Nat Prod Resour Repos APRIL 2012 Volume 3 No. 2 pp. 64-126 [email protected] NaturalNatural ProductsProducts andand ResourcesResources RepositoryRepository

A Quarterly Electronic Repository of Current Information on Natural Products and Resources

CSIR-National Institute of Science Communication And Information Resources New Delhi, INDIA

Website:http://www.niscair.res.in

From the Director’s Desk

India is one of the richest and most diversified countries as far as biodiversity, natural products and resources are concerned. Dissemination of information on various topics related to these subjects has acquired unprecedented prominence in the last two decades as every field, be it science, technology or engineering, look to natural resources as a safe source, both environmentally as well as technologically. The National Institute of Science Communication And Information Resources (NISCAIR), is a constituent establishment of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi which houses globally renowned publications such as, The Wealth of India–An Encyclopaedia of Indian Raw Materials, 17 scholarly research journals and 2 abstracting journals, viz. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Abstracts (MAPA) and Indian Science Abstracts (ISA). Since, MAPA and ISA have vast coverage on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and all science subjects, respectively, we have now decided to extend our services on all plant and animals based natural products in faster mode i.e. electronically. With immense pleasure we announce launching of Natural Products and Resources Repository (NPARR) with open access to adequately fulfill the information needs of teachers, scientists, scholars and entrepreneurs for research and commercial products development from natural resources. Another feature of this repository is that authors can be users and contributors to this repository at the same time by sending soft copies of abstracts of their published papers with full citation and address of corresponding authors and information on technologies/know-how developed at their institute/university for placing under respective group of products/technologies. I trust that this collection will also help researchers in searching core and non-core journals on specified products. I welcome all experienced authors, editors and publishers of national and international journals for their creative cooperation and enthusiastic involvement in this new endeavor. The NPARR allows free access to its contents and hence will enhance citation/visibility of papers/ technological know-how included in this repository. We look forward to provide you a comprehensive collection of quality information on natural products in coming years.

Gangan Prathap

64

NATURAL PRODUCTS AND RESOURCES REPOSITORY (NPARR) (A Quarterly Electronic Repository of Current Information on Natural Products and Resources)

This repository is produced by systematic survey of research and review papers published in primary journals and providing abstracts/summaries and bibliographic details of applied research. It is covering information on all aspects of natural products and resources of plants and animals. The abstracts are presented in various categories viz. Beverages, Cosmetics, Dyes, Essential oils, Fats/Oils, Feed/Fodder, Fibre, Flavour/Fragrance, Food, Fruits, Fuel, Gum/Rubber, Insecticides /Fungicides/Nematicides, Oils/Fats, Poultry, Pulp/Paper, Spices/Condiments, Therapeutics, Vegetables, Wood, etc. Title, journal, author(s), address of corresponding author (Asterisk marked) of the original paper are provided for scientific reference and citation. NPARR inserts new products and technologies developed forthcoming conferences or educational event, book reviews, projects completed and theses awarded.

Compilation/Editor: Dr (Mrs) Sunita Garg

Director Dr Gangan Prathap (ex-officio)

National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR), CSIR Dr K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi-110012, INDIA Phone: 91-011-25846301 ext 258, 25846001; Fax: 91-011 2584 7062 Website; http://nopr.niscair.res.in E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

The information on this site is intended for educational purposes and societal benefit and is available free of cost. It is a compilation from research journals and it is not a substitute for the advice of a qualified professional. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India does not endorse nor does it verify the content or claims made. Editor does not accept responsibility for the consequences of the use of the information. Every effort is made to present the information accurately; however, we assume no liability for any errors and omissions.

Information for Readers We encourage readers to sign up for the publishing notification service for this repository. Use the Register link and register yourself. It will result in the readers receiving the E-mail alert for each new issue. This list also allows the NPARR to claim a certain level of support or readership. The Privacy Statement assures readers that their name and E-mail address will not be used for other purposes.

65

For including in respective categories, we would like to ask you to contribute soft copies of: (i) Abstract of your excellent papers published during the last one year or current year in any journal; (ii) New technologies/ Know-how Developed at your Institute or University; (iii) Books for review or book reviews for publication; (iv) Forthcoming events and Theses awarded in recent past. We certainly hope that more ground will be covered in future issues. The librarians are requested to list NPARR among their library's electronic journal holdings. You may send your above contributions to Dr (Mrs) Sunita Garg, on E-mail Id: [email protected]; [email protected]

66

NATURAL PRODUCTS AND RESOURCES REPOSITORY (NPARR) (A Quarterly Electronic Repository of Current Information on Natural Products and Resources) C O N T E N T S Volume 3, No. 2 April 2012 Products Beverages 69 Condiments 71 Cosmeceuticals 73 Dyes 75 Essential oils 76 Feed/Fodder 79 Fibres 82 Food 84 Fruits 88 Fuel 93 Gums/Rubber 96 Insecticides 98 Manure/Fertilizers 100 Oils/Fats 102 Phytochemicals 105 Spices/Condiments 106 Sugars 107 Therapeutics 109 Wood 112 Others Cultivation 114 New Species 116 Analytical Methods 118 Postharvest Technology 121 Forthcoming events 125 Announcements 126

67

NATURAL PRODUCTS AND RESOURCES REPOSITORY (NPARR)

BEVERAGES (incl. Juices, Tea /Coffee, tool for the estimation of coffee in substitute

Yoghurt and other natural soft drinks) blends [Marta Oliveira,Susana Casal, Simone Morais*, Cláudia Alves, Filipa Dias, Sandra Ramos, Eulália Mendes, Cristina Delerue-Matos NPARR 3(2), 2012-0122, Intra- and and M. Beatriz P.P. Oliveira (REQUIMTE/ interspecific mineral composition variability of Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, commercial instant coffees and coffee Departamento de Engenharia), Food Chemistry, substitutes: Contribution to mineral intakeThe 2012, 130(3), 702-709]. present paper reports the amount and estimated daily mineral intake of nine elements (Ca, Mg, K, Na, P, Fe, Mn, Cr and Ni) in commercial instant NPARR 3(2), 2012-0123, Effect of bioactive coffees and coffee substitutes (n=49). Elements compounds in lactobacilli-fermented soy skim were quantified by high-resolution continuum milk on femoral bone microstructure of aging source flame (HR-CS-FAAS) and graphite mice furnace (HR-CS-GFAAS) atomic absorption spectrometry, while phosphorous was evaluated Soy skim milks fermented with by a standard vanadomolybdophosphoric acid lactobacilli contain various phytochemicals such colorimetric method. as isoflavones and peptides. We used lactobacilli- fermented soy skim milk as a nutritional Instant coffees and coffee substitutes are supplement for 6 weeks to investigate its anti- rich in K, Mg and P (>100mg/100g dw), contain osteoporosis effect in 13-month-old female Na, Ca and Fe in moderate amounts BALB/c aging mice. Freeze-dried powder of soy (>1mg/100g), and trace levels of Cr and Ni. skim milk fermented by Lactobacillus paracasei Among the samples analysed, plain instant subsp. paracasei NTU 101 (NTU 101F) and L. coffees are richer in minerals (p<0.001), except plantarum NTU 102 (NTU 102F) were used in for Na and Cr. Blends of coffee substitutes this study. (barley, malt, chicory and rye) with coffee (20– 66%) present intermediate amounts, while lower The trabecular bone volumes in mice fed quantities are found in substitutes without coffee, NTU 101F and NTU 102F increased by a factor particularly in barley. of 3.48 and 2.16 compared with control values, respectively. The network density and thickness From a nutritional point of view the of distal metaphyseal trabecular bone in mice fed results indicate that the mean ingestion of two with NTU 101F and NTU 102F milks were instant beverages per day (total of 4g instant significantly denser than that of control mice; powder), either with or without coffee, cannot be moreover, the NTU 101F group had the largest regarded as important sources of minerals to the resting area ratio and smallest resorbing area human diet, although providing a compared with other groups. The beneficial supplementation of some minerals, particularly effect may due to isoflavones as well as higher Mg and Mn in instant coffees. Additionally, and amounts of polysaccharide and peptide in NTU for authentication purposes, the correlations 101F milk. The results suggest that dietary observed between some elements and the coffee supplement with fermented soy skim milk can percentage in the blends, with particular attenuate aging-induced bone loss in BALB/c significance for Mg amounts, provides a potential mice and possibly lower the risk of osteopenia or 70 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 3, NO. 2, 2012

osteoporosis in aging [Shen-Shih Chiang, Jiunn- operational stability for a long period and it Wang Liao and Tzu-Ming Pan* (Department of proved capable to produce dry wines of fine Biochemical Science and Technology, National clarity even at extremely low temperatures (5°C). Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan), The produced wines were analysed for volatile Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, byproducts by GC and GC–MS. The results 2012, 92(2), 328-335]. showed an increase in the number and amount of esters produced when immobilised cells were NPARR 3(2), 2012-0124, Wine making by used. In addition, an increase in the percentages barley supported yeast cells of esters and a decrease in those of alcohols with the decrease of fermentation temperature were A new biocatalyst was prepared by reported [Panagiotis Kandylis*, Dimitra immobilisation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Dimitrellou and Athanasios A. Koutinas (Food AXAZ-1 yeast cells on whole barley grains. This Biotechnology Group, Department of Chemistry, biocatalyst was used for 30 repeated batch University of Patras, GR-26500 Patras, Greece), fermentations of glucose and grape must at Food Chemistry, 2012, 130(2), 425–431]. various temperatures. The biocatalyst retained its CONDIMENTS 71

CONDIMENTS market, meeting specific requirements regarding visual quality, microbial load and high content of phytochemicals [Ascensión Martínez-Sánchez, NPARR 3(2), 2012-0125, Baby-leaf and multi- María C. Luna, María V. Selma, Juan A. Tudela, leaf of green and red lettuces are suitable raw Jesús Abad and María I. Gil* (Research Group on materials for the fresh-cut industry Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Food Science and Technology Department, Consumer demand for softer leaves with CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, E-30100 variation in taste, shape and colours has Espinardo, Murcia, Spain), Postharvest Biology encouraged the development of new lettuce and Technology, 2012, 63(1), 1-10]. products of baby-sized leaves. The objective of this study was the comparison of whole-head lettuce, as the most common raw material for NPARR 3(2), 2012-0126, Comparison of fresh-cut, with baby-leaf and multi-leaf as the physicochemical and sensory quality of newest baby-sized lettuce leaves. Lettuces Lentinus edodes granular condiment (Lactuca sativa L.) of the types Green Leaf, Red prepared by different prilling and drying Leaf and Lollo Rosso were cultivated in the same methods field with different plant densities, under commercial conditions. Although baby-leaf was Three different prilling methods, namely subjected to far less wound damage than the rotary prilling (RP), extrusion moulding prilling shredded lettuce from the whole-head, leaf age (EMP), sieving prilling (SP), and two drying could play an important role in increasing methods, namely fluidised-bed drying (FBD) and respiration rate and determining postharvest hot air drying (AD), were used to produce quality. After 9-11d of storage, minimally granular mushroom seasonings. There was processed products from the three types of raw significant difference both between the control material showed good visual quality without group and SP as well as between RP and SP differences among them. However, over the 12-d (P<0.05) on moisture absorption percentage. The storage period, quality decreased to the limit of values of control group and SP and RP were 9.14, marketability mainly due to browning of the cut 9.16 and 9.58 respectively. RP and EMP which edge surface of the fresh-cut product from whole- were dried with FBD showed no statistically heads and decay due to the soft tissue in the case significant difference on critical relative humidity of baby-leaves. Additionally, with the processing (CRH), while there was significant difference of whole-heads, the increase in cut-damage between AD and FBD samples. In the sequences surfaces and availability of cell nutrients of control group, RP, EMP and SP, the repose of provided conditions that favoured the growth of angle reflecting flowability was 24.9, 25.5, 26.2 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and total coliforms and 27.1. The dissolution time was 180, 120, 160 compared to uncut surfaces of baby-sized leaves. and 130s. The L values were 83.20, 70.00, 56.88 The ratio between the oxidized and reduced and 57.64. The total sensory assessment scores forms of ascorbate (DHA/AA) increased 2-4 were 8.5, 8.4, 6.5 and 6.0. Obviously, RP had the times after 9-11d of storage. Furthermore, baby- best flowability, dissolubility and sensory sized leaves had higher phenolic contents than assessment results among the test samples except the shredded product from the whole-head which that the L value was lower than the control one. probably contributed to reaching a shelf-life of In the comprehensive view, RP and FBD were an 11d. In conclusion, the new green and red baby- alternative way to make the granule seasoning sized leaves both at immature and mature stages [Hui-dang Wang, Min Zhang*, Guanghua Zhai provided high quality lettuce for the fresh-cut and Hao Jiang (State Key Laboratory of Food 72 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 3, NO. 2, 2012

Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Journal of Food Science & Technology, 2012, 214122 Wuxi, Jiangsu, China), International 47(6), 1265-1271]. COSMECEUTICALS 73

