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Book Chapter Reference Book Chapter Mauvais genres. Adriaen Brouwer et la parodie artistique au XVIIe siècle BLANC, Jan Reference BLANC, Jan. Mauvais genres. Adriaen Brouwer et la parodie artistique au XVIIe siècle. In: Les Genres picturaux. Genève : Voltiges, 2008. Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:93663 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version. 1 / 1 Mauvais g.enre.s. M rioer. O!ùU'IICr'.Ct la p<:~ rod ÎL' arHs:tîqf4~ ·:;.u 17" siècle Il existe comme un mysti?rP. autour d~ kr c:.lHÎ,êre e~ de l'œ\IVre rl'Adri;~e•) ilfOtl'llef. Si !c vciulré ltollomJ;;i-; ~-;~ run des plus popu­ laires au lr s1ecle, t~ata m.ment aupri!s· d~~. an:fs~e(,· et des ;'lm.ne•r!S, ile!-t \ltrsst. CU(iCUrSC'ml•nl,l'ùn dc ~ri!u-; mCpri sCsparr~s lh<}oncicns de l'a,rt. Samuel ·;;u Hrxu.sl'!l.FN pari~ ~i Mi du .r..:reru)t~~ hm R r~-uwer» (! ont «il n ·y t.t ~iN'r à g~gué-r 'à •;uivfc» l'cxcmpl ~ [ 1û?8: 1!> J, l:: l prês de soixante ans ,glul'i tard, r.erard de 1'· '~ESS-E e'ie plique q !JP. l' «.)ft de peinture [ es't] um• îrniUI,l~IJ'I! _de la vit", q.•i pt:ul ~L·üui !e ou dégoüter un im e humain, 1. .. 1s i biM que $Î l'on '.'P.Ut bien -teprP.!'.~OtP.r l.'l Vie rie f.)ÇO f'l'le S.$~1'1'\b!~(I \C', ( ~1(-~ peintu re-; comme c~jl~s dL' l;irouwcrc) s~ront r.êceS- sairemP.nt contemp!P.P.s a·.·ec:_ du.clP.goût»~ -[ 1740· 1, t'7 t ]. Ce.svioiemeS-(fitilluC·:O . frét.;uénlc~ dJ I'1S les lH-Iilb d~ peinture du 17' e~ dU l 8'" si?.t:!e, !>ont pourtant sou·.,..ent tP.intê«!'. d'admirat ion. Fr. 1émoigoe 1' ~1;.~ li'A1riùhl HCOfP:.~Ef~ (lOi, réhanantt'an dé Brou'/ler a "'dé la satire (,;otte:ir.i< ), de la bouS<?~t du vnmi;o.I 17J:fH7?1;.1,263]. explique ;omefois, 11011 $ \lfl$ cou•vl <.~ i !i~UlC"é. qu·'â l'arrivee dU pei nu~ â Ainsterdam, l?.!. -"ama ;eur~ de l'an de pei mure» lui «fi;~nt 1;) .;h:IS$e~f>~U ( S~•·.. Oil o•HI.w::;it élv lé':O idencc [ 17~9.-1721:1, 2 ~!i.]. Il i1L' serait pas difficile decompr""ndre.r.P.s Con~r;:~dict ions en en foi :;.,nt les trodvctiotlsde l~lfiéhotomic traditturincile du fond et de la. forme, ou en ex:pl;quaot que!~;; textes le~>' plu$ incisifs :'! féf!:ltd d-e BrnuwP.r Qnf été écrits ;~prè.s Sa fllûll, fllôl').qUL' o;a P.Opularîté_ a-.·~it dh ;u.l au profit· d ~sJijnsc~i.'deoo: (.!..iai~>·c:es,P.)(-plir.a tio n!'. ~1 !J~i! r:~ie-m ÎP. f.~ it que-, j)OIIf CeftOi(l$ lliéOi"ÎCicn':i <:ommL' _floubr,a J<.;:on OU là.ir~:.•o;·;c , fa «maniere» tmanierl de F.ro1Jwer. P.f>t ~g.'llflmP.I\t çritl­ qua~l~ e1 G !J~, pnu( n·;~ utr~S.IlOIÎS. ~t- Vt·rn:nl'). S(·~-sûJc\S ;:OmtqU(.'S;, .'