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Diabetes and Medicinal Plants: a Literature Review
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ANTIDIABETIC COMPOUNDS FROM BRACHYLAENA DISCOLOR DC Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science By Sabeen Abdalbagi Elameen Adam School of Chemistry and Physics University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg Supervisor: Professor Fanie R. van Heerden August 2017 ABSTRACT Diabetes mellitus, which is a metabolic disease resulting from insulin deficiency or diminished effectiveness of the action of insulin or their combination, is recognized as a major threat to human life. Using drugs on a long term to control glucose can increase the hazards of cardiovascular disease and some cancers. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover new, safe, and effective antidiabetic drugs. Traditionally, there are several plants that are used to treat/control diabetes by South African traditional healers such as Brachylaena discolor. This study aimed to isolate and identify antidiabetic compounds from B. discolor. The plant materials of B. discolor was collected from University of KwaZulu-Natal botanical garden. Plant materials were dried under the fume hood for two weeks and ground to a fine powder. The powder was extracted with a mixture of dichloromethane and methanol (1:1). To investigate the antidiabetic activity, the prepared extract was tested in vitro for glucose utilization in a muscle cell line. The results revealed that blood glucose levels greater than 20 mmol/L, which measured after 24 and 48 hours of the experimental period, three fractions had positive (*p<0.05) antidiabetic activity compared to the control. The DCM:MeOH (1:1) extract of B. discolor leaves was subjected to column chromatography, yielding five fractions (A, B, C, D, and E). -
Brachylaena Elliptica and B. Ilicifolia (Asteraceae): a Comparative Analysis of Their Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemistry and Biological Activities
Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences, 2020, 10, 223-229 223 Brachylaena elliptica and B. ilicifolia (Asteraceae): A Comparative Analysis of their Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemistry and Biological Activities Alfred Maroyi* Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa Abstract: Brachylaena elliptica and B. ilicifolia are shrubs or small trees widely used as traditional medicines in southern Africa. There is need to evaluate the existence of any correlation between the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of the two species. Therefore, in this review, analyses of the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of B. elliptica and B. ilicifolia are presented. Results of the current study are based on data derived from several online databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct, and pre-electronic sources such as scientific publications, books, dissertations, book chapters and journal articles. The articles published between 1941 and 2020 were used in this study. The leaves and roots of B. elliptica and B. ilicifolia are mainly used as a mouthwash and ethnoveterinary medicines, and traditional medicines for backache, hysteria, ulcers of the mouth, diabetes, gastro-intestinal and respiratory problems. This study showed that sesquiterpene lactones, alkaloids, essential oils, flavonoids, flavonols, phenols, proanthocyanidins, saponins and tannins have been identified from aerial parts and leaves of B. elliptica and B. ilicifolia. The leaf extracts and compounds isolated from the species exhibited antibacterial, antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities. There is a need for extensive phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological studies of crude extracts and compounds isolated from B. elliptica and B. ilicifolia. -
Cyphostemma Juttae SCORE: -2.0 RATING: Low Risk (Dinter & Gilg) Desc
TAXON: Cyphostemma juttae SCORE: -2.0 RATING: Low Risk (Dinter & Gilg) Desc. Taxon: Cyphostemma juttae (Dinter & Gilg) Desc. Family: Vitaceae Common Name(s): Namibian grape Synonym(s): Cissus juttae Dinter & Gilg tree grape wild grape Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 14 Sep 2016 WRA Score: -2.0 Designation: L Rating: Low Risk Keywords: Succulent Tree, Ornamental, Toxic, Fire-Resistant, Fleshy-Fruit Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 n 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 401 Produces spines, -
Comparative Wood Anatomy of Afromontane and Bushveld Species from Swaziland, Southern Africa