COSMECEUTICALS The present research work deals with Development and evaluation of Topical NPARR 3(2), 2012-0127, Surface rejuvenating formulations containing solid lipid micro effect of Achillea millefolium extract particles loaded with Grapes (Vitis venifera) seed and Marigold (Calendula officinalis) flower Proopiomelanocortin is a precursor extract, and essential oils of Sea buckthorn peptide that gives rise to several neuropeptides (Hippophae rhamnoides) seeds for treatment of including adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) acne vulgaris. Compritol (5.0% wt/wt) SLM and β-endorphin. POMC-derived peptides have dispersions were prepared by oil in water been shown to be synthesized in human emulsification method, using different surfactant epidermis where they modulate numerous skin concentrations and Extract concentration. functions. Because we previously observed that The Microparticle were characterized, in melanocortin receptor-2 and μ-opioid receptor 1, terms of surface morphology, particle size and the respective receptors for ACTH and β- stability. Solid lipid micro particle technology endorphin decreased with ageing in human represents a promising new approach to lipophile epidermis, we have selected an active ingredient drug delivery. Herbal extract and oils were (INCI name: Achillea millefolium extract) able to screened phyto chemically and TLC, HPLC were upregulate receptor expressions. The aim of the performed for Qualitative and Quantitative present work was first to evaluate the effect of A. analysis of active constituents present. The millefolium extract on the expression pattern of formulation have been developed and evaluated, various epidermal differentiation markers ex vivo In vitro antibacterial activity was performed in normal human skin biopsies using quantitative against Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), a image analysis and second to evaluate its causative organism for Acne vulgaris for the capacity to rejuvenate the appearance of skin developed formulations using agar well diffusion surface in vivo. Results show an improved method. The measured zones of inhibitions of the expression profile of cytokeratin 10, formulations were compared with standard transglutaminase-1 and filaggrin in cultured skin marketed topical herbal preparation for acne. biopsies as well as an increased epidermal Formulation had shown significant activity on thickness. In vivo, a 2-month treatment with A. comparison with the standard marketed millefolium extract at 2% significantly improved preparation [Mishra P*, Agrawal S, Gupta D the appearance of wrinkles and pores compared (Department of Pharmaceutics, Swami with placebo. Results were also directionally Vivekananda College of Pharmacy, Near Toll better than those of glycolic acid that was chosen Naka, Khandwa Road, Indore, M.P. PIN-452020, as reference resurfacing molecule [S. Pain*,C. India), Journal of Pharmacy Research, 2012, Altobelli, A. Boher, L. Cittadini, M. Favre- 5(1),104-107]. Mercuret, C. Gaillard, B. Sohm, B. Vogelgesang, V. André-Frei (Sabine Pain, BASF Beauty Care NPARR 3(2), 2012-0129, Screening of selected Solutions France S.A.S, 32 rue Saint-Jean-de- Herbal plants for Anti Acne Properties Dieu, F-69366, Lyon Cedex 07, France), International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 2011, Acne vulgaris, a chronic inflammatory 33(6), 535-542] disorder in adolescent consist of the pilosebaceous follicles, characterized by NPARR 3(2), 2012-0128, Solid lipid comedones, papules, cyst, nodules and often microparticles gel loaded with herbal extracts scars, chiefly on face, neck etc. The for acne treatment microorganism involved include 74 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 3, NO. 2, 2012

Propionibacterium acnes (P. acne) and inhibitory concentration to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis. The inflamed glands P. acne of ethanolic extract of Curcuma spp. and caused by stress, hereditary factors, hormones, Adina cordifolia were found to be 125 μg/ml and drugs and bacteria. Cause of acne includes the aqueous extract of Curcuma spp and Adina action of sebum synthesized and secreted by the cordifolia. were found to inhibit the growth of P. androgen-sensitive sebaceous glands, Increase in acne at concentration 250 μg/ml. 140 μg of heat hormones called androgens in both girl and boy killed P. acnes injected in the ears of rats by during puberty, Hormonal change related to subcutaneous route. Ear thickness was measured pregnancy or starting or stopping birth control as an index of inflammatory strength using pills, stress, skin irritation and heredity. The vernier caliper upto 35 days but there was no objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro significant change after 10th day [Pandey and in-vivo anti-acne effects of ethanolic and Chetana*, Karadi R.V, Bhardwaj K Lokesh and aqueous extract of rhizomes of selected Curcuma Sahu K Amit (Department of Pharmacognosy, species (Curcuma aromatica, Curcuma amada, KLE University’s College of Pharmacy, Belgaum, Curcuma zedoaria) and bark of Adina cordifolia Karnataka), International Journal of Drug against Propionibacterium acnes. Minimum Development & Research, 2012, 4(2), 216-222]. DYES 75

DYES (incl. Food colorants) changes in its coloring properties related to milk characteristics have not been paid appropriate NPARR 3(2), 2012-0130, Extraction, attention. Saffron color was studied in ewes’ milk identification and dyeing studies of at different fat levels and saffron concentrations Isosalipurposide, a natural chalcone dye from using tristimulus colorimetry. In order to evaluate Acacia cyanophylla flowers on wool saffron extraction, different temperatures and extraction times were tested. Color changes were A chalcone compound Isosalipurposide 1 demonstrated to be statistically significant when was qualitatively isolated from Acacia increasing the fat content in milk, as well as cyanophylla yellow flowers. The dyeing of wool saffron concentration. The higher milk fat fabrics with this chalcone compound as a natural content, turned the extracts brighter and yellower, dye has been studied. The effect of dye bath pH while less red and vivid, opposite to results and dyeing temperature were investigated. The obtained by increasing saffron concentration. obtained shades were bright with generally a Extraction time was not significant for color good fastness. A post-mordanting method was extraction. Milk extracts resulted slightly brighter used in the dyeing of wool with this chalcone and yellower when increasing temperature, dye. It was found that, generally, mordanting probably due to crocetin esters degradation or improved light fastness especially in the case of isomerization from trans to cis configuration. zinc sulphate [H. Ghouila, N. Meksi, W. Haddar, Temperatures between 37 and 70°C are M.F. Mhenni, H.B. Jannet*(Laboratory of recommended to avoid structural changes in milk Chemistry of Natural Substances and Organic or saffron. Color changes could be due to Synthesis (99/UR/12-26), Faculty of Science of interactions mediated by phospholipids between Monastir, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia), Industrial milk fat globules and crocetin esters, as well as Crops and Products, 2012, 35(1), 31-36]. minor saffron carotenoids [C.C. Licón, M. NPARR 3(2), 2012-0131, Preliminary study of Carmona, R. Rubio, A. Molina (M.I. Berruga* saffron (Crocus sativus L. stigmas) color (Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología extraction in a dairy matrix Agroforestal y Genética, ETSIA-IDR, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Saffron spice has been used for decades Universitario, 02071 Albacete, Spain), Dyes and as an ingredient in many dairy products but Pigments, 2012, 92(3), 1355-1360] 76 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 3, NO. 2, 2012

ESSENTIAL OILS (incl. Flavour and component, terpinen-4-ol, were evaluated in a Fragrance) murine oral candidiasis model. Prednisolone - pretreated mice were orally infected with a NPARR 3(2), 2012-0132, Extraction and fluconazole-susceptible (TIMM 2640) or a refining of essential oil from Australian tea resistant (TIMM 3163) strain of Candida tree, Melaleuca alterfornia, and the albicans to induce oral candidiasis. TTO or antimicrobial activity in cosmetic products terpinen-4-ol was administrated with a cotton swab 3 h and 24 h after candida infection. These Tea tree oil (TTO) comes from the leaves treatments clearly showed a decrease in the of Melaleuca alternifornia that belongs to the symptom score of tongues and in the viable myrtle family (Myrtaceae). It is one of the most candida cell number in the oral cavity at 2 d after powerful immune system stimulants and sorts out azole-susceptible C. albicans infection, although most viral, bacterial and fungal infections in a the degree of the efficacy was less than that of snap, while it is great to heal wounds and acnes. fluconazole. Even against oral candidiasis caused In Vietnam, Melaleuca trees can grow on acid by azole-resistant C. albicans, TTO and terpinen- land that stretches in a large portion of lands in 4-ol were similarly effective, while fluconazole the Mekong Delta region. So, there are some appeared ineffective. These results suggest that Melaleuca plantations developed under the TTO and terpinen-4-ol may have the potential of Vietnamese government plans of increasing therapeutic ability for mucosal candidiasis which plantation forests now. However, TTO contains may also be applicable to C. albicans oral various amounts of 1,8-cineole that causes skin candidiasis induced by the azole-resistant strain. irritant. So TTO purification is very necessary. In [Kentaro Ninomiya*, Naho Maruyama, this study, the purification of TTO that meet Shigeharu Inoue, Hiroko Ishibashi, Toshio International Standard ISO 4730 was carried out Takizawa, Haruyuki Oshima2), Shigeru Abe via two steps. The first step is steam distillation (Institute of Medical Mycology, Teikyo to obtain crude TTO (terpinen-4-ol 35% v/v) and University), Biological and Pharmaceutical the average productivity is among 2.37% (v/wet- Bulletin, 2012, 35(6), 861-865]. wt) or 1.23% (v/dry-wt). In the second step, the cleaned TTO is collected by vacuum distillation NPARR 3(2), 2012-0134, Assessment of in vitro column and extraction yield of the whole process antioxidant activity of essential oil of is about 0.3% (w/w). Besides, high concentration Eucalyptus citriodora (lemon-scented essential oil was applied in the cosmetic products Eucalypt; Myrtaceae) and its major to increase its commercial value [Q Huynh*, T D constituents Phan, V Q Q Thieu, S T Tran and S H Do (Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh The investigation on chemical City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 composition and antioxidant activity of Ly Thuong Kiet Street, Ho Chi Minh City, Eucalyptus citriodora (lemon-scented Vietnam), Journal of Physics: Conference Series eucalyptus) leaf oil in terms of total antioxidant Volume 352 conference 1]. activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power

NPARR 3(2), 2012-0133, The essential oil of (FRAP) assay, ferrous ion chelating activity, and Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree Oil) and its scavenging of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and 2,2- main component, terpinen-4-ol protect mice diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and from experimental oral candidiasis inhibition of lipid peroxidation. GC–MS analysis of essential oil revealed the presence of 43 The therapeutic efficacy of tea tree oil components constituting 99.2% of oil. The oil (TTO), Melaleuca alternifolia, and its main was monoterpenoid (94.35% of oil) with ESSENTIAL OILS 77

citronellal (60.66%), β-citronellol (12.58%) and activity of the oil was also recorded by 2,2- isopulegol (8.19%) as the major monoterpenoids. diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay, and its IC50 Oil and its major monoterpenes exhibited value was found 18μlml−1. The safety limit of the moderate to strong antioxidant activity in terms EO was determined in terms of LD50 on mice, of TAA, FRAP and Fe+2 chelating, DPPH and which was 9166.6μlkg−1, suggesting its non H2O2 scavenging, and lipid peroxidation mammalian toxicity. The EO of C. axillaris may inhibition. The study concludes that E. citriodora be recommended as a plant based preservative in leaves contain monoterpenoid rich oil exhibiting enhancement of shelf life of herbal raw materials antioxidant activity [Harminder Pal Singh*, by preventing their lipid peroxidation as well as Shalinder Kaur, Kirti Negi, Savita Kumari, biodeterioration due to fungal and aflatoxin Varinder Saini, Daizy R. Batish, Ravinder Kumar contamination [Prashant Kumar Mishra, Kohli (Department of Environment Studies, Ravindra Shukla, Priyanka Singh, Bhanu Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India), Prakash, Nawal Kishore Dubey*(Laboratory of LWT - Food Science and Technology, 2012, 48 Herbal Pesticides, Centre of Advanced Study in (2), 237-241]. Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India), Industrial Crops and Products, NPARR 3(2), 2012-0135, Antifungal and 2012, 36(1), 74-80]. antiaflatoxigenic efficacy of Caesulia axillaris Roxb. essentialoil against fungi deteriorating NPARR 3(2), 2012-0136, Therapeutic effects of some herbal raw materials, and its antioxidant essential oil from waste leaves of Psidium activity guajava Linn. against cosmetic embarrassment using phylogenetic approach The study deals with evaluation of antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic Caesulia Medicinal plants are facing threats due to axillaris Roxb. Essential oil (EO) against herbal loss of habitat and overexploitation of knows raw materials deteriorating fungi and its free species. Therefore the present work shows radical scavenging activity. During mycoflora utilization of essential oil from discarded leaves analysis these herbal raw materials were found to of Psidium guajava Linn. against human be severely contaminated by different fungi and dermatophytic fungi Trichophyton rubrum, T. aflatoxins. A total of nine different fungal species mentagrophytes, Trichophyton violaceum, were isolated from three herbal raw materials. Trichophyton tonsurans, Epidermophyton Aspergillus flavus LHPtc was recorded as the floccosum, Microsporum gypseum and highest aflatoxin B1 producing strain. EOs of Microsporum canis. The oil was found to be some plants were tested for their fungitoxicity fungicidal at 3.0 μl/ml and it toler- ated heavy against the toxigenic strain A. flavus LHPtc, and inoculum of pathogens at fungicidal C. axillaris EO was found as potent concentrations. The fungicidal activity of the oil fungitoxicant. C. axillaris EO was chemically was thermostable, up to 70°C and shelf life was characterized through GC–MS analysis which found to be six months, which was maximum the depicted the presence of 18 compounds, dl- time taken into consideration. The oil hav- ing limonene and Euasarone being the major cineole, caryophyllane, copaene, azulene and components. The EO exhibited broad spectrum of eucalyptol as main constituents, exhibited broad fungitoxicity against fungi causing postharvest fungicidal activity. The oil did not show any deterioration of herbal raw materials. At adverse effect on mammalian skin upto 5% 1.0 μl ml−1 the oil showed complete inhibition of concentration. Phylogeny of the dermatophytes fungal growth and aflatoxin B1 production was with respect to toxicity of the oil has also been inhibited at 0.8 μl ml−1. Free radical scavenging discussed using molecular data [Ahsan Kamran, 78 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 3, NO. 2, 2012