~Onl i~Î'h.:tt.;~lcs. LES GENRES PICTURAUX GEN ÈSE, MÉTAMORPHOSES ET TRANSP OS ITIONS 85 Adriaen Brouwer, un peintre inconvenant et disconvenant incapable de trouver sa place. Ce décalage de Brouwer par rapport à son espace, son environnement, son milieu, se traduit aussi, chez les Pour comprendre la nature de ces reproches - ou de ces éloges-, il commentateurs, par un rapport conflictuel à la Loi, au sens large du apparaît nécessaire de se pencher à nouveau sur la réception de l'œu­ terme, qu'elle soit celle de son maître, Frans Hals, admirée mais aussi vre et de la vie de Brouwer. Àla lecture de nombreux textes publiés sur contestée, celle de l'art et du genre, ou celle encore de la société dans le peintre hollandais, de Cornelis de Bie [ 1661) à Gerard de Laires se laquelle vit le peintre - le séjour de Brouwer en prison, entre 1633 et ( 1740), un premier fait structural peut être relevé. Il renvoie à ce que avril1634, son goût pour le tabac et l'alcool, ses multiples dettes sont l'on pourrait appeler la «disconvenance» ou !'«inconvenance» des leitmotive de ses biographies. Pour le dire autrement, le person­ d'Adriaen Brouwer. Pour les théoriciens et les connaisseurs, il y aurait nage d'Adriaen Brouwer, sa vie, son œuvre, semblent faire, dans le quelque chose qui ne convient pas avec lui, ou plutôt qui ne lui champ de la pratique artistique du 1?• siècle, mauvais genre. Ce «mau­ convient pas. Le thème de son <<vêtement» mal taillé, ou de son cos­ vais genre» est d'abord celui de sa vie: «ainsi est l'homme, ainsi est 3 tume qui masquerait, qui tromperait, qui ne serait pas ce qu'il montre, son œuvre», dit Houbraken au sujet de plusieurs peintres , qui, en ren­ revient constamment. De Bie raconte de quelle façon, dans le dénue­ voyant au vieil adage selon lequel tout peintre se peint lui-même, ment, à Amsterdam, Brouwer a l'idée de peindre, sur un simple rappelle que Brouwer, comme Bruegel ou les frères Le Nain, devait être vêtement, toutes sortes d'ornements qui lui donnent aussitôt l'appa­ un «peintre paysan» pour en peindre aussi fréquemment [ LOMAZZO rence d'un homme riche et puissant. Il devient alors l'objet de toutes 1584: 106; KEMP 19?6; SCHERLING 1990: 34-35; ZfiLLNER 1992: 13?-160). les curiosités. Et il lui faut dévoiler l'artifice, lors d'un spectacle théâ• Mais ce «mauvais genre» renvoie aussi à la place que les œuvres de tral en 1627, en versant de l'eau sur son costume et en le faisant ainsi Brouwer n'ont pas pu- ou pas voulu - prendre dans leur art. apparaître, aux yeux de tous, comme «trompeur et faux» [bedrieghe­ lijck ende vals), selon l'ancien topos du peintre trompant par son 2 pinceau [BlE 1661: 91-92] • De BlEparle encore du «manteau de la dérision» sous lequel se cache la «grande raison» de Brouwer [ 1661: Adriaen Brouwer, peintre de la satire? 91], tout comme HousRAKEN explique que le peintre «a souvent fait bril­ ler sa raison sous ses plaisanteries» [ 1718-1721:1, 258]. Pour étudier les tableaux de Bruuwer, les historiens d'art ont générale­ Cette «disconvenance» est aussi une «inconvenance», qui carac­ ment cherché à concentrer leurs analyses sur leur dimension térise le «repoussant Brouwer», dont la vie comme les œuvres comique. Cornelis de BlE [ 1661: 91 ] évoque bien des «étranges représentent les «choses les plus insignifiantes», selon l'expression farces» (vremde boetserijen) et des «conversations comiques» de LAIRESSE [ 1740: 1, 185], lequel souligne aussi le caractère problé­ [boertighe conversatien) de Brouwer. SANORART fait de Brouwer un matique d'une inconvenance en semblant s'étonner de la vulgarité artiste «amusant» [lustigen) et même cynique - un deuxième des paysans peints par Brouwer, alors même que, suivant la règle Diogène -, suivant une tradition attribuant au cynique, depuis classique de la convenance [decorum), il devrait être normal qu'ils Diogène Laërce, de nombreux mots d'esprit [ 16?5: 1?4]. BuLLART parle, fussent ainsi représentés. VAN HooGSTRATEN [ 1678: 67] semble gêné de en français, d'un artiste «facétieux» et «burlesque» [ 1682: Il, 48?]. la même façon lorsqu'il évoque la «charmante laideur» des tableaux Et HouBRAKEN souligne que l'inclination de Brouwer le «portait», de Brouwer, aux sujets vulgaires mais à l'exécution maîtrisée. comme d'autres peintres [tel Jan Steen [1718-1?21: Ill, 10]), «à la Ces distinctions font des œuvres de Brouwer des objets inclassables. farce» [1?18-1?21: 1, 251]. Leurs sujets sont abjects, mais leur peinture est admirable. Leur Brouwer est ainsi inscrit, à ses dépens, dans une longue lignée de auteur semble échapper aux critères traditionnels de la critique, ce qui «peintres comiques», dont Jérôme Bosch et Pieter Bruegel l'Ancien explique peut-être la façon dont Houbraken raconte sa jeunesse sont les représentants les plus fréquemment cités. En 1604, VAN nomade, au cours de laquelle Brouwer semble avoir été incapable de MANDER cite les nombreuses «figures drôles» [ drollighe bootsen J de demeurer durablement dans une ville ou dans l'atelier de son maître, paysans, peintes par ses compatriotes au 15• et au 16• siècle [ 1604: LES GENRES PI CTURAUX GENÈSE , MÉTAMORPHOSES ET TRANSPOSITIONS 8? 212r", 228r•, 233v", 257r", 299v"; REINIŒK 1979; RENGER 1986: 114, l'iconographie rustique est, à l'exception notable de la pastorale n.31]. y compris dans des histoires plus «sérieuses» - il cite une [CoRnus 1956], très souvent associée à l'art de la satire et de la leçon Crucifixion de Bruegel [ 1604: 233v"; MUYLLE 1984: 140]. Pour dési­ morale. De ce point de vue, les tableaux de Brouwer peuvent être gner ces artistes ou leurs œuvres, les auteurs utilisent presque décrits de deux façons: comme des attaques ou des projections. toujours les mêmes adjectifs [bootsigh, potsigh ), qui traduisent leur Dans le premier cas, l'image est, comme le suggèrent l'idée de la caractère «moqueur», «blagueur», «farceur» ou «comique». «peinture ridicule», présente chez Pline, et certains passages des D'autres caractérisations apparaissent, comme chez Felipe de biographies de Brouwer, une charge critique qui dénonce sous le voile GuEVARA, qui parle de Jérôtne Bosch en comparant ses tableaux aux de la représentation. Dans le second cas, le peintre ne peut que se «gryl/i d'An.tiph ile d'Alexandrie» ( 1788: 41; UNVERFEHRT 1980: 68; peindre lui-rnême.
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