ieved only by spread· Traditionally, poverty has away with most poverty. Having ing an understanding of what been considered to be the con· heard so much about the prob· poverty is, of how it is to be dition of persons whose re­ I ems of poverty and the develop· fought, and of what not winning sources are insufficient to satis· ment of society in other nations, this war might mean. At this fy minimum needs. He who is we are shocked and confused at ti me there is no agreement in poor is found to be the individ­ discovering our own . the country on a definition of ual living below "minimum sub· The call to do away with pov· poverty, the size of the problem, sistence," the individual who erty "here and now, " is loud and or actions to be taken. In Wash· does not live "adequately" or clear. President Johnson's State ington, in state capitols and in who lives in "deprivation." But, of the Union Message was a dec· city halls debate is rampant on having agreed that no one Ia ration of war on poverty, in line priorities and methods. Pro· should live below the level of with America's broadest and grams allegedly meant to do subsistence or that no one best values. Yet victory in this away with poverty and those de· should be deprived, we seem, war calls for more than the con­ signed to help "all of society" as a nation, unable to agree on viction that we are doing the are pitted against one another what subsistence or adequacy right thing and the knowledge and against fiscal and monetary means.

THE STRATEGY AND POLITICAL ECONOMY !OF THE WAR I AGAl NST POVERTY Ind ivid ua ls differ in their ideas veH's " one-third of a nation" ards of sufficiency. With respec;- ] of need , their feelings of justice, would be more likely one half of to both standards and numbers, their values. Their subjective es ­ the nation. Either exercise tells what is important and significant timates of need wi ll di ffer ac­ us more about changing stand­ in studying poverty and in mobil ­ cording to whether they are ards than about the number of izing opinion for anti-poverty ac­ themselves poor or not poor, the. poor. If comparisons are to tion is not any change but the thrifty or lax, interested in things be made they must be made in lack of change. To note that for or in id eas, conversant with or terms of contemporary stand­ many in America the conditions ignorant of the lives of the poor. ards and wh at needs to be meas ­ of prewar years have disappeared Their expl icit and , even more, ured is the number considered is of no more use than to note to their implicit notions abo ut the as living, say " below adequacy" the man working in a poorly workings of the economy and by 1947 standards, compared lighted room that a hundred society become crucially impor­ with the number of those living years ago the very rich also t ant. Th ey will view levels of pov­ " below adequacy" by 1960 worked by candle-light. erty as un acceptable on the standards. When this is done, we To decide on policies and to basis of whether they are econ­ find that the number of poor­ carry them out effectively it is omists, so ciolog ists or engi­ those who are living "below ade­ important to identify the charac ­ neers; whether they were trained quacy" and minimum comfort teristics of individuals whose at Harvard or Chicago; whether levels - has not changed very chances of being poor are par­ "survival of t he fittest" sums up much. The story is different ticu larly high. For most of the their social ou tlook or whether when abject poverty is involved . history of the United States, they conceive t hemselves as Here, when the numbers of poor poverty was the fate of a large their "brother's keeper." -those who were living at or be ­ part of the popu lation. The old From such differences in judg­ low minimum subsistence in and the young, man and woman, ment stem the many recent and 1947 and 1960 -are compared farmer and city dweller, black varied esti ma tes of the number we find that the proportion de ­ and white, North and South-all of poor in the United States. The creased from fifteen to eleven shared in the national insuffi­ figure of thirty million has been percent while the number moved ciency; for some the risk of pov­ receiving increasing currency on ly from twenty-one to twenty erty was greater but not much and it is a good one. Yet the vari­ mi llion. greater. The postwar situation is ous statistical studies prepared It is also argued that the poor quite another story. As the over­ for 1960, t he last census year are still with us , so to speak, by all impact of poverty lessened , with very det ailed data, esti­ definiti'on . If we define the poor poverty became increasingly a mate the poor variously as be­ as making up some part of the burden carried by select individ­ tween t wenty and seventy mil ­ bottom of the income distribu­ uals. In the United States of the lion. tion, some kind of lower fifth, 1960's, poverty is most usefully Th ere is also disagreement on ei ghth, tenth or wh atever frac­ vi ewed as the problem of certain whether th ere are now more or tion you will , their eternal per­ specific people whose personal, fewer poor than in the past. Here manence is guaranteed . To de­ social , and demographic charac ­ differing judgments about how velop a strategy to fight agai nst teristics must in some way be the comparisons are to be made poverty the problems of income altered; otherwise, these people explain the differences. Sh ould distribution must be separated wil l be poor permanently. the stand ards of the past be from those of poverty. Not that In our own study for the Twen­ taken as a guide and , having policy concern with income dis­ tieth Century Fund we have de­ been correc ted for ch anges in tribution is not important (nor veloped a relatively simple meas ­ the valu e of the dollar, app lied