Rohit Kumar Mishra, Rita Gupta, Awadhesh yield as the dependent variable. The optimal Kumar, Ashok Kumar Bajaj, Anupam Dikshit* conditions for butyl butyrate synthesis were (Biological Product Laboratory, Department of found to be substrate molar ratio of 3.6:1 butanol: Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, butyric acid; enzyme content of 6.5% of substrate India), American Journal of Plant Sciences, mass fraction; added water 0.0% of substrate 2012, 3, 745-752]. mass fraction. Under these conditions, over 90% of conversion was obtained in 16 h of reaction. NPARR 3(2), 2012-0137, Optimization of Enzyme reuse was tested performing a treatment pineapple flavour synthesis by esterification before each batch by washing the enzyme system catalysed by immobilized lipase from with n-hexane, or simply reusing the biocatalyst Rhizomucor miehei in a new fresh reaction. Direct enzyme reuse caused a rapid decrease on the enzyme activity, The synthesis of pineapple flavour (butyl while washings with n-hexane allowed the butyrate) catalysed by lipase from Rhizomucor enzyme to be reused for six cycles keeping miehei has been optimized using central around 75% of its original activity [André S. G. composite design and response surface Lorenzoni, Natália G. Graebin, Andréa B. methodology. Initially, the best butyric acid Martins, Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente, Marco A. concentration in the mixture was defined and Záchia Ayub, Rafael C. Rodrigues*(Biocatalysis found that 1m butyric acid presented the highest and Enzyme Technology Lab, Institute of Food initial reaction rate. The reaction parameters Science and Technology, Federal University of substrate molar ratio, enzyme content, and initial Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil), added water were evaluated in the central Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 2012, 27(2), composite design with the reaction conversion 196-200]. FEED/FODDER 79

FEED/FODDER in digestibility and CP content occurred, this forage has the potential as a ruminant feed due to NPARR 3(2), 2012-0138, Effect of harvest date the much lower nitrate levels [D. Abbasi, Y. and nitrogen fertilization rate on the nutritive Rouzbehan*J. Rezaei (Animal Science value of amaranth forage (Amaranthus Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat hypochondriacus) Modares University, Tehran, P.O. Box 14115- 336, Iran), Animal Feed Science and Technology, This study was conducted to assess effects 2012, 171(1), 6-13] of harvest date (i.e., 40 and 60d after planting) and N fertilization rate (i.e., 120, 180, 240 kg NPARR 3(2), 2012-0139, Temperate forages N/ha) on the nutritive value of amaranth forage ensiled with molasses or fresh cheese whey: (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) using a factorial Effects on conservation quality, effluent losses experiment with a randomized complete block and ruminal degradation design. The content of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), true protein (TP), ether extract Effects of ensiling and adding molasses or (EE), water soluble carbohydrates (WSC), ash- increasing levels of fresh cheese whey on the free neutral detergent fiber (NDFom), ash-free conservation and rumen degradability of acid detergent fiber (ADFom), lignin(sa), ash, Ca, temperate pasture silages were evaluated. Forage P, Na, K, oxalic acid and nitrate were determined. from three paddocks of mixed grass and legume Soluble CP (SP) and protein fractions non-protein pastures was used to make 45 silages (15 silages N (A), true protein rapidly degraded in the rumen per paddock) with 5 treatments, including silage (B1), true protein degraded in the rumen at a without additives (control), silage with 15g/kg moderate rate (B2), true protein associated with dehydrated molasses and silage with 20, 50 and the cell wall and slowly degraded in the rumen 100g/kg fresh cheese whey. The chemical (B3) and acid detergent insoluble CP (C) were composition and fermentation quality (i.e., pH, measured according to the Cornell Net ammonia N, loss of dry matter (DM) and neutral Carbohydrate and Protein System. In vitro gas detergent fibre (NDF), effluent production) of the production (IVGP), OM disappearance (OMD) silages were determined. Fresh and ensiled and NDFom disappearance (NDFD) were materials were evaluated for in situ rumen determined using a gas production technique. degradability. Ensiling reduced DM and NDF Results showed that the later harvest date rumen degradability (P<0.01). When additives increased (P<0.05) DM, EE, WSC, NDFom, were employed, the reduction of DM ADFom, lignin(sa), B3 and C; while CP, TP, ash, degradability of the silages decreased (P≤0.03). Ca, P, K, SP, A, B1, B2, nitrate, total and soluble Addition of molasses led to the lowest pH oxalic acid, IVGP, b (i.e., gas production from (P<0.01) and DM losses (P<0.01), and highest the insoluble fermentable fractions at 120 h), c DM degradability (P<0.01). The conservation (i.e., rate of gas production during incubation), and DM degradation results of dried molasses OMD and NDFD decreased (P<0.05). With silage were superior to those of fresh whey increasing N fertilization rate, CP, TP, EE, P, silages. In general, an increase in the level of nitrate, oxalic acid, SP, A, b, OMD and NDFD whey increased DM degradability (P≤0.03), but increased (P<0.05), however B2 declined linearly increased effluent production (P<0.01) (P<0.05). Increasing N fertilization increased and losses (P<0.01) [Cecilia Cajarville*, yield, CP concentration and nutrient digestibility. Alejandro Britos, Daniel Garciarena and José At 40 d after planting use of amaranth forage as a Luis Repetto (Departamento de Nutrición ruminant feed is limited due to its high nitrate Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de content. However, at 60 d, although a depression la República Oriental del Uruguay, Lasplaces 80 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 3, NO. 2, 2012

1550, Montevideo, Uruguay), Animal Feed N-1432 Ås, Norway), Animal Feed Science and Science and Technology, 2012, 171(1), 14-19]. Technology, 2012, 171(1), 60-67].

NPARR 3(2), 2012-0140, Extent and method of NPARR 3(2), 2012-0141, Effect of feeding grinding of sorghum prior to inclusion in protected fat and proteins on milk production, complete pelleted broiler chicken diets affects composition and nutrient utilization in broiler gut development and performance Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

A broiler experiment was conducted to Objective of this study was to investigate examine the effects of sorghum particle size and the effect of feeding protected fat and proteins on milling type on the performance, nitrogen milk production, composition and nutrient corrected apparent metabolisable energy (AMEn), utilization in Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). digestive tract development, digesta pH, Eighteen buffaloes were divided into two groups duodenal digesta particle size and digesta passage (9 each) on the basis of most probable production rate. Complete pelleted diets with identical ability. Buffaloes in control group (C group; most botanical and chemical composition containing probable production ability 2204 kg) were fed 750 g/kg whole sorghum (WS), sorghum ground chaffed wheat straw, chopped maize fodder and through hammer mill with 1mm and 3mm screen concentrate mixture as per requirements. (HM1 and HM3) and sorghum ground on a roller Buffaloes in supplemented group (S group; most mill with 0.15 mm spacing (RM0.15), were probable production ability 2211kg) were fed made. Sorghum for diets HM3 and RM0.15 were same ration as C group plus 2.5% rumen milled to approximately the same mean particle protected fat (on dry matter intake basis) and size. Diet WS resulted in poorer (P<0.05) weight formaldehyde treated mustard and groundnut oil gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) than the cake (1.2g formaldehyde/100 g crude protein) in other diets from 11 to 21 days of age, while diet place of unprotected cakes. Group S buffaloes RM0.15 resulted in improved FCR. Apparent were supplemented rumen protected fat and MEn determined between 25 and 28 days of age, protein 60 days pre-partum to 90 days postpartum however, was higher (P<0.05) for diet WS than and persistence of milk production was for the other diets. This was possibly due to a monitored up to 210 days of lactation. Milk yield longer adaptation time to a larger feed particle during supplementation period (90 days) in S size, as indicated by a lower (P<0.05) pH in the group was 13.11kg/d and was 19% higher gizzard and smaller duodenal digesta particle size (P<0.01) than the C group (11.01kg/d), whereas for this diet. Diet HM1 gave similar performance after supplement withdrawal (120 days), it was as diet HM3, but resulted in a significantly 11.04kg/d and was 15% higher (P<0.01) than the smaller gizzard, a higher pH of the gizzard C group (9.61kg/d). There was no effect on total content, a lower pH of the duodenal content and solid, protein, solid-not fat (SNF) and lactose larger particles in the duodenal contents, thus contents in the two groups, whereas milk fat yield indicating that gizzard development and activity was increased (P<0.05) and level of milk urea were compromised by this diet. Total tract nitrogen was decreased (P<0.01) in S group. passage rate of the liquid phase marker was Moreover, the supplement produced noticeable slower (P<0.05) in the WS fed birds, but there changes in the fatty acid profile of the milk fat, were no differences in solid phase marker i.e., reduction in the concentration of saturated excretion rates [N.J. Rodgers, M. Choct, H. fatty acids (SFA) by 19% and an increase in that Hetland, F. Sundby and B. Svihus* (Department of unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) by 36%. of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian Besides, digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber FEED/FODDER 81

were not affected, whereas ether extract content of the H diet [M. Eriksson* and H. Wall digestibility was higher (P<0.05) in S group. (Department of Animal Nutrition and There was no effect on plasma glucose, non- Management, Swedish University of Agricultural esterified fatty acids, triglycerides and cholesterol Science, Uppsala, Sweden), Animal Feed Science concentrations between two groups, whereas and Technology, 2012, 171(2-4), 205-213]. blood urea nitrogen concentration was lower (P<0.01) in S group. Supplementation of NPARR 3(2), 2012-0143, The effect of feeding protected nutrients to buffaloes increased milk expeller-pressed canola meal on growth production and unsaturated fatty acids content in performance and diet nutrient digestibility in milk fat and persistence of lactation after weaned pigs supplements were withdrawn [S.K. Shelke*, S.S. Thakur and S.A. Amrutkar (Dairy Cattle The effects of feeding increasing levels of Nutrition Division, National Dairy Research expeller-pressed (EP) canola meal in substitution Institute, Karnal 132001, India), Animal Feed for soybean meal as an energy and amino acid Science and Technology, 2012, 171(2-4), 98-107]. source were evaluated in 240 weaned pigs with an initial body weight of 7.3±0.6kg. Five pelleted NPARR 3(2), 2012-0142, Hemp seed cake in wheat-based diets containing 0, 50, 100, 150 or organic broiler diets 200g EP canola meal/kg were formulated to contain 10.0MJ net energy (NE)/kg and 1.18 g The aim of this study was to examine standardised ileal digestible (SID) lysine/MJ NE production and health of fast-growing broilers fed and were fed for 4wk starting 1wk after weaning diets with and without hemp seed cake (HSC) in at 19 days of age. Expeller-pressed canola meal organic broiler production. Two diets, a control was added at the expense of soybean meal and diet (C) and a diet including HSC (H), were fed the diets were balanced for NE using canola oil to 1200 Ross 308 chickens which were divided and for amino acids using crystalline lysine, over 8 pens. Birds were housed indoors until 21 methionine, threonine and tryptophan. Increasing d, and thereafter kept in the same groups in two inclusion of EP canola meal linearly reduced chicken houses with access to outdoor pasture up (P<0.001) the apparent total tract digestibility of to slaughter at 70 d. Production performance was energy, dry matter and crude protein and the registered weekly. The number of Clostridium digestible energy content of diets. From 0 to 28 perfringens (C. perfringens) in caeca, as well as days on trial, increasing inclusion of EP canola leg and foot health and carcass quality was meal did not affect body weight gain, feed intake registered during the study period or at slaughter. and feed efficiency. In conclusion, up to 200g EP Total mortality was high regardless of diet due to canola meal/kg can replace soybean meal in diets a short heat wave extreme for Swedish conditions formulated to equal NE and SID amino acid which predominantly affected the heavy male content and fed to nursery pigs starting 1wk after broilers. The inclusion of HSC did not affect total weaning without reducing growth performance production performance or mortality. [J.L. Landero, E. Beltranena, M. Cervantes, A.B. Furthermore, no effect of HSC inclusion in the Araiza and R.T. Zijlstra*(Department of feed was seen on the number of C. perfringens in Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, the caeca. There were differences in litter University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G condition and foot health of birds, which may 2P5, Canada), Animal Feed Science and have been related to the high crude fibre (CF) Technology, 2012, 171(2-4), 240-245] 82 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 3, NO. 2, 2012

FIBRES (incl. Textile and other utility (GQ891103) and B. pumilus strain IK-MB12- fibres) 518F (GQ891105). The microorganisms in different combinations of consortia showed NPARR 3(2), 2012-0144, Surface treatments of synergistic effect resulting in increased PG jute fabric: The influence of surface (35.52-46.61IU/g cell wet weight), PNL (39.79– characteristics on jute fabrics and mechanical 72.12U/ml), xylanase (0.705–0.840μmol/ml/min) properties of jute/polyester composites and little cellulase (0–0.153μmol/ml/min) activities. The organisms in different Jute fabrics were modified by alkali, combinations of consortia reduced the retting micro-emulsion silicon (MS) and fluorocarbon period from 11 to 13 days as compared to 19 days based agents (FA) in order to enhance the in the control. Microbial inoculation produced interfacial adhesion between the polyester matrix remarkable improvement in jute fibre strength and the jute fiber. X-ray photoelectron (26.62–28.91g/tex) and fineness (2.76-2.92 tex) spectroscopy (XPS) and contact angle over control. The pH of the post-retting water measurements were used to characterize fiber samples became acidic, and the electrical surfaces. The effects of various surface conductivity (Ec), chemical oxygen demand treatments on the mechanical and morphological (COD) and hardness increased. The organisms of jute/polyester composites were also studied. could be adopted in industrial application for All surface treatments were shown to improve the extraction of jute fibre [Biswapriya Das*, Kalyan tensile, flexural strengths and interlaminar shear Chakrabarti, Sagarmoy Ghosh, Bijan Majumdar, strengths of the composites. Moreover, the Sudipta Tripathi and Ashis Chakraborty maximum improvement in the mechanical (Department of Agronomy, Bidhan Chandra properties was obtained for the FA treated Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal 741252, jute/polyester composites. SEM micrographs of India), Industrial Crops and Products, 2012, the tensile fracture surface of jute/unsaturated 36(1), 415-419]. polyester composites also exhibited improvement of interfacial and interlaminar shear strengths by NPARR 3(2), 2012-0146, Heterosis for yield the alkali, MS and FA treatments of jute fibers and fibre properties in upland cotton [Kutlay Sever, Mehmet Sarikanat, Yoldaş Seki, (Gossypium hirsutum Linn.). Gökhan Erkan*, Ümit Halis Erdoğan and Seckin Erden (Department of Textile Engineering, Thirty crosses with three females and ten Dokuz Eylul University, 35160 Buca, Izmir, males were studied with an objective to improve Turkey), Industrial Crops and Products, 2012, yields and fibre characters in cotton. Heterosis for 35(1), 22-30] yield and six fibre properties were estimated in thirty cross combinations. Maximum heterosis for NPARR 3(2), 2012-0145, Effect of efficient seed cotton yield/plant was observed in GSHV pectinolytic bacterial isolates on retting and 155 × GSHV 112 (27.70%) followed by G.Cot. fibre quality of jute 20 × B C 68-2 (27.17%) and G.Cot. 20 × 76 IH 20 (26.90%) over standard check. For 2.5 per Four bacterial strains with high balanced cent span length, the cross GSHV 01/1338 × B C polygalacturonase (PG) and pectin lyase (PNL), 68-2 (9.35%), for fibre strength GSHV 01/1338 × and xylanase with minimal cellulase activity were BC 68-2 (10.96%) followed by G.Cot. 20 × used in jute retting. The 16S rDNA analysis GSHV 97/13(10.81%) and GSHV 01/1338 × revealed that the organisms were: Bacillus sp. L6 LRA 5166 (9.33%), for elongation percentage (GQ891097), Bacillus pumilus strain EK-17 GSHV 01/1338 × BC 68-2 (6.21%) followed by (GQ891098), B. pumilus strain Geo-03-422 GSHV 01/1338 × LRA 5166 (5.08%) and G.Cot. FIBRES 83