IAWA Bulletin n.s., Vol. 11 (4), 1990: 319-336 COMPARATIVE WOOD ANATOMY OF AFROMONTANE AND BUSHVELD SPECIES FROM SWAZILAND, SOUTHERN AFRICA by J. A. B. Prior 1 and P. E. Gasson 2 1 Department of Biology, Imperial College of Science, Technology & Medicine, London SW7 2BB, U.K. and 2Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3DS, U.K. Summary The habit, specific gravity and wood anat of the archaeological research, uses all the omy of 43 Afromontane and 50 Bushveld well preserved, qualitative anatomical charac species from Swaziland are compared, using ters apparent in the charred modem samples qualitative features from SEM photographs in an anatomical comparison between the of charred samples. Woods with solitary ves two selected assemblages of trees and shrubs sels, scalariform perforation plates and fibres growing in areas of contrasting floristic com with distinctly bordered pits are more com position. Some of the woods are described in mon in the Afromontane species, whereas Kromhout (1975), others are of little com homocellular rays and prismatic crystals of mercial importance and have not previously calcium oxalate are more common in woods been investigated. Few ecological trends in from the Bushveld. wood anatomical features have previously Key words: Swaziland, Afromontane, Bush been published for southern Africa. veld, archaeological charcoal, SEM, eco The site of Sibebe Hill in northwest Swazi logical anatomy. land (26° 15' S, 31° 10' E) (Price Williams 1981), lies at an altitude of 1400 m, amidst a Introduction dramatic series of granite domes in the Afro Swaziland, one of the smallest African montane forest belt (White 1978). -
1 History of Vitaceae Inferred from Morphology-Based
HISTORY OF VITACEAE INFERRED FROM MORPHOLOGY-BASED PHYLOGENY AND THE FOSSIL RECORD OF SEEDS By IJU CHEN A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2009 1 © 2009 Iju Chen 2 To my parents and my sisters, 2-, 3-, 4-ju 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank Dr. Steven Manchester for providing the important fossil information, sharing the beautiful images of the fossils, and reviewing the dissertation. I thank Dr. Walter Judd for providing valuable discussion. I thank Dr. Hongshan Wang, Dr. Dario de Franceschi, Dr. Mary Dettmann, and Dr. Peta Hayes for access to the paleobotanical specimens in museum collections, Dr. Kent Perkins for arranging the herbarium loans, Dr. Suhua Shi for arranging the field trip in China, and Dr. Betsy R. Jackes for lending extant Australian vitaceous seeds and arranging the field trip in Australia. This research is partially supported by National Science Foundation Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grants award number 0608342. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF TABLES...........................................................................................................................9 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................11 ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................14 -
Phylogenetic Analysis of Vitaceae Based on Plastid Sequence Data
PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF VITACEAE BASED ON PLASTID SEQUENCE DATA by PAUL NAUDE Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree MAGISTER SCIENTAE in BOTANY in the FACULTY OF SCIENCE at the UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG SUPERVISOR: DR. M. VAN DER BANK December 2005 I declare that this dissertation has been composed by myself and the work contained within, unless otherwise stated, is my own Paul Naude (December 2005) TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents Abstract iii Index of Figures iv Index of Tables vii Author Abbreviations viii Acknowledgements ix CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Vitaceae 1 1.2 Genera of Vitaceae 6 1.2.1 Vitis 6 1.2.2 Cayratia 7 1.2.3 Cissus 8 1.2.4 Cyphostemma 9 1.2.5 Clematocissus 9 1.2.6 Ampelopsis 10 1.2.7 Ampelocissus 11 1.2.8 Parthenocissus 11 1.2.9 Rhoicissus 12 1.2.10 Tetrastigma 13 1.3 The genus Leea 13 1.4 Previous taxonomic studies on Vitaceae 14 1.5 Main objectives 18 CHAPTER 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 21 2.1 DNA extraction and purification 21 2.2 Primer trail 21 2.3 PCR amplification 21 2.4 Cycle sequencing 22 2.5 Sequence alignment 22 2.6 Sequencing analysis 23 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 3 RESULTS 32 3.1 Results from primer trail 32 3.2 Statistical results 32 3.3 Plastid region results 34 3.3.1 rpL 16 34 3.3.2 accD-psa1 34 3.3.3 rbcL 34 3.3.4 trnL-F 34 3.3.5 Combined data 34 CHAPTER 4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 42 4.1 Molecular evolution 42 4.2 Morphological characters 42 4.3 Previous taxonomic studies 45 4.4 Conclusions 46 CHAPTER 5 REFERENCES 48 APPENDIX STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA 59 ii ABSTRACT Five plastid regions as source for phylogenetic information were used to investigate the relationships among ten genera of Vitaceae. -
Vegetation and Habitat Types of the Umkhanyakude Node