to can we forget that income dis­ ure of the associ at ion between the prese nt? Or should the oppo­ tribution has recently become possessing a given cha racteristic site be done and current stand­ less egalitarian) but rather, in ­ and having an income below cer­ ard s be deflated and the extent come distribution should be tain specific levels. This permits of poverty of the past be so kept wh at it is, namely, a de ­ us to make year-to-year compari ­ mea sured? By tak ing standa rds rived aspect of poverty rather sons of a given characteristic that go bac k far enough, we are th an, so to speak, its definitional and among characteristics. Co­ bound to find that there are no cau se. efficients of several characteris­ poor tod ay. Conversely, by t ak­ The slope of the line tracing tics for families and of six char­ in g present standards and pro­ income distribution becomes un ­ acteristics for individuals were jecting them backwards we wo uld important when it is located J calculated for the postwar years find, for in stance , that Roose- above socially determined stand- for which data was ava ilable. I can report here only on the ingness of Congress to amend istics, from the work of others major findings. the fiscal structure, when , even we know that, in the strictest First, except for the character· if we were to grant that achiev­ sense of the word, the poor of istic ma le head of family over ing full employment meant today are the underendowed. sixty-five, the risk of being poor doing away with poverty, it would " Underprivileged" has long for the characteristic studied has take a growth rate of about ten been a fa shionable word be­ increased from 1947 to now. percent per year sustained at cause it seems to offend less Second, the risk of poverty has least until 1975 to bring a bout than the crasser one " poor," remained relatively untouched full employment. This means and it means underendowed. by the " ups and downs" of the that in spite of the very large On the whole, until we became economy. Expansion does not number of poor, poverty cannot a truly affluent society, the word red uce the risk of poverty nor be viewed as a mass phenome­ was an inappropriate euphe­ does contraction increase it by non. Policies aimed at the eco ­ mism. Now it fits. It means less very much. nomic improvement of the total endowed and less able to par­ Our tools of analysis are far society and believed therefore ticipate. from delicate and whatever con­ to help the poor are of very lim­ Indeed, the poor are out of ceptual clarity we have striven ited use in the fight against the main stream of America. for is obscured by the rough­ poverty. The underprivileged are not of , ness of the data. Yet one con­ High levels of economic even though they are in, the clusion is inescapable: an anti­ growth are the prerequisite-the market society. They sit outside cyclical growth policy, no mat­ necessary but not sufficient con­ -Harrington called them "in­ ter how aggressively waged, is dition to do away with poverty. visible" -marginal sellers and not enough. For the latter we need specific, not very good buyers. Yet, they What is crucially different focused action. Poverty obvi ­ are buyers more than sellers as about our high-income economy ously has a geographic qimen­ transfer payments fill the gap is t he fact that high rates of eco­ sion. Thus, Southerners and and avoid, or at lea st postpone, nomic growth do not do away those who live in Appalachia run decreases in aggregate demand. with poverty. Similarly, it is clear a greater risk of being poor. But Often they are physical or men­ by now that significant rates of the locational notion of poverty tal invalids. They are economic economic growth ca n be is of limited use for policy. The invalids displaced by the market achieved without proportionate notion of pockets of poverty is or never placed in it. Their in ­ increases in the employment of helpful only insofar as it locates come is greater rather than human be ings. We also know the area of action. But the cause smaller than their marginal con ­ that rates of expansion in em­ is not the location. Certain areas tribution. Th ei r lesser income is ployment that are even larger have a larger number of poor be­ linked to their smaller endow­ than they have been historically cause a higher proportion of ment. What makes the poor of do not necessarily mean de­ their population possesses the the affluent society different, creases in poverty. personal traits that link the in ­ more than anything else, is the In this light, it is fatuous at dividual to poverty. fact that they lack the personal best to debate about the rela ­ From the work on poverty that assets which produce income. tive contribution to the elimina­ has been " seeing the light" re ­ That the cu lture of the poor has tion of poverty of aggressively cently, from our own identifica­ its own vitality an d in many as­ pursued monetary and fiscal tion of poverty-linked character- pects may be worthy of i mita- policy leading to full employ­ ment as contrasted to the con­ tribution of large ex penditures on housing, health, education, Economist and consultant, Oscar Ornati is Professor wel fare, etc. Obviously, both are of Economics at T he New School for Social Research. required. It is useless to rely on Born in Trieste, Italy, in1922, he is a graduate of Hobart the multiplier effect of even ma s­ College and Harvard University. This article is taken from the recently sive govern mental spending if published book, "Poverty in Plenty," a series of addresses given at the 175th Anniversary current poverty cannot be Conference on "Poverty-in-Plenty: The Poor in Our blamed on a nonexistent defi­ Affluent Society," held on January 23, 1964 in Gaston ciency in aggregate demand. Hall, Georgetown University. "Poverty in Plenty," Nor