20 × LRA 5166 (5.08%), for uniformity ratio index and reasonable tensile strength can be G.Cot. 20 × GSHV 01/26 (6.00%) and GSHV obtained by treating the fabric at 95°C in a 155 × GSHV 97/612 (6.00%), for maturity ratio bleaching bath containing 5g/l sodium chlorite, G.Cot. 20 × GISV 218 (2.78%) and GSHV 0.02g/l hexamethylenetetramine and 1g/l non- 01/1338 × GISV 103 (2.78%) and nineteen ionic wetting agent using a material to liquor crosses have shown negative standard heterosis ratio of 1:30. These optimum conditions lead to for short fibre index [Patil, S. A.; Naik, M. R.; completion of the bleaching process in a Pathak, V. D. and Kumar, V, Journal of Cotton reasonable duration of 2h with minimum Research and Development 2012, 26(1), 26-29] evolution of harmful chlorine dioxide gas. Lower concentrations of the activator NPARR 3(2), 2012-0147, Simple and economic hexamethylenetetramine were found to prolong bleaching process for cotton fabric the bleaching duration without getting satisfactory whiteness index. Higher Cotton fabric was bleached in a simple concentrations of the activator were found to and economic process using a bleaching system cause fast sodium chlorite decomposition without composed of sodium chlorite and imparting bleaching effect to the fabric [E.S. hexamethylenetetramine. Different bleaching Abdel-Halim*(Petrochemical Research Chair, trials were carried out keeping fixed sodium Chemistry Department, College of Science, King chlorite concentration and varying other reaction Saud University, Riyadh 11451, P.O. Box 2455, conditions. The obtained results reveal that Saudi Arabia), Carbohydrate Polymers, 2012, bleached cotton fabric with satisfactory whiteness 88(4), 1233-1238] 84 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 3, NO. 2, 2012

FOOD (incl. Dairy, Fishery, Poultry saturated with oxygen, nitrogen or air at 5 ± 1°C and other Plant and Animal products) for 12 days. The sensory acceptability limit was 11–12, 6–7 and 7–8 days for gonads with oxygen, NPARR 3(2), 2012-0148, Extrusion-enzyme nitrogen or air packaging, respectively. Total liquefaction as a method for producing volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) values reached 22.60 ± 1.32, 32.37 ± 1.37 and 24.91 ± 1.54 mg sorghum protein concentrates −1 100 g for gonads with oxygen, nitrogen or air A novel method was developed for packaging at the points of near to, exceeding and concentrating proteins from sorghum flour reaching the limit of sensory acceptability, utilizing a combination of extrusion and α- indicating that TVB-N values of about 25 mg 100 amylase treatment for starch liquefaction. A g−1 should be regarded as the limit of central composite design was used to optimize in- acceptability for sea urchin gonads. Relative ATP barrel moisture content (MC), enzyme content values were 56.55%, 17.36% and 18.75% concentration during extrusion (E1) and post- for gonads with oxygen, nitrogen or air extrusion enzyme concentration (E2) in order to packaging, respectively, on day 2. K-values were produce sorghum protein concentrates with high 19. 37%, 25.05% and 29.02% for gonads with protein content (PC) and in vitro protein oxygen, nitrogen or air packaging, respectively, digestibility (D). Extrusion-enzyme liquefaction on day 2. Both pH and aerobic plate count values yielded concentrates with higher protein yield (82 showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) for db%) and digestibility (66%) than batch gonads with the three treatments. Gonads with liquefaction alone because extrusion promoted oxygen packaging had lower sensory demerit starch and protein degradation. The optimum point (P < 0.05) and TVB-N values (P < 0.05), conditions for developing a sorghum protein and higher relative ATP content (P < 0.01) and concentrate with both high yield and digestibility K-values (P < 0.05), than that with nitrogen or air were 32% MC, no E1, and 2.5% E2. The packaging, with an extended shelf life of 4-5 days sorghum protein concentrate developed in this during storage in artificial seawater at 5 ± 1°C study can augment the nutritional value of gluten- [Chao Wang, Changhu Xue, Yong Xue*, Zhaojie free foods for individuals suffering from celiac Li, Yingchun Lv and Hao Zhang (College of disease and other forms of gluten and wheat Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University intolerance [Normell Jhoe de Mesa-Stonestreet, of China, No. 5 Yu Shan Road, Qingdao, Sajid Alavi and Jeff Gwirtz (Department of Grain Shandong Province, 266003, China.), Journal of Science and Industry, Kansas State University, the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2012, 92(1), Manhattan, KS 66506, United States), Journal of 191-196]. Food Engineering, 2012, 108(2), 365-375] NPARR 3(2), 2012-0150, Optimisation of NPARR 3(2), 2012-0149, Quality changes in sea chocolate formulation using dehydrated urchin (Strongylocentrotus nudus) during peanut–cowpea milk to replace dairy milk storage in artificial seawater saturated with oxygen, nitrogen and air The rheological properties of chocolate, based upon its acceptability by consumers, are Sea urchin gonads are highly valued determined largely by the ingredients and their seafood that degenerates rapidly during the proportions used in the formulations. Milk storage period. To study the influence of chocolates are very popular because milk dissolved oxygen concentration on quality provides flavour and smooth texture to the changes of sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus nudus) product. This study aimed to determine the gonads, they were stored in artificial seawater optimal ingredient formulation for vegetable milk FOOD 85

chocolate using peanut–cowpea milk as a cooked rice. Only the colour variable a* of substitute for dairy milk. The study followed a cooked rice could be predicted using protein, four-component constrained mixture design, with amylose and raw rice colour with high enough cocoa liquor, vegetable milk, cocoa butter and precision to be useful, and this was only for sugar as the components. Lecithin and vanillin modelling using samples cooked in the same were added at a constant amount to all manner (rice cooker). Cooking method (rice formulations. Critical attributes of the chocolates cooker versus excess water) affected the colour were evaluated using descriptive sensory tests of cooked rice. Being able to predict a* in cooked and instrumental techniques. Regression models rice is likely of limited value. Only the model that were fitted to the data, and the optimum used samples where postharvest handling ingredient formulation for acceptable vegetable conditions were controlled (US-grown rice) was milk chocolate was determined. The vegetable able to predict C*, a more useful measure, and milk had significant (P = 0.05) influence on then with only moderate ability. L*, a measure of flavour, mouth feel, hardness and after taste of brightness/whiteness, was not predicted well by chocolates. The optimum ingredient formulation any of the models [Karen L Bett-Garber*, Elaine for acceptable vegetable milk chocolates was T Champagne, Jessica L Thomson and Jeanne determined to be cocoa liquor (18.00%), sugar Lea (USDA ARS Southern Regional Research (30.75%), peanut–cowpea milk (28.93%), and Center, PO Box 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179, cocoa butter (22.32%). The results demonstrate USA), Journal of the Science of Food and that it is feasible to use vegetable source milk for Agriculture, 2012, 92 (2), 283-291]. chocolate. The findings also provide clues for scale-up criteria for large-scale production of NPARR 3(2), 2012-0152, Egg yolk fatty acid vegetable milk chocolate [Herta Aidoo, Esther profile in relation to dietary fatty acid † Sakyi-Dawson, Lawrence Abbey, Kwaku Tano- concentrations Debrah and Firibu Kwesi Saalia* (Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, The health benefits of n-3 fatty acids have Legon, Accra, Ghana), Journal of the Science of led to much research on manipulating the fatty Food and Agriculture, 2012, 92(2), 224-231]. acid composition of animal-derived foods. In this study, two experiments were conducted to NPARR 3(2), 2012-0151, Relating raw rice investigate the interaction of dietary fatty acids colour and composition to cooked rice colour on egg yolk fatty acid concentrations. In experiment I, 32 dietary treatments with three The whiter the rice, the more it is replicates of three birds each were fed for 35 preferred by consumers and the more value it has days. Diets were prepared by mixing one type of in the market place. The first objective of this fish oil with four vegetable oils in different study was to determine the interrelationships of proportions. In experiment II, three different raw colour, cooked colour, amylose content and types and two levels of fish oil in combination protein content in rice. The second objective was with two vegetable oils were tested under the to assess whether or not the colour of cooked rice same conditions as in experiment I. In experiment can be predicted from raw rice colour in I the results showed that the egg yolk saturated conjunction with amylose and protein contents. (SFA) and monounsaturated (MUFA) fatty acid Protein and amylose contents were not concentration was determined by the dietary significantly correlated with the colour SFA, MUFA and 18:2n-6 content. The egg measurements for raw rice. Protein and amylose 18:2n-6 concentration was mainly explained by showed moderate, significant associations with the dietary inclusion of 18:2n-6 and negatively by L* and a* and a*, b* and C* respectively for the dietary MUFA content. The egg C18:3n-3, 86 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 3, NO. 2, 2012

C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3 concentration is almost molecules. This investigation provides exclusively determined by their direct supply information on changes in the characteristics of from the diet. The egg 20:4n-6 concentration was rice flour and rice starch during germination, inversely proportional to the long-chain n-3 leading to a better understanding on the polyunsaturated fatty acid content of the diet. The chemistry of brown rice germination [Jie Xu, Hui results of experiment II showed that the egg yolk Zhang*, Xiaona Guo and Haifeng Qian (School C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3 concentration was of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan determined by both the level of dietary fish oil (1 University, 1800 Lihu Avenue Wuxi 214122, or 2%) and the C20:5n-3/C22:6n-3 ratio in the Jiangsu Province, P.R. China), Journal of the fish oil. The results of this study demonstrated Science of Food and Agriculture, 2012, 92(2), that the direct dietary supply of fatty acids is the 380-387]. most important factor determining the egg yolk fatty acid composition, in particular for the n-3 NPARR 3(2), 2012-0154, Dark chocolate fatty acids. The interaction effect from other acceptability: influence of cocoa origin and dietary fatty acids was in general small [Reza processing conditions Poureslami*, Katleen Raes, Gerard Huyghebaert Amy B Batal and Stefaan De Smet (Department Chocolate properties can vary depending of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, on cocoa origin, composition and manufacturing Athens, GA 30602, USA), Journal of the Science procedure, which affect consumer acceptability. of Food and Agriculture, 2012, 92, (2), 366-372]. The aim of this work was to study the effect of two cocoa origins (Ghana and Ecuador) and two NPARR 3(2), 2012-0153, The impact of processing conditions (roasting time and germination on the characteristics of brown conching time) on dark chocolate acceptability. rice flour and starch Overall acceptability and acceptability for different attributes (colour, flavour, odour and In recent years, germinated brown rice as texture) were evaluated by 95 consumers. a functional food has received great attention Differences in acceptability among dark with its improved sensory and nutritional chocolates were mainly related to differences in properties. Particularly of interest are the high flavour acceptability. The use of a long roasting levels of γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) which time lowered chocolate acceptability in Ghanaian can be obtained during germination. However, samples while it had no effect on acceptability of more studies are needed to fully understand the Ecuadorian chocolates. This response was effect of germination on the physicochemical observed for most consumers (two subgroups properties of brown rice. Germination altered the with different frequency consumption of dark chemical composition of brown rice, resulting in chocolate). However, for a third group of an increase in reducing sugar and ash content, consumers identified as distinguishers, the most and a reduction in amylose. Solubility, paste acceptable dark chocolate samples were those viscosity, transition temperatures (To, Tp and Tc) produced with specific combinations of roasting and percentage of retrogradation time and conching time for each of the cocoa (%Retrogradation) were decreased, while geographical origin considered. To produce dark swelling power and turbidity were significantly chocolates from a single origin it is important to increased. Scanning electron micrographs know the target market preferences and to select indicated that starch granules from germinated the appropriate roasting and conching conditions brown rice became smaller and less [Miriam Torres-Moreno*, Amparo Tarrega, homogeneous. Moreover, germination shortened Elvira Costell and Consol Blanch (Food Science the chain length of amylopectin and amylose Research Group, Universitat de Vic, 08500 Vic, FOOD 87