South African Journal of Botany 72 (2006) 1 – 10 www.elsevier.com/locate/sajb Vegetation and habitat types of the Umkhanyakude Node T.L. Morgenthal a,*, K. Kellner a, L. van Rensburg a, T.S. Newby b, J.P.A. van der Merwe b a School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South African b Agricultural Research Council - Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Private Bag X79, Pretoria 0001, South Africa Received 12 October 2004; accepted 11 March 2005 Abstract The aim of the study was to identify and classify the woodlands, bushland and grasslands of the Umkhanyakude Integrated Sustainable Rural Development Node (also known as Maputaland) into homogenous management units to assist with the natural resource audit and monitoring program initiated by the Department of Agriculture. The Node is situated in KwaZulu-Natal Province at the extreme northern border between South Africa and Mozambique. Two hundred and twenty-five surveys were conducted during March–July 2002 within 400 random plots created within ARCVIEW 3.2. Ecological data were analysed using multivariate ordination and classification techniques. Four broad plant communities within two geographically separated vegetation types were described. The Coastal Sandveld occurs on the coastal plain on recent arenaceous sediments. The Clay Thornveld occurs in the interior and is associated with a variety of terrain types and geological formations but predominantly rhyolite, basalt, shale and mudstones. Communities within the major vegetation types were differentiated based on climate (temperature and precipitation differences associated with differences in elevation and topography) and anthropogenic disturbances such as old fields, settlements and deforested plantations. -
Indigenous Bush Palletability
Mr Farmer--- Please send me a note or contact me with any suggestions with regard to bush or trees which should be added to this "sugested only" list! -- I will keep it updated as best I can! All I am trying to do is get info to farmers.-- Please, every farmer must do their own further research as i have found a lot of conflicting information on the internet! --- Thanks! To: [email protected] My cel: 0844534499 Please Note: (This is only a suggested guide. All users must please varify correctness before use of any kind!) 1. Ritlee Xecutech, Cedara or Marc Custers will NOT accept any liability or responsability of any kind whatsoever if there are any mistakes, conflicts or incorrect information on this listing! 2. Ritlee received a list with No, Species,Index from a bush specialist stationed at Cedara in Howick 3.This list has never been published and is only a help for those interested in this information. 4. Ritlee (Marc Custers -- Cell 0844534499) Added Common Name, Brief Description, Normal Location and picture to this list to try and assist with those interested. 5.The reason why Ritlee have done this is to help us premote our Ritlee 225 Chipper with grinder which is ideal for chipping bush into a consistacy we feel ideal for cattle and game feed addition. Woody plant palatability Index-- 0 – Not Acceptable, 0.1- Only plant parts eaten and 1 - Acceptable ->> No Species Common Name Brief Description Normal Location Index Pictures African tree – red pods and numerous Gauteng, Kzn, Namibia, Botswana and 1 Acacia Ataxacantha Flame Thorn 1 hooked prickles. -
Seed Dispersal and Frugivory: Ecological Consequences for Tree
Seed Dispersal and Frugivory: Ecological Consequences for Tree Populations and Bird Communities Von der Fakultät für Mathematik, Informatik und Naturwissenschaften - Fachbereich 1 - der Rheinisch - Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften genehmigte Dissertation vorgelegt von Diplom-Biologin Bärbel Bleher aus Urach, jetzt Bad Urach Berichter: Universitätsprofessor Dr. rer. nat. Ingolf Schuphan Universitätsprofessor Dr. rer. nat. Hermann Wagner Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 13. September 2000 If I know a song of Africa, of the giraffe and the African new moon lying on her back, of the plows in the fields and the sweaty faces of the coffee pickers, does Africa know a song of me? Will the air over the plain quiver with a color that I have had on, or the children invent a game in which my name is, or the full moon throw a shadow over the gravel of the drive that was like me, or will the eagles of the Ngong Hills look out for me? T. Blixen dedicated to my parents CONTENTS 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 1.2 SEED DISPERSAL BY ANIMALS AND CONSEQUENCES FOR PLANTS 1 1.2 FRUIT AVAILABILITY AND CONSEQUENCES FOR FRUGIVOROUS ANIMALS 2 1.3 RELEVANCE FOR CONSERVATION 3 1.4 AIMS OF THESIS 4 2. SEED DISPERSAL BY BIRDS IN A SOUTH AFRICAN AND A MALAGASY COMMIPHORA SPECIES 7 2.1 INTRODUCTION 7 2.2 THE TREES 8 2.3 STUDY SITES 9 2.4 METHODS 10 2.4.1 FRUGIVORE DIVERSITY 10 2.4.2 TREE OBSERVATIONS 10 2.4.3 FRUIT TRAPS 10 2.5 RESULTS 11 2.6 DISCUSSION 16 2.7 SUMMARY 19 3. -
Vitaceae) in Kwazulu- Natal
UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL A SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE GENUS RHOICISSUS Planch. (VITACEAE) IN KWAZULU- NATAL Sinethemba Faith Kunene i A SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE GENUS RHOICISSUS Planch. (VITACEAE) IN KWAZULU- NATAL by SINETHEMBA FAITH KUNENE Submitted in fulfilment of the academic requirements for the degree of Master of Science In the School of Life Sciences College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban DECEMEBER 2015 ii PREFACE The experimental work described in this thesis was carried out in the School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban from January 2013 to December 2015, under the supervision of Prof Ashley Nicholas, Dr Yougasphree Naidoo and Mr. Richard Boon. The study represents original work by the author and has not been submitted in any form for any degree or diploma to any tertiary institution. Where use has been made of the work of others it is duly acknowledged in the text NOTE The proposed new names and new combinations are not to be considered scientifically available for use as they have not yet been validly or effectively published under the Melbourne Code of International Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi and Plants iii DECLARATION BY SUPERVISORS We hereby declare that we acted as Supervisors for this MSc student: Students Full Name: SINETHEMBA FAITH KUNENE Student Number: 208 500 435 Thesis Title: A SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE GENUS RHOICISSUS Planch. (VITACEAE) IN KWAZULU-NATAL Regular consultation took place between the student and ourselves throughout the investigation. We advised the student to the best of our ability and approved the final documentation for submission to the College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science Higher Degrees Office for examination by the University appointed Examiners. -
Deinbollia Oblongifoliaand Spirostachys Africana Extracts 72
A RATIONAL IN VITRO EVALUATION OF 53 MEDICINAL PLANTS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF DIARRHOEA AND THE POTENTIAL USE OF DEINBOLLIA OBLONGIFOOLIA (SAPINDACEAE) EXTRACTS Gabriele Würger Mag. Med. Vet. (Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien) Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Philosophiae Doctor In the Phytomedicine Programme Department of Paraclinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Promoter: Prof J.N. Eloff Co-promoter: Dr L.J. McGaw December 2010 i © University of Pretoria DECLARATION This represents an experimental record for the work carried out in the Department of Pharmacology, University of Pretoria, under the supervision of Prof. J.N. Eloff and Dr L.J. McGaw. I, the undersigned Gabriele Würger, present this document as my authentic material and acknowledge that it has not been submitted in any other form to any other institution. I also acknowledge that I have consulted many publications in compiling this work and the references are all listed. Gabriele Würger ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank firstly Prof. J.N. Eloff and Prof. Botha as well as the University of Pretoria for the opportunity to do my research at the Phytomedicine Programme at the Department of Pharmacology of the University of Pretoria. A special word of thanks goes to Prof. J.N. Eloff for his help and guidance, his personal involvement and his invaluable support as my supervisor. Secondly, Dr L.J. McGaw for all your help with the laboratory work and writing up and most importantly for always having an open ear for me throughout the duration of this research. I am very happy that our professional relationship has evolved into a true friendship that I will cherish forever. -
Accepted Manuscript
Accepted Manuscript Plastid and nuclear DNA markers reveal intricate relationships at subfamilial and tribal levels in the soapberry family (Sapindaceae) Sven Buerki, Félix Forest, Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez, Martin W. Callmander, Johan A.A. Nylander, Mark Harrington, Isabel Sanmartín, Philippe Küpfer, Nadir Alvarez PII: S1055-7903(09)00017-7 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.01.012 Reference: YMPEV 3130 To appear in: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Received Date: 21 May 2008 Revised Date: 27 November 2008 Accepted Date: 23 January 2009 Please cite this article as: Buerki, S., Forest, F., Acevedo-Rodríguez, P., Callmander, M.W., Nylander, J.A.A., Harrington, M., Sanmartín, I., Küpfer, P., Alvarez, N., Plastid and nuclear DNA markers reveal intricate relationships at subfamilial and tribal levels in the soapberry family (Sapindaceae), Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (2009), doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.01.012 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Buerki et al. 1 1 Plastid and nuclear DNA markers reveal intricate relationships at subfamilial and tribal 2 levels in the soapberry family (Sapindaceae) 3 4 Sven Buerki a,*, Félix Forest b, Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez c, Martin W. Callmander d,e, 5 Johan A.