can the blame be placed edited by George H. Dunne, S.J., is published by P. J . fully on the timidity of our mon ­ Kenedy & Sons. etary authorities or the unwill- tion, need not be gainsaid in the never ends up poor. Why don 't recognition that they are de­ we take the census tracts of the prived of precisely those assets, 133 Standard Metropolitan Sta­ which , in the "here and now," tistical Areas, and select in each makes it possible for them not the three poorest tracts and to be poor. What is required then place in each of them at least is the enlargement of the per­ three of the very best child-ca re sonal patrimony with which the centers that our knowledge can poor can face the labor market devise. Let us set up and equip, successfully. or re-equip, day-care centers Studying the causes of lag­ with a truly excellent and com­ ging rates of economic growth, prehensive plant to which chil­ economists and other social dren between the ages of two scientists have been puzzled by and twelve who live in families rates of output and growth tha t -or with mothers-earning less are larger than observed in ­ than $5,000 per year can come creases in measured capital in ­ and stay from early morning to vestment. The solution of the late evening. Let us provide puzzle seems to be in the con­ these children with the best in tribution to economic growth of medical care, with wholesome individual human assets. While food , with a good nursery and talk of investment in human with a school that will stimulate capital is relatively recent it is them with faith and prepare not a new idea. What is new is them to face the world. These only the terminology and the day-care centers can provide econometric method applied. As them with the health and the we have learned that the growth higher horizons that the de ­ patterns of various societies re­ prived environment of their flect different rates of invest­ homes is denying them. ment in human beings, we can The construction part of this conclude that given a high-in­ kind of investment will provide come economy, different rates employment in areas which of investments in human beings most need it. The centers will determine who in that society is also provide employment and and who is not poor. serve as trai ning centers for There is little doubt in my nurses, teachers, dietitians, mind that poverty in America therapists, and guidance coun­ will be done away with by mo­ selors-all of whom are in short bilizing the community to the supply. Further, it might free notion that human beings must mothers to go to work and, if be enriched by a series of spe­ necessary, to get themselves re­ cific expenditures on education, trained. health, housing, mental health, What I am proposing is and so forth. Poverty wi ll be neither aid to education nor eliminated primarily by ener­ federal intervention, because getic action along the lines on these day-care centers could be which we are already working­ financed by a multiplicity of education, civi l rights, retrain­ sources and through many juris­ ing, slum abatement, and the dictions. What I am proposing rest. is a frontal attack on poverty by Consider one specific form of what I judge could be the best investment in human beings. To and fastest single step that the best of my knowledge, the could be taken to reduce future world over, irrespective of eco­ poverty. Can anyone argue th ~a nomic conditions, the healthy, in our society youngsters th e happy, the well-educated brought up in such facilities will and the well-brought-u p chil~ share the fate of their parents? Fulbright-Hays Scholarship Moran Addresses CAIP Awards Announced Speaking on the topic, The Reverend Gerard F. "American Attitudes to World Yates, S.J., announced on Sep­ Population-The Challenge to tember 1, 1964, that six stu­ Catholics," William E. Moran, dents have been awarded Ful­ Jr., Dean of the Edmund A. bright-Hays Scholarships. The Walsh School of Foreign Serv­ recipients of the awards are: ice, addressed the 37th Annual Conference of the Catholic As­ sociation for In tern a tiona! Charles Hall Daugherty Peace on October 24, 1964. (Graduate School, working to­ Dean Moran is President of the ward Ph.D. in Government), Association and was Chairman Rockville, Maryland; to study of the Conference. Other speak­ Political Science in Brazil. ers included the Reverend Edward Bernard Fallon, A.B. George H. Dunne, S.J., Assist­ '64 Grand Rapids, Michigan; ant to the President for Inter­ to study History, University of national Affairs, Georgetown Strasbourg, France. University and the Honorable Sargent Shriver, Director, Peace Arthur Benjamin Gunlicks Corps. (Graduate School, working to­ ward Ph.D. in Government), Inter-Library loan Established North Platte, Nebraska; to Four University Libraries study Comparative Govern­ in Washington, D. C. (Amer­ ment, University of Gottingen, can, Catholic, Georgetown and Germany. Howard University) have agreed to make significant portions of Maura Earls Hurley (Gradu­ the resources of their respective ate School, working ·toward libraries available to each other M.A. in History), Washington, on Inter-Library Loan for the D. C.; to study Latin American use of graduate students and Affairs in Venezuela. faculty members. Carol Jane Lancaster, B.S. Beginning October 12, 1964, a (F. S.) '64, Washington, D. C.; thrice-a-week delivery service to study Latin American Affairs will be inaugurated among these in Bolivia. four li braries to facilitate the Judith Ann Wineburg (Grad­ interchange of library books uate School, working toward and journals. The four libraries M .A. in Latin American Area have agreed in priciple to a very Studies), Utica, New York; to liberal policy on the lending of study education system of Ar­ materials. gentina, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.