Barcelona, Spain), Journal of the Science of Food Triglycerides were the main lipid class in all and Agriculture , 2012, 92(2), 404-411]. experimental egg products except those developed with krill oil, which had even more NPARR 3(2), 2012-0155, Characterization of phospholipids than mixed whole egg. Analysis of lipids and antioxidant capacity of novel thiobarbituric acid reactive substances showed nutraceutical egg products developed with that lipid oxidation of experimental egg products omega-3-rich oils was lower (P < 0.05) or similar (P > 0.05) to mixed whole egg, except for experimental egg Cardiovascular disease has had an products with krill oil. However, peroxide value unquestioned status of the number one cause of showed that all egg samples had minimal death in the US since 1921. Omega-3 oxidation. Experimental egg products developed polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) have with menhaden or flaxseed oil had the highest (P cardio-protective benefits. However, egg is < 0.05) concentration of the antioxidant, typically a poor source of ω-3 PUFAs and, in ethyoxquin compared to all other egg samples. general, the American diet is low in these cardio- However, experimental egg products with krill protective fatty acids. Novel, nutritionally oil likely contained a natural antioxidant, enhanced egg products were developed by astaxanthin. This study demonstrated an substituting yolk with ω-3 PUFA-rich flaxseed, alternative approach to developing novel, menhaden, algae, or krill oil. Experimental egg nutraceutical egg products. Instead of dietary products matched composition of hen egg (whole modification of chicken feed, yolk substitution egg). The experimental egg products, mixed with ω-3 PUFAs oils resulted in enhancement of whole egg, and a liquid egg product (Egg ω-3 PUFAs beyond levels possible to achieve by Beaters™) were microwave-cooked and modifying chicken feed [Nissan M Kassis, compared. Although fat, protein, and moisture Joseph C Gigliotti, Sarah K Beamer, Janet C Tou contents of experimental egg products matched and Jacek Jaczynski*(West Virginia University, (P > 0.05) mixed whole egg, experimental egg Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, products had more (P < 0.05) ω-3 PUFAs, lower P.O. Box 6108, Morgantown, WV 26506-6108, (P < 0.05) ω-6/ω-3 ratio, and depending on oil USA), Journal of the Science of Food and added, a higher (P < 0.05) unsaturated/saturated Agriculture , 2012, 92(1), 66-73]. fatty acids ratio compared to mixed whole egg. 88 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 3, NO. 2, 2012

FRUITS ethanol (2.87ml/rat/day) at low and high dosages (278 and 576 mg/rat/day, respectively) for 6 NPARR 3(2), 2012-0156, Phenolic compound weeks. Ethanol consumption significantly content of fresh and dried figs (Ficus carica elevated both total cholesterol (TC) and L.) triglyceride (TG) concentrations in the serum of SD rats; otherwise co-administration of WCE Eighteen fig cultivars commonly grown in lowered both serum TG and TC levels. Ethanol the south-eastern Spain were collected in two consumption caused a hepatic lipid content of crops (spring and summer) and their polyphenolic 227 mg/g liver after 6 weeks whereas co- profile was determined. Fruit from the first crop administration of WCE, especially at high generally showed higher phenolic values than dosage, significantly reduced it to 187 mg/g of those from the second. Higher concentrations of liver. Analysis of hepatic fatty acids revealed that total phenolics were found in skin than in flesh. WCE suppressed conjugation of oleic acid into LC–UV-DAD/ESI-MSn analysis of the figs TG. These results support probable application of pointed to a high anthocyanin content, mainly WCE as an anti-alcoholic fatty liver agent [Ho- cyanidin-3-rutinoside, flavonols such as Young Park, Yongkon Park, Youngsuk Lee, Sang quercetin-rutinoside, phenolic acids such as Kyu Noh, Eon-Gi Sung and Inwook Choi* (Neo chlorogenic acid and flavones like luteolin 6C- Food Resources Research Group, Korea Food hexose-8C-pentose and apigenin-rutinoside. The Research Institute, Gyeonggi 463-746, Republic c-glycosides have not been previously described of Korea), Food Chemistry, 2012, 130(3), 598- in figs. Moreover, to compare intact 604]. proanthocyanidins and proanthocyanin cleavage products, an acid-catalysis was made in the NPARR 3(2), 2012-0158, Shellac and aloe-gel- presence of phloroglucinol (phloroglucinolysis) based surface coatings for maintaining and the mean degree of polymerisation was keeping quality of apple slices calculated. Finally, three cultivars of dried figs were also studied [Fernando Vallejo*, J.G. Marín Apple slices, ozonised in water (1:2 w/v; and Francisco A. Tomás-Barberán (Research 200 mg O3/h, for 5 min) and then soaked in a Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant solution containing ascorbic acid (200 mg kg -1), Foods, Department of Food Science and citric acid (200 mg kg-1) and sodium benzoate Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, (200 mg kg-1) for 10 min, were coated with edible 30100 Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain), surface coatings made up of shellac and aloe gel Food Chemistry, 2012, 130(3), 485-492]. (AG), separately and in combination. Application of coatings was found to significantly (p < 0.05) NPARR 3(2), 2012-0157, Effect of oral reduce the respiration and ethylene synthesis administration of water-soluble extract from rates as well as electrolyte leakage. The AG- citrus peel (Citrus unshiu) on suppressing coated samples showed reduced polyphenol alcohol-induced fatty liver in rats oxidase (96.1) and peroxidase activity (211.2) followed by the samples coated with combination Water-soluble citrus peel extract (WCE) of shellac + AG, and shellac alone; the uncoated from Citrus unshiu was studied for its anti- samples being showing maximum values (122.8, alcoholic fatty liver activities through chronic 288.5) for these enzymes in terms of units/g/min, oral administration to Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. respectively. The L, a and b values, firmness, WCE, which was prepared by ultrasound-assisted microbiological and keeping quality of the coated extraction (UAE), was co-supplemented with slices also showed reduced changes during FRUITS 89

storage for 30 days at 6 ± 1°C [Chauhan, O.P. *, physico-chemical and microbial properties under Raju, P.S., Singh, A. and Bawa, A.S. (Defence frozen storage and refrigerated conditions. It was Food Research Laboratory, Siddarthanagar, found that pulp without steaming and antioxidant Mysore 570011, India), Food Chemistry, 2011, treatment facilitated more discoloration, elevated 126(3), 961-966]. microbial load and good overall acceptability while treated samples found to have no browning, NPARR 3(2), 2012-0159, Effect of heat lower microbial load but comparatively less processing on discoloration of custard apple overall acceptability [Pawar, V.N., Kardile, W.G. (Annona squamosa L.) fruit pulp and changes and Hashmi, S.I.* (Department of Food Science in quality characteristics during storage and Technology, College of Food Technology, M.A.U, Parbhani-431401 (MS), India), Custard apple (Annona squamosa L.) fruit Electronic Journal of Environmental, pulp has got many food applications as flavour Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2011, 10(4), enhancing ingredient in various desserts because 2098-2113]. of its delicious taste and flavour. However, the pulp has limited shelf life due to polyphenol NPARR 3(2), 2012-0160, The effect of salt, oxidase activity which causes discoloration or extract of kinnow and pomegranate fruit by- browning that result in deterioration of products on colour and oxidative stability of commercial quality of pulp. Browning is one of raw chicken patties during refrigerated the major constraints responsible of storage underutilization of this highly valuable dry land fruit. In present investigation, efforts were made Use of extracts of kinnow and to study the heat inactivation profile of pomegranate by-products as source of natural polyphenol oxidase in custard apple pulp which antioxidant in salted chicken patties during was further correlated with changes in sensorial refrigerated storage was evaluated. Five quality (browning and discoloration). Efforts treatments, viz. I. Control (meat), II.MS (meat were also made to analyze the effect of ascorbic +2% salt), III. KRP (meat+2% salt+2% kinnow- acid addition on discoloration and organoleptic rind-powder extract), IV. PRP (meat+2% characteristics of pulp. The heat treatment was salt+2% pomegranate-rind-powder extract), and given to fruit pulp by steaming, at the range of V. PSP (meat+2% salt+2% pomegranate seed temperatures with different period of time. The powder extract). Results showed that salt results revealed that steam heating of custard significantly (P<0.05) reduced lightness and apple pulp facilitated at linearly increasing yellowness but increased chroma and TBARS temperatures exhibit accelerated inhibition of values. The average increase in TBARS was PPO activity leading to 100 % inhibition at 83°C significantly (P<0.05) higher in MS (114%) and temperature for 2 minutes while complete Control (108%) but lower in KRP (90%), PRP inhibition of PPO activity was also observed at (81%) and PSP (73%). Lipid oxidation (TBARS) the temperature of 82 for 5 minutes. However, in salted meat during the storage was heat treatment resulted in decrease in consumer significantly reduced (P<0.05) by KRP (39%), acceptability of pulp in terms of sensorial PRP (43%) and PSP (68%). Thus it was observed characteristics. Addition of 2000 ppm of ascorbic that addition of 2% salt accelerated the TBARS acid without heat treatment showed highest formation but inclusion of extracts of sensorial properties without discoloration pomegranate and kinnow fruit by-products compared to heat treated samples. Further, the effectively counteracted this effect. The overall samples were observed for change in various antioxidant effect was in the order of 90 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 3, NO. 2, 2012

PSP>PRP>KRP. Further a significant (P<0.05) Papaya (Carica papaya Linn.) is negative correlation between total phenolics commonly known for its food and nutritional contents and TBARS values was also observed. values throughout the world. The medicinal Therefore, it was concluded that extracts of these properties of papaya fruit and other parts of the fruit by-products have potential to be used as plant are also well known in traditional system of natural antioxidants to minimize the oxidative medicine. During the last few decades problems in poultry meat products [Devatkal, considerable progress has been achieved S.K.*, Narsaiah, K. and Borah, A. (Livestock regarding the biological activity and medicinal Products Processing Laboratory, Division of application of papaya and now it is considered as Agriculture Structures and Environmental valuable nutraceutical fruit plant. The present Control, Central Institute of Post Harvest study deals with the microscopic evaluation of Engineering and Technology, Ludhiana, Punjab leaves of Carica papaya Linn., to establish the 141004, India), Journal of Food Science and salient diagnostic features for the leaf. The leaf Technology, 2011, 48(4), 472-477]. shows abundant sphaeraphides and rhomboidal calcium oxalate crystals. The leaf shows no NPARR 3(2), 2012-0161, Effect of pretreatment trichomes. Micromorphological studies and drying methods on quality of value-added conducted on the leaf gave value of stomatal dried aonla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) index to be 31.56 ± 3.41, vein termination shreds number 3-4, and palisade ratio to be 12.65 ± 1.57. The leaf shows a continuous network of veins. Value added dried Indian gooseberry Histochemical tests performed indicate the (aonla) shreds were prepared using aonla fruits of presence of alkaloids and starch. Powder study cv. 'NA-7'. Two blanching methods (hot water shows the presence of sphaeraphides, starch and potassium metabisulphite (KMS) at 0.1%) grains and rhomboidal calcium oxalate crystals, and two drying methods (solar and hot air oven apart from regular characters such as stomata and drying) were tried for the production of aonla spiral xylem. Physicochemical parameters such shreds. Common salt, black salt and ginger juice as extractive values, ash values and moisture were mixed for enhancing sensory quality of the content have also been studied for the leaf. The product. The best product was obtained with results of this study could be useful in setting KMS blanching and drying in solar dryer with some diagnostic indices for identification, added common salt at 3%. The most acceptable authentication and preparation of the monograph product had ascorbic acid content 298.3 mg/100 of the plant [Zunjar, V., Mammen, D., Trivedi, g, tannin 2.4%, acidity 2.6%, reducing sugar B.M.*, Daniel, M. (Department of Chemistry, 3.0%, non-reducing sugar 21.0% and total sugar M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara-390 002, 24.0%. The recovery was 8.0-8.5%. [Prajapati, India), Pharmacognosy Journal, 2011, 3(20), 5-8]. V.K., Nema, P.K.*, Rathore, S.S. (College of Food Processing Technology and Bio Energy, NPARR 3(2), 2012-0163, Nutritional potential, Anand Agricultural University, Anand 388 110 bioaccessibility of minerals and functionality Gujarat, India), Journal of Food Science and of watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) seeds Technology, 2011, 48(1), 45-52]. Watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) seeds are NPARR 3(2), 2012-0162, Pharmacognostic, high in protein and fat, on enriching protein, it physicochemical and phytochemical studies on can find application as a protein source in various Carica papaya Linn. leaves food formulations. Most of the processed foods are generally fortified with micronutrients. The effect of the matrix on the mineral bioavailability FRUITS 91