A total of 19 students from various departments of the Uni­ versity filed appli cations, out of 35 to whom forms were is­ sued by the Fulbright Program Adviser. Prior to selection, the nineteen applicants were inte~r­ viewed by a Campus Commit- tee composed of Professors Cas­ tiglione, Gaghan, Yoklavich and Yates. - - It is hoped that the sharing Father Yates, Monday at the East in Damascus who accom­ of existing resources will open AUB Alumni Club. panied the visitor to Beirut, Dr. the way fo r closer cooperation A group of 21 alumni and I I Burton Thurston, vice presi­ in the near fu ture in the acquisi­ friends gathered to meet the dent of A UB, Dr. Charles tion of all library materials and visitor who was on a tour of Malik, former president of the the elemination of unnecessary the ' Middle East as a guest of U.N. general assembly and pro­ duplication of specialized and the American Friends of the fessor of philosophy AUB, Rus­ little used materials. Middle East (A.F.M.E.). This sell Lynch, cultural attache of College Awarded Phi Beta Kappa organization, headquartered in the American embassy, Dr. Chapter Washington, D . C., grants Fouad Boustany, president of Early in September, it was scholarships to Arab students the Lebanese University, Miss announced t h at a cha pter of in various American universi­ Khalida Showker, and Joseph Phi B eta Kapp a had been ties. Salm of Tapline. a warded to the College of Arts In a few casual remarks the and Sciences. Entrance into this Director explained the purpose Limited Football Returns to most prestigious of the national of his visit, "I am here as a Georgetown fraternities has been seldom guest of the American Friends On November 21, the Hoyas granted to Catholic schools, of the Middle East in order to played theil· first intercollegiate only three of which h ad pre­ become more familiar with the football game since 1950 and ceded Georgetown into the fold. conditions of education in the defeated New York University Georgetown Alumni Club Arab countries and to promote 28-6 on Kehoe Field at George­ Established in Lebanon educational exchange pro­ town. A casual remark made last grams." Georgetown had scheduled a July by Dr. Hassan Saab, lead "Today at Georgetown there game last year with Frostburg to the founding of the George­ are 7,000 students, of which-600 State Teachers College but had town University A lumni Club in are foreign students and 60 are to cancel it because of the assas­ Lebanon. It all started when from Arab countries-mostly sination of President Kennedy. the cultural attache at the from Lebanon and Iraq," con­ Jack Hagerty, director of Lebanese Embassy in Wash­ tinued Father Yates. athletics at Georgetown, em­ ington, D. C., vacationing in Looking over the faces in the phasized that the New ork Beirut, suggested to Alexander audience he recognized former University game was a one­ Nader, General Manager of students who attended when time affair with no commit­ Overseas Brokerage Services, he was Dean of the Graduate ments and after the NYU that a few alumni gather for School. Among them was Dr. game, "we'll play it by ear." lunch to meet the visiting Direc­ Saab. The speaker also singled The Hoyas have now played tor of International Relations out a Georgetown faculty mem­ NYU 15 times in a series begin­ at Georgetown, Father Gerard ber, Dr. Hisham Shirabi, Asso­ ning in 1928. Georgetown holds Yates, S.J. ciate Professor of History who a 9-4-2 edge in this series. Putting wor ds into action, was there on a visit. Over 8000 students and Nader organized the first m~e t­ Among those attending was alumni participated in the pre­ ing of the alumni association Dr. Pierre Nys, director of the game festivities and a victory which held a luncheon honoring American Friends of the Middle celebration following the game. Though I am not an alumnus, I am grateful for the opportunity to book review say a few things about Fr. Durkin's book, though what I will say will probably sound more like my personal reminiscences than a review. For, though I am not a son of Georgetown, I really am some sort of blood relation-a sort of son once removed, as the Irish might put it. Three brothers were graduates-two in law, one from college and in medicine, and had I not "taken the veil" immediately after graduating from Gon­ zaga High School in 1922, I m ost certainly would