is highly important and hence investigated. NPARR 3(2), 2012-0165, Comparison of unsplit Defatted flour and protein isolate were prepared inshell and shelled kernel of the pistachio from watermelon seed meal and chemical nuts composition and functionality was analyzed by In the present study, unsplit inshell standard techniques. Multiple regression analysis (UIPN) and shelled kernel (SKPN) pistachio nuts was done to study the compositional influence on (Antep type) were analyzed based on their the mineral bioaccessibility. Invitro digestibility dimensional properties such as particle density, of the protein was good. The seeds were a sphericity, particle volume and surface area, moderate source of iron and zinc. The percent where are important for the engineering bioaccessibility of all the minerals were found to applications, designs and calculations. The correlate (R=0.97-0.99) with the concentration of determination of some physical properties of the phytate, tannin and oxalate contents. The seed pistachio nuts is very difficult due to its components exhibited good functionality with ellipsoidal shape. In this study, sphericity (using good macro and micronutrient density and can a new model, MBayram-1 equation), particle find application in many food products [Jyothi density (using dimensional method), surface area Lakshmi, A. and Kaul, P.* (Department of (using a software method) and volume (using Protein Chemistry and Technology, Central Food dimensional method) were determined. The Technological Research Institute, Mysore average weight, particle volume, particle density, 570020, India), LWT - Food Science and sphericity and surface area of UIPN were Technology, 2011, 44(8), 1821-1826]. determined as 1.0852 ± 0.134 g, 1278.31 ±156.17mm3, 0.00882±0.00128g/mm3, 0.00882± NPARR 3(2), 2012-0164, Physalis peruviana: A 0.00128 and 645.22±47.83mm2, respectively. rich source of bioactive phytochemicals for They were 0.427±0.059g, 457.09±73.44mm3, functional foods and pharmaceuticals 0.000940±0.000074g/mm3, 0.00825±0.00119 and 324.13±33.38mm2, respectively for SKPN Highly valued for its unique flavor, [Mustafa Bayram (University of Gaziantep, texture, and color, recent research has shown Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) to be Engineering, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey), Journal high in many beneficial compounds. The of Food Engineering, 2011, 107(3-4), 374-378]. diversity of applications to which Physalis peruviana can be put gives this fruit great NPARR 3(2), 2012-0166, Effect of importance. The food industry has used cape pretreatment and drying methods on quality gooseberry in different products, including of value-added dried aonla (Emblica officinalis beverages, yoghurts, and jams. With the rapidly Gaertn) shreds growing popularity of this unique fruit it is important to have a comprehensive reference for Value added dried Indian gooseberry its nutritional benefits. This review provides a (aonla) shreds were prepared using aonla fruits of valuable source for current knowledge and cv. 'NA-7'. Two blanching methods (hot water further development of cape gooseberry for the and potassium metabisulphite (KMS) at 0.1%) food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industries and two drying methods (solar and hot air oven [Hassanien, M.F.R.*(Department of drying) were tried for the production of aonla Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig shreds. Common salt, black salt and ginger juice University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt), Food were mixed for enhancing sensory quality of the Reviews International, 2011, 27(3), 259-273]. product. The best product was obtained with KMS blanching and drying in solar dryer with added common salt at 3%. The most acceptable 92 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 3, NO. 2, 2012

product had ascorbic acid content 298.3 mg/ Processing Technology and Bio Energy, Anand 100g, tannin 2.4%, acidity 2.6%, reducing sugar Agricultural University, Anand 388 110 Gujarat, 3.0%, non-reducing sugar 21.0% and total sugar India), Journal of Food Science and Technology, 24.0%. The recovery was 8.0-8.5% [Prajapati, V. 2011, 48(1), 45-52]. K, Nema, P. K*, Rathore, S.S. (College of Food FUEL 93

FUEL (incl. Biogas, Biodiesel, Biomass NPARR 3(2), 2012-0168, Benefits of β-xylanase energy, Ethanol etc.) for wheat biomass conversion to bioethanol

NPARR 3(2), 2012-0167, Anaerobic digestion of The efficiency of bioethanol production chicken feather with swine manure or from wheat biomass is related to the quality of slaughterhouse sludge for biogas production end products as well as to safety criteria of co- products such as distiller's dried grains with Biogas production from anaerobic solubles (DDGS). The inclusion of a new digestion of chicken feathers with swine manure biocatalyst for non-starch polysaccharide or slaughterhouse sludge was assessed in two degradation in fermentation processes could be separate experiments. Ground feathers without one of the solutions. The objective of this study any pre-treatment were added to 42-L digesters was to evaluate the influence of β-xylanases in inoculated with swine manure or slaughterhouse combination with traditional amylolytic enzymes sludge, representing 37% and 23% of total solids, on the efficiency of bioethanol production and respectively and incubated at 25°C in batch DON detoxification during fermentation of mode. Compared to the control without feather Fusarium-contaminated wheat biomass with high addition, total CH4 production increased by 130% concentration of deoxynivalenol (DON; 3.95 mg (P<0.001) and 110% (P=0.09) in the swine kg−1). The results showed that the negative effect manure and the slaughterhouse sludge digesters, of Fusarium spp. on yield and quality of respectively. Mixed liquor NH4 N bioethanol could be eliminated by the application concentration increased (P<0.001) from 4.8 and of Trichoderma reesei xylanase in combination 3.1g/L at the beginning of the digestion to 6.9 with amylolytic enzymes. This technological and 3.5g/L at the end of digestion in the swine solution allowed to increase the concentration of manure and the slaughterhouse sludge digesters, ethanol in the fermented wort by 35.3% and to respectively. The fraction of proteolytic improve the quality of bioethanol by decreasing microorganisms increased (P<0.001) during the the concentrations of methanol, methyl acetate, digestion from 12.5% to 14.5% and 11.3% to isoamyl and isobutyl alcohols. Mass balance 13.0% in the swine manure and the calculations showed that DDGS was the main slaughterhouse sludge digesters with feather source of DON contamination, comprising 74% addition, respectively, but decreased in the of toxin found in wheat biomass. By using new controls. These results are reflective of feather enzyme combination for wheat biomass digestion. Feather addition did not affect CH4 saccharification, a higher level of detoxification yields of the swine manure digesters (P=0.082) (41%) of DON was achieved during the and the slaughterhouse sludge digesters (P=0.21), fermentation process. The addition of indicating that feathers can be digested together Trichoderma reesei xylanase played a positive with swine manure or slaughterhouse sludge role in bioethanol production from Fusarium- without negatively affecting the digestion of contaminated wheat biomass, indicating that the swine manure and slaughterhouse sludge [Yun yeast-growing medium was enriched during the Xia, Daniel I. Massé* Tim A. McAllister, Carole enzymatic treatment [Grazina Juodeikiene*, Beaulieu, Emilio Ungerfeld (Dairy and Swine Loreta Basinskiene, Daiva Vidmantiene, Tomas Research and Development Centre, Agriculture Makaravicius and Elena Bartkiene (Kaunas and Agri-Food Canada, 2000 College Street, University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, LT- Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1M 0C8), Waste 50254 Kaunas, Lithuania), Journal of the Science Management, 2012, 32(3), 404-409]. of Food and Agriculture), 2012, 92(1), 84-91].

94 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 3, NO. 2, 2012

NPARR 3(2), 2012-0169, Potential of Ceiba was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis to produce pentandra (L.) Gaertn. (kapok fiber) as a fermentable sugars which was then fermented to resource for second generation bioethanol: bioethanol using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The Effect of various simple pretreatment methods maximum CMCase production was found to be on sugar production 1.46UmL−1 at optimum condition (28°C, pH 5 and cellulose as carbon source). The cellulases The importance of bioethanol currently and xylanase activity were found to be has increased tremendously as it can reduce the 1.12FPUg−1 and 6.63UmL−1, respectively. total dependency on fossil-fuels, especially Maximum total sugar was found to be 69.08mg/g gasoline, in the transportation sector. In this dry biomass with 20FPUg−1 dry biomass of study, Ceiba pentandra (kapok fiber) was enzyme dosage under optimum condition. Similar introduced as a new resource for bioethanol results were obtained when it was treated with production. The results of chemical composition pure enzyme. Upon fermentation of enzymatic analysis showed that the cellulose (alpha- and hydrolysate, the yield of ethanol was calculated beta-) contents were 50.7%. The glucose to be 0.46gg−1 [Rashmi Kataria and Sanjoy composition of the fiber was 59.8%. The high Ghosh* (Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, glucose content indicated that kapok fiber is a Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of potential substrate for bioethanol production. Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247 667, However, without a pretreatment, the kapok fiber Uttrakhand, India), Bioresource Technology, only yielded 0.8% of reducing sugar by 2011, 102(21), 9970-9975]. enzymatic hydrolysis. Thus, it is necessary to pre-treat the kapok fiber prior to hydrolysis. NPARR 3(2), 2012-0171, Storage degradation Taking into account environmentally friendliness, of palm-derived biodiesels: Its effects on only simple pretreatments with minimum chemical properties and engine performance chemical or energy consumption was considered. It was interesting to see that by adopting merely Palm olein and palm stearin are co- water, acid and alkaline pretreatments, the yield products of palm oil refining processes having of reducing sugar was increased to 39.1%, 85.2% different melting point ranges. This study and >100%, respectively [Ying Ying Tye, Keat compares the storage degradation characteristics Teong Lee, Wan Nadiah Wan Abdullah, and of biodiesels derived from these two palm Cheu Peng Leh* (School of Industrial products, which are palm olein and palm stearin, Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, in terms of chemical properties, engine 11800 Penang, Malaysia), Bioresource performance and exhaust emission. The Technology, 2012, 116, 536-539]. degradation study was carried out by keeping biodiesels in dark closed-lid containers at room NPARR 3(2), 2012-0170, Saccharification of temperature for up to 6 months. It was found that Kans grass using enzyme mixture from the oxygen present in the container led to slow Trichoderma reesei for bioethanol production degradation of biodiesels through oxidative reaction with the double bonds in biodiesel. Bioethanol is one of the alternatives of the Within 6 months, the majority of oxidative conventional fossil fuel. In present study, effect products were composed of shorter of different carbon sources on the production of hydroperoxide compounds and other short cellulolytic enzyme (CMCase) from Trichoderma secondary products. These changes resulted in reesei at different temperatures, duration and pH lower heating value and higher density of were investigated and conditions were optimized. biodiesels, which in turn caused reductions in Acid treated Kans grass (Saccharum sponteneum) fuel combustion efficiency and fuel economy. In FUEL 95

terms of emission, the degraded biodiesel efficiency and fuel economy were still superior to produced more complete combustion as indicated the biodiesel produced from palm stearin possibly by lower emissions of black smoke and carbon due to its higher chain lengths [C. Pattamaprom*, monoxide but with higher emission of NOx. In W. Pakdee and S. Ngamjaroen (Department of terms of palm oil type, even though palm olein Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, biodiesel possessed higher degree of unsaturation Thammasat University, Klong Luang, and produced higher peroxide value and acid Pathumthani 12120, Thailand), Renewable values from the degradation, its combustion Energy, 2012, 37(1), 412-418]. 96 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 3, NO. 2, 2012

GUM/RUBBER (incl. Latex, Resin, Pectin, Aspergillus niger, Curvularia lunata, Curvularia Tannin, Mucilage, Starch, Cellulose, etc.) pellescence, Fusarium equiseti, Fusarium oxysporum, Macrophomina phaseolina, NPARR 3(2), 2012-0172, Suitability of various Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium chrysogenum plant derived gelling agents as agar substitute and Rhizopus stolonifer the experiments were in microbiological growth media carried out by using different concentrations of plant gum i.e. 1%, 5%, 10%. Gum Acacia arabica Eleven putative gelling agents were was found to promote the growth of fungi like investigated as agar substitutes. These included Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger as the arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea), coconut function of concentration of gum. Whereas the powder (Cocos nucifera), corn flour (Zea mays growth of fungi like Curvularia lunata, Fusarium var. amylacea), gel rite (a water-soluble equiseti, Fusarium oxysporum, Macrophomina polysaccharide produced by Sphingomonas phaseolina, Penicillium digitatum and elodea), glue (Cyanoacrylates), katira gum Penicillium chrysogenum, were found to be (Cochlospermum religiosum), guar gum inhibited by the 1% gum of Acacia arabica. But (Cyamopsis tetragonolobus L.), isubgol husk on the contrary the concentration of gum (Plantago ovata), pectin and rice (Oryza sativa increased to level of 5% and 10%, the increase in L.) powder. Among these, guar gum was found a dry mycelium weight of these fungi were found. promising alternate candidate for agar. Media The Rhizopus stolonifer was found to be solidified with 2.8% guar gum was transparent suppressed at 10% concentration. Gum of Acacia and supportive for the growth of three test fungi chundra was found to promote the growth of (Trichoderma harzianum, Alternaria alternata fungi like Macrophomina phaseolina and and Alternaria solani) as good as agar. Guar gum Penicillium chrysogenum with the increased also excelled in terms of cost benefit ratio when concentration of gum. On the other hand the compared with agar. Guar gum fortified media fungi like Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, was found to cost $ 0.005/L as compared to agar Curvularia lunata, Fusarium equiseti, Fusarium supplemented media costing $ 1.17/L. Further, oxysporum and Rhizopus stolonifer were found to guar gum is easily available and can be added be inhibited at 1% concentration of gum. But at with ease thereby serving as a suitable and 5% concentration the fungi like Alternaria inexpensive substitute of agar and thus, can be alternata, Aspergillus niger, Curvularia adopted for routine microbiological testing in pellecence, Fusarium equiseti and Rhizopus resource poor countries [Abdul Mateen*, Shaukat stolonifer showed the increased in dry mycelial Hussain, Shams Ur Rehman1, Basharat weight. At 10 % concentration all fungi except Mahmood, Muhammad Aslam Khan, Abdul Curvularia pellecence and Penicillium digitatum Rashid, Majid Sohail, Muhammad Farooq and S. showed increase in dry mycelium weight. Jawad Ahmed Shah (Department of Plant Similarly, gum of Azadirechta indica, Boswellia Pathology, Agricultural University Peshawar, serrata and Butea monosperma showed Pakistan), African Journal of Biotechnology, fungitoxic activity at variable concentrations K V 2012, 11(45), 10362-10367]. Badar*, Rajendra B Kakde, S M Pawar, Ashok M Chavan (K.V. Badar, Department of Botany, NPARR 3(2), 2012-0173, Bioactivity of plants Yashwantrao Chavan College, Sillod Dist, gums against pathogenic fungi Aurangabad (M.S.), India, International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 2012, 2(3)]. In order to investigate the bioactivity of gum of selected plants against the economically NPARR 3(2), 2012-0174, Physico-chemical important fungi like Alternaria alternata, characterization and evaluation of GUMS/RUBBER 97

disintegrating property of Lepidium sativum could be considered as a potential binding agent seed mucilage [N. Gaikar and P. Sandhya* (Department of Pharmacognosy, Saraswathi Vidya Bhavan’s The present work was carried out to study College of Pharmacy, Dombivli (E), Dist-Thane, the physicochemical characteristics and to Maharashtra, India), IJPSR, 2012, 3(2), 620-622]. explore the disintegration property of the mucilage extracted from the seeds of Lepidium NPARR 3(2), 2012-0176, Isolation and sativum by formulating orally disintegrating preliminary evaluation of Portulaca quadrifida tablets of Metformin HCl by the direct mucilage compression method. Mucilage extracted from the seeds was subjected to preformulation studies Nature has provided us a wide variety of for its suitability as a disintegrating agent. The materials to help improve and sustain the health mucilage extracted was evaluated for various of all living things either directly or indirectly. parameters as per Indian Pharmacopoeia 1996. Herbs have been used throughout time as food Several formulations with different proportions and as a primary tool for maintaining health and of mucilage were prepared and evaluated for aiding in the recovery of disease. In recent years physical parameters such as thickness, hardness, there have been important developments in friability, weight variation, drug content, different dosage forms for existing and newly disintegration time and drug dissolution. The designed drugs and natural products. Mucilages study revealed that Lepidium sativum seed are widely used natural materials for mucilage (Ls M) is a good pharmaceutical conventional and novel dosage forms. These adjuvant and is effective as a disintegrant at low natural materials have advantages over synthetic concentration as 2.5% [Archana, Kumar Sandeep, ones since they are chemically inert, nontoxic, Mahalaxmi R, Shirwaikar AA, Shirwaikar A less expensive, biocompatible and widely (Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, available. Portulaca quadrifida Linn. belongs to Manipal-576 104, India), Journal of Pharmacy the family Portulacaceae. It is a small diffused, Research,2012, 5(1)]. succulent, annual herb found throughout the tropical parts of India. It is used as a vegetable NPARR 3(2), 2012-0175, Evaluation of Aegle and also used for various curative purposes. It is marmelos fruit mucilage for binding said to be useful in asthma, cough, urinary properties discharges, inflammations and ulcers. A poultice of the plant is applied in abdominal complaints, Plant products served as an alternative to erysipelas and haemorrhoids. Portulaca synthetic products because of local accessibility, quadrifida is an edible plant rich in mucilage. eco friendly nature and lower prices. Natural Although the plant is used traditionally but there gums and mucilages are widely explored as is no report on the isolation and characterization pharmaceutical excipients. The present study was of mucilage obtained from Portulaca quadrifida. undertaken to separate mucilage from unripe Hence, the present work was aimed to isolate and fruits of Aegle marmelos (Linn.) Corr. and characterize the mucilage from Portulaca explore its use as binder in tablets. The binding quadrifida [X Fatima Grace*, S Latha., S properties at different concentrations of mucilage Shanthi., N Lakshmi and D Chamundeeswari were evaluated using Paracetamol as model drug. (Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Mucilage at 3%w/w was found to be comparable Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, with 10%w/w of starch paste. The drug release Chennai, India Journal of Pharmacy Research, studies indicated that Aegle marmelos mucilage 2012, 5(1)]. 98 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 3, NO. 2, 2012

INSECTICIDES (incl. Fungicides, against the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Herbicides, Nematicides, Larvicides, etc.) Motschulsky, in traditional maize storage barn conditions, from November 2006 to February NPARR 3(2), 2012-0177, Antifungal activity of 2007, and November 2009 to February 2010 in sulfur-containing salts against the Obudu, Southeast Nigeria. A randomised development of carrot cavity spot and potato complete block design was used in each storage dry rot barn with four treatments (maize, maize plus A. melegueta, maize plus Z. officinale, maize plus A. In the search for alternatives to synthetic melegueta and Z. officinale) replicated 4 times. fungicides to control postharvest disease, sulfur- When used in combination with stored maize containing salts were evaluated for their effects cobs at a level of 10% (w/w), A. melegueta and Z. on the mycelial growth of various fungal or officinale significantly reduced S. zeamais fungus-like pathogens and their ability to control populations from cobs (P<0.001), as did a carrot cavity spot (Pythium sulcatum) and potato combination of A. melegueta and Z. officinale dry rot (Fusarium sambucinum). Results showed (5% w/w each, P<0.001). Furthermore, that metabisulfite-containing salts provided significantly higher seed germination was strong inhibition of all the tested fungi. observed in treated cobs compared with the Furthermore, some sulfate-containing salts were untreated cobs in both trials (P<0.001). also directly inhibitory to P. sulcatum (calcium Protection of cereals with such repellent materials sulfate and ammonium sulfate) and to F. has important practical applications in parts of sambucinum (sodium sulfate). The metabisulfite the world where insecticides are expensive or in salts also provided 100% inhibition of cavity spot short supply, and where these materials are cheap and dry rot at concentrations of 50 and 200 mM, and readily available for local use by resource- respectively. Calcium sulfate and sodium sulfate poor farmers. In addition, the use of repellents to also significantly reduced carrot cavity spot protect stored maize grains has the potential for lesions at 50 mM and ammonium sulfate, minimising the requirement for broad-spectrum magnesium sulfate, potassium sulfate and sodium toxic insecticides, thereby reducing the sulfate reduced potato dry rot lesions at 200mM. development of insecticide resistance [Donald A. These results indicate that various sulfate and Ukeh, Sylvia B.A. Umoetok, Alan S. Bowman, metabisulfite salts could be used to control these A. Jennifer Mordue (Luntz), John A. Pickett, postharvest microorganisms [Ehsan Arya Kolaei, Michael A. Birkett* (Biological Chemistry Russell J. Tweddell, Tyler J. Avis*(Centre de Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Recherche en Horticulture, Université Laval, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK), Crop Protection, 2012, 32, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada), Postharvest 99-103]. Biology and Technology, 2012, 63(1), 55-59]. NPARR 3(2), 2012-0179, Evaluation of various NPARR 3(2), 2012-0178, Alligator pepper, fungicides and microbial based biocontrol Aframomum melegueta and ginger, Zingiber agents against bird’s eye spot disease of tea officinale, reduce stored maize infestation by plants the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais in traditional African granaries A field experiment was conducted to study the efficacy of six fungicides comprising Alligator pepper, Aframomum melegueta contact, systemic and botanical fungicides and (Roscoe) K. Schum, and ginger, Zingiber three biocontrol agents for the management of officinale Roscoe were tested for their efficacy in bird’s eye spot disease in tea plantations. Among protecting stored maize cobs (Zea mays L.) 16 treatments, systemic fungicides were found to INSECTICIDES 99

be superior to biocontrol agents in controlling the considerably enhanced [Balasubramanian Mythili disease whereas the maximum green leaf yield Gnanamangai and Ponnusamy Ponmurugan* was significantly increased in those applied with (Department of Biotechnology, K. S. Rangasamy biocontrol agents. On the whole, Streptomyces College of Technology, Tiruchengode, Namakkal sannanensis offered the maximum yield of District 637 215, Tamil Nadu, India), Crop 3998kgha−1 made tea followed by Trichoderma Protection, 2012, 32, 111-118]. harzianum (3884 kg ha−1 made tea). Between the NPARR 3(2), 2012-0180, Bioactivity of two different carrier materials evaluated for the Jatropha curcas L. to insect pests of stored application of biocontrol agents, vermicompost- products based bioformulation showed better efficacy than talc-based formulation. Of the three (bacteria, The objective of this research was to fungi and actinomycetes) groups of biocontrol assess insecticidal activity of seeds and agents, S. sannanensis was better than derivatives of Jatropha curcas to insect pests of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma stored grains. Lethal exposure times were atroviride belonging to bacterial and fungal estimated for 50 and 95% (LT50 and LT95) of the antagonists; respectively in terms of disease adults of Sitophilus zeamais and Rhyzorpertha protection and increasing yield potential. dominica to seeds of four genotypes of J. curcas: Similarly, the biometric, physiological and Gonçalo, Paraguaçu, Filomena and Bento. biochemical parameters were also increased in Toxicity of powders and aqueous extracts from plants greatly after imposing various treatments. seeds and pericarps of J. curcas were tested on S. Plucking surface of the bush, number of plucking zeamais, R. dominica, Tribolium castaneum and points per unit area, internodal length, leaf Oryzaephilus surimanensis. A uniform toxic moisture and dry matter contents were found response was observed among the four genotypes higher in plots applied with biocontrol agents for S. zeamais and R. dominica. The powders and than those treated with fungicides. Almost all of aqueous extracts from seeds and pericarps were the tea quality parameters such as total liquor lethal to S. zeamais, R. dominica, T. castaneum colour, thearubigins, theaflavins, highly and O. surimanensis. However, insect mortality polymerized substance and caffeine were was higher in the treatments from seeds, significantly improved in biocontrol treated compared to the treatments from pericarps [G.N. plants. Theaflavin and thearubigin contents were Silva, L.R.A. Faroni*, A.H. Sousa and R.S. increased in the range of 9.00-9.57% and 1.27- Freitas (Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, 1.54% respectively in vermin based treatment. Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, Similarly the amount of caffeine content (3.66- 36570-000, Brazil), Journal of Stored Products 4.08%) and flavour index (4.18-5.31%) were Research, 2012, 48, 111-113]. 100 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 3, NO. 2, 2012

MANURE/FERTILIZERS compared with inorganic manure with special reference to yield and phenolic acid contents in NPARR 3(2), 2012-0181, Comparison of wheat grains. The high performance liquid nutritional quality of organically versus chromatographic (HPLC) analysis revealed that conventionally grown tomato the organically grown wheat had several times more phenolic acids particularly tannic, gallic, Tomato crop was grown using organic caffeic and ferulic acids than that of inorganically manures and chemical fertilizers and the effect of grown wheat crop. The yield was also higher in organic farming on nutritional profile, quality organically grown wheat plots than in characteristics, toxic parameters were studied. inorganically grown field. The phenolic acid The experiment was laid out in a randomized contents have been correlated with human health. block design with fifteen treatments consisting of The advantages of organic farming are also four organic manure treatments of vermicompost described in detail. The results suggest that (VC), poultry manure (PM), farm yard manure organic farming can be easily adopted for higher (FYM), cow dung (CD) and recommended dose yield, medicinal and nutritional values for human of chemical fertilizers, i.e., conventional farming health, ecological safety and soil improvement as control. Organically and conventionally grown [Udai Pratap Singh*, Amitabh Singh and Rashmi tomato were analysed for their nutrient Srivastava (22, Ganesh Dham Colony, Newada, composition. Application of organic manures was Sunderpur, Varanasi-221005, India), World found to be significantly influence the nutrient Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2012, 8(2), content (micro nutrients, TSS, lycopene etc.) 150-155] compared to conventional fertilizers application [Shankar K. Sreedevi*, Sumathi S., Shankar M., NPARR 3(2), 2012-0183, Direct and Residual Reddy N.N. (Division of Crop Science, Central Effect of Phosphorous Sources and Manures Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, on Yield and Nutrient Uptake by Rice in Santoshnagar, Hyderabad-500 059, Andhra Alfisol Pradesh), Indian Journal of Horticulture, 2012, 69(1), 86- 90]. Field experiments were conducted to study direct and residual effect of P-sources and NPARR 3(2), 2012-0182, A new composite organic manures on rice. Green leaf manuring organic manure increases yield and phenolic increased the yield and nutrient uptake by rice. acids in wheat (Triticum aestivum) The increase in grain yield with the addition of GLM + URP @ 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 over URP @ Organic farming can feed the world. 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 were 31 per cent in the Astonishingly, its more productive than high tech fertilized plots and 27.9 per cent in the residual agriculture. In the present experiment a new plots. Combined application of GLM and P @ 60 composite organic manure which contains twelve kg P2O5 ha-1 irrespective of the P source organic ingredients traversing from compost, increased the nutrient uptake by rice. A drastic vermicompost, poultry manure, neem cake, reduction of value: cost ratio at higher level of mustard cake, fungal (Aspergillus niger, fertilizer P application, irrespective of the P Trichoderma harzianum) and bacterial strains, sources was recorded. The additional expenditure Pseudomonas fluorescence, Pseudomonas on incorporation of poultry manure was the aeruginosa, banana peel powder, coriander highest which dropped the value: cost ratio powder, pomegranate peel powder, has been used considerably [R.K. Kaleeswari*, S. Maragatham to see its effect on wheat crop production and M.R. Latha (Department of Soil Science and MANURE/FERTILIZERS 101