have followed their wise steps. So-Georgetown is quite a bit in my blood, and even more so after r eading Fr. Durkin's excellent digest of the history that is so rich. First impressions .... How in the world did the College ever survive? Not only because of the frequent and serious crises of finances, the Civil War and other minor disturbances, but above all because of the sched­ ule the students followed in those early days: up at 5 or 5:30 (summer, winter), Mass and a happy hour or so of study before breakfast, more and seemingly e ndless study until night prayers and bed at 8:30 ! Well, the boys-and the College-weathered t his Spartan regime for a long time, and if it would be madness to try to impose such a regime in these days, at least Georgetown got off to a start that very likely put into the whole institution t he moral fiber that is still, we like to tell ourselves, evident in the quality of t he instruction and the students even in the 1960's. But the early days were not in every aspect that austere. They even had student riots-and with good reason, we are inclined to say. But the riots seem never to have been about the rising hours and other matters of discipline. In fact, it's a little hard to discover just what they were a bout, as is generally true of any a nd all student demonstrations. An­ other interesting similarity between the past and the 20th century crops up in the remarks of President Fr. McGuire after the return of the students at the close of the Civil War: "They are more studious, more obedient, and t hey all feel the necessity of h ard work." Can you re­ member something like that being said when the GI's returned to their interrupted studies or began them under the G I Bill? There are many s uch p arallels that emerge t hrough out this book, and they serve as reminders that t he work Georgetown set upon 175 years ago is still going on; superficial customs and attitudes have changed, of course, but the fundamentals are still there. Father Durkin manages to pack a lot of information into the rela­ tively few pages of this book. Mention of the great Presidents-and Georgetown has had a s plendid roster of th em ; t he development of courses a nd the various schools; th e great teachers; outstanding stu­ dents and much more is deftly interwoven into the lively text. But Georgetown University-First above all, Fr. Durkin manages to catch th e flavor that is distinctively in the Nation's Capital (Double­ Georgetown. I am quite sure that I cannot catch in a phrase just what day & Com pany, Inc., 1964. that flavor, that tone is-after all, I am only a son once removed-but perhaps it was caught by Chief Justice White, $2.95)-(143 pp). By Joseph T. who is quoted (p. 86) as saying, in part (he was comparing t he goals a nd purposes and th e op­ Durkin, S.J . eration of the U.S. constitutional system with the goals a nd operations of his Alma Mater): The Reverend Harold C. Gard., "So as I turn my eye from this statue and this building (he was speak­ ing at the unveiling of the s tatue of John Carroll on the campus), I see iner, S.J., fo r ma ny years li ter­ with my mental vision the building upon Capitol Hill. They seem to me a ry editor of America, is Staff the one the complement of the other; to m e they seem to be one, the Editor of Li terature and Fine necessary result of the other; and when the work done here has failed Arts of The New Catholic En ­ or ceases to produce its effect, the work done there will pass away and cyclopedia. He holds a n A.B ., our institutions will p erish." M.A., a nd an S. T.L. from Wood­ Fr. Durkin's lively story is a reminder that the work of forming stock Co ll ege, and a Ph.D. from Christian and Catholic citizens is still the dynamic sou] of Georgetown's Cambridge University. life-and will be for t he next 175 (or 475-why not?) years.

Harold C. Gardiner, S.J. ~~ anal ~de&z/~ 8~ Published by P. J. Kenedy.& Sons, New York

The Spirit of Thomism by Etienne Gilson edited by Riley Hughes 127 pp. $3.95

Poverty in Plenty edited by George H. Dunne, S.J. foreword by Sargent Shriver 142 pp. $3.95

The Revelance of Edmund Burke edited by Peter J. Stanlis introduction by Louis I. Bredvold 134 pp. $3.95

Books may be ordered from the Georgetown University Bookstore, White-Gravenor Building, Washington, D. C. 20007. Please add $.SO per book for postage and handling.