Agricultural Chemistry, TamilNadu Agricultural recorded in inorganic fertilizer treated control University, Coimbatore - 641 003), Madras [Gunri, S.K* and Nath, (All India Co-ordinated Agriculture Journal, 2012, 99(1-3), 37-39]. Research Project on Groundnut, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Regional Research NPARR 3(2), 2012-0184, Effect of organic Station, Jhargram, Paschim Medinipur-721 507, manures, biofertilizers and biopesticides on India.), R. Legume Research, 2012, 35(2), 144- productivity of summer groundnut (Arachis 148]. hypogea L.) in red and laterite zone of West Bengal NPARR 3(2), 2012-0185, Integrated effect of inorganic and organic nitrogen sources on soil A field experiment was conducted during fertility and productivity of maize summer season of 2006 and 2007 at All India Co- ordinated Research Project on Groundnut, Bidhan The present study was designed to assess Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Regional the effect of organic materials, i.e., farm yard Research Station, Jhargram, Paschim Medinipur manure (FYM), poultry manure (PM) and sugar to find out the effect of organic manures, cane filter cake (FC) along with mineral nitrogen biofertilizers and biopesticides on productivity of on yield and soil organic fertility. Our results summer groundnut in red and laterite zone of indicated that among sole nitrogen (N) sources, West Bengal. The plant nodule number and highest grain yield was recorded from poultry nodule weight increased with the age of the crop manure. In the case of integrated N sources, and highest was recorded at 60 DAS when maximum grain yield was obtained from 25% biofertilizer consortium was used with 10 t/ha of poultry manure + 75% mineral N source. Grain FYM (28.9 and 36.4 mg respectively). The ear−1 and 1000 grain weight was highest with the significantly higher pod/plant and shelling out application of poultry manure among sole N turn was recorded when recommended dose of sources. Highest grain ear−1 and 1000 grain fertilizer was applied along with 10t/ha of FYM weight was observed from 25% poultry manure + or 5t/ha of poultry manure as compared to other 75% mineral N source. Application of poultry treatments. The hundred kernel weight did not manure as sole N sources resulted maximum exhibit any significant differences among the increase in soil total N and organic matter when treatments. The application of bio-fertilizer and compared with other sole N sources. Among N or bio-pesticide along with organic manure to sources applied in different proportion, maximum groundnut had the significant influence to total soil N was recorded from 25% poultry increase the groundnut yield. The significantly manure + 75% mineral N. It is concluded from highest pod yield (3272kg/ha) were obtained these experiments that integrated application of N when farm yard manure @ 10t/ha (T9) or poultry sources in different proportion greatly improves manure @ 5t/ha in treatment T8 (3251 kg/ha) the N economy and enhance crop productivity in along with recommended dose of fertilizer was low N soils [Mohammad Shafi*, Azam Shah, applied to groundnut. The maximum gross return Jehan Bakht, Mahmood Shah and Wisal (Rs.66494/ha) and net return (Rs.46356/ha) was Mohammad (Department of Agronomy, KPK recorded when farm yard manure@10t/ha along Agricultural University, Peshawar, Pakistan), with recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer Journal of Plant Nutrition, 2012, 35(4), 524- was applied. The highest B:C ratio (3.50) was 537]. 102 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 3, NO. 2, 2012

OILS/FATS (incl. Edible oils, Butter) regulators and solid residues as organic soil amendments on Calabrese broccoli (Brassica NPARR 3(2), 2012-0186, Supercritical carbon oleracea L, family Brassicaceae) seedling growth dioxide extraction of the residual oil from was investigated. Seed processing solid residue palm kernel cake fractions, included presscake, bin trash, stem trash and seed trash. These fractions were ground Palm kernel cake contains residual oil that and mixed into soil to obtain concentrations of 0, has never been retrieved and it is treated as 0.5, 1, 3, and 10% (w/w). Ground presscake and wastes. In this study, supercritical carbon dioxide bin trash could be employed as an organic soil was used to separate the oil from the palm kernel amendment up to 1% without detrimental effects on broccoli. Ground seed meal (seed trash) was matrix. The studied extraction parameters were at detrimental to seedling growth at all the set pressures 27.57, 34.47 and 41.36MPa, concentrations tested. Stem trash employed at 1% temperatures 40–70°C and carbon dioxide flow caused fresh and dry weights to increase 26.8 and rate between 1 and 3ml/min. The effect of the 29.8%, respectively, compared to untreated particle size on the oil yield was examined using broccoli seedlings. Stem trash could be employed different particle size that separated by sieving up to 10% without a detrimental effect on from ≤106, ≤150, ≤180, ≤250 and ≤450μm. The broccoli seedlings. Solvent extraction to remove results showed that the highest oil removed was residual oils from residue fractions was also 9.26g oil/100g sample (p<0.05) for the particle conducted to generate improved soil ≤150μm, and under extraction temperature of amendments. Generally, solvent extraction of 70°C, pressure 41.36MPa, and carbon dioxide seed-processing residue fractions improved the flow rate of 2 ml/min. The experimental results broccoli seedling growth responses. indicate that supercritical carbon dioxide Administration of processed oils and their byproduct fractions as foliar sprays on broccoli extraction could be a viable technique to remove seedlings was conducted at rates of 0, 10, 30, and the remaining oil and to produce defatted palm 50gL−1. Plants were evaluated 72h after spraying. kernel cake [Nik Norulaini Ab Rahman*, Sawsan Refined and crude oils had no effect on broccoli S. Al-Rawi, Ahmad H. Ibrahim, Moftah M. Ben seedlings; gums and soapstock sprays had no Nama, Mohd Omar Ab Kadir (School of Distance effect at 10 or 30gL−1 concentrations but at Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, 50gL−1 it killed seedlings. Distilled fatty acid 11800 Penang, Malaysia), Journal of Food fraction sprays killed broccoli seedlings at all Engineering, 2012, 108(1), 166-170]. tested concentrations. Certain oil byproduct fractions from cuphea oil processing can be NPARR 3(2), 2012-0187, Potential uses for employed as “environmentally-friendly” cuphea oil processing byproducts and herbicidal sprays. Calorific evaluation of cuphea processed oils ag-wastes were conducted and found to compare well to other biomass energy sources [Brent Cuphea spp. have seeds that contain high Tisserat*, Rogers Harry O’kuru, Steven C. levels of medium chain fatty acids and have the Cermak, Roque L. Evangelista, Kenneth M. Doll potential to be commercially cultivated. In the (USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National course of processing and refining cuphea oil a Center for Agricultural Research, Functional number of byproducts are generated. Developing Foods Research Unit, 1815 N. University St., commercial uses for these byproducts would Peoria, IL 61604, United States), Industrial improve the economics of growing cuphea. Oil Crops and Products, 2012, 35(1), 111-120]. fractions and byproducts were obtained from processed seeds of cuphea germplasm line PSR NPARR 3(2), 2012-0188, Effects of dietary fish 23 (Cuphea viscosissima × Cuphea lanceolata). oil replacement with flaxseed oil on tissue fatty The employment of oil byproducts as growth OILS/FATS 103

acid composition and expression of desaturase extracted both by mechanical expelling and and elongase genes solvent extraction. The fatty acid composition and iodine value of the oil indicate that it This study was conducted to evaluate the possesses saturated (40.8-42.6%), effects of total or partial substitution of dietary monounsaturated (52.9-55.0%), and fish oil (FO) by flaxseed oil (FlaxO) in Jade polyunsaturated (2.5-3.4%) fatty acid in ratios Tiger hybrid abalone on fatty acid composition of close to that of palm oil. These characteristics are muscle, gonad and digestive gland, and the suitable for its use as edible oil. Acute oral expression of desaturase and elongase genes. toxicity and safety evaluation in a 13-week Abalone were fed five different experimental feeding trial on albino rats showed that the oil is diets in which FO (control diet) was serially comparable to groundnut oil in all the parameters replaced by 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% FlaxO, [P. K. Rout*, Y. R. Rao, K.S. Jena, D. Sahoo and respectively. Muscle, gonad and digestive gland Shakir Ali (CSIR- Central Institute of Medicinal of abalone fed the control diet and the diets and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow-226 015, Uttar containing 25%, 50% and 75% FlaxO showed Pradesh, India), Journal of Food Science and significantly higher (P< 0.05) levels of Technology, 16 February 2012]. eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) NPARR 3(2), 2012-0190, Variation in oil compared to those fed the 100% FlaxO. The content and fatty acid composition of the seed results also showed that Δ-6 desaturase and oil of Acacia species collected from the elongase gene expression in muscle was northwest zone of India increased in a graded manner by increasing dietary FlaxO. The expression of both genes was The oil content and fatty acid composition higher in abalone fed the FlaxO-substituted diets of the mature seeds of Acacia species collected compared to the abalone fed FO. The from natural habitat of the northwest zone of the replacement of FO with FlaxO in commercial Indian subcontinent (Rajasthan) were analyzed in abalone diets at levels of 25-75% can improve the order to determine their potential for human or composition of health-benefiting n-3 animal consumption. Oil content varied between polyunsturated fatty acids in tissues of cultured 40 and 102 g kg−1. The highest oil content was hybrid abalone, and achieve similar outcomes to obtained in Acacia bivenosa DC. (102 g kg−1) FO supplementation [Hintsa T Mateos, Paul A among the nine Acacia species. The fatty acid Lewandowski and Xiao Q Su* (School of composition showed higher levels of unsaturated Biomedical and Health Sciences, Victoria fatty acids, especially linoleic acid (∼757.7 g kg−1 University, St Albans, PO Box 14428, −1 Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia), Journal of in A. bivenosa), oleic acid (∼525.0 g kg in A. the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2012, 92(2), nubica) and dominant saturated fatty acids were found to be 192.5 g kg−1 palmitic acid and 275.6 418-426] −1 g kg stearic acid in A. leucophloea and A. NPARR 3(2), 2012-0189, Safety evaluation of nubica respectively. Seed oils of Acacia species Simarouba glauca seed fat can thus be classified in the linoleic–oleic acid group. Significant variations were observed in oil Simarouba glauca DC. is a tree of the family content and fatty acid composition of Acacia Simaroubaceae, which grows well up to 1,000 m species. The present study revealed that the seed above sea level in all types of well-drained soils oil of Acacia species could be a new source of (pH 5.5 to 8.0) and in places with 250 to 2,500 high linoleic–oleic acid-rich edible oil and its full mm annual rainfall. The seed oil has been potential should be exploited. The use of oil from 104 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 3, NO. 2, 2012

Acacia seed is of potential economic benefit to toxicological studies [Riyazuddeen Khan, Ruchi the poor native population of the areas where it is Srivastava, Mather Ali Khan, Pravej Alam, Malik cultivated. The fatty acid composition of Acacia Zainul Abdin*, Mahmooduzzafr (Centre for seed oils is very similar to that reported for Transgenic Plant Development, Department of commercially available edible vegetable oils like Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, soybean, mustard, sunflower, groundnut and New Delhi-110062, India), Journal of the Science olive. Hence the seed oil of Acacia species could of Food and Agriculture, 2012, 92(11), 2310- be a new source of edible vegetable oil after 2315]. PHYTOCHEMICALS 105

PHYTOCHEMICALS the compounds (1–7) from the most active n-butanol fraction (F4). Among the active NPARR 3(2), 2012-0191, Isolation and galactolipids, 1 emerged as the lead molecule identification of pelargonidin 3-glucoside in which was active on both forms of lymphatic mangosteen pericarp filarial parasite, Brugia malayi. It was found to be better than the standard drug ivermectin and In the present study, we have identified diethylcarbamazine (DEC) in terms of dose and pelargonidin 3-glucoside, along with two known efficacy [Koneni V. Sashidhara*, Suriya P. anthocyanin; cyanidin 3-sophoroside and Singh, Sweta Misra, Jyoti Gupta and Shailja cyanidin 3-glucoside, from acidified, methanolic Misra-Bhattacharya (Medicinal & Process extract of mangosteen pericarp. The compounds Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug were separated by preparative HPLC after Research Institute, Chattar Manzil Palace, purification by partition against ethyl acetate and Lucknow 226 001, India), European Journal of Amberlite XAD-7. The structures of the Medicinal Chemistry, 2012, 50, 230-235]. compounds were confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), UV–Vis NPARR 3(2), 2012-0193, Antibacterial absorption spectra, high-resolution electrospray potential of benzoate and phenylethanoid mass spectrometry and 1D, 2D nuclear magnetic derivatives isolated from Acanthus ilicifolius resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. This new L. leaf extracts. pigment family adds to the growing body of data supporting the use of natural colourants in food. The antibacterial activities of column Cyanidin 3-sophoroside was the major chromatography fractions of n-hexane, benzene, anthocyanin detected in large amount (76.1%), chloroform, acetone, ethanol and water extracts followed by cyanidin 3-glucoside (13.4%) and from Acanthus ilicifolius were tested against 24 pelargonidin 3-glucoside (6.2%) [A.S Zarena and bacterial pathogens. The antibacterial activity K. Udaya Sankar* (Food Engineering was performed using agar diffusion method. Department, Central Food Technological Most active fractions were further investigated Research Institute, Council of Scientific and through UV-Vis, (13)C, (1)H-NMR, FT-IR for Industrial Research, Mysore 570020, India), the structural elucidation. The antibacterial Food Chemistry, 2012, 130(3), 665-670]. activity of the extracts was identified as 6- hydroxy-benzoxazolinone, (Z)-4-coumaric acid NPARR 3(2), 2012-0192, Galactolipids from 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and 3,5-dimethoxy-4- Bauhinia racemosa as a new class of hydroxy methyl benzoate [Ravikumar S, Raja M antifilarial agents against human lymphatic and Gnanadesigan M. (School of Marine filarial parasite, Brugia malayi Sciences, Department of Oceanography and Coastal Area Studies, Alagappa University, Bioassay guided fractionation of ethanolic Thondi Campus, Thondi 623409, extract of the leaves of Bauhinia racemosa led to Ramanathapuram District , Tamil Nadu , India), the isolation of galactolipid and catechin class of Nat Prod Res, 2012, Jan 31 [Epub ahead of print]. 106 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 3, NO. 2, 2012

SPICES/CONDIMENTS Lachrymatory factor (LF) synthase in onion bulbs reacts with S-1-propenyl-L-cysteine NPARR 3(2), 2012-0194, Anti-hyperlipidaemic sulfoxide (1-PeCSO), a key compound in garlic and antioxidant effects of turmeric oil in greening. In this study, freeze-dried onion hyperlipidaemic rats powder containing LF synthase was used in treatments to control garlic greening. Prior to the This study was to evaluate the anti- use of freeze-dried onion powder to treat hyperlipidaemic and antioxidant effects of greening garlic bulbs, model reactions were turmeric oil (TO), the supercritical fluid extract conducted to confirm the reactivity of 1-PeCSO from turmeric, in hyperlipidaemic rats induced by in onion bulbs to garlic greening. While pink a high-fat diet. TO significantly decreased pigments were generated from 1-PeCSO, green (p<0.05) the levels of serum total cholesterol, pigments were produced from the combination of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, 1-PeCSO and S-2-propenyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide and free fatty acid and increased (p<0.05) that of (2-PeCSO). However, pigments were formed in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in this model. the systems containing 1-PeCSO, amino acid and It also markedly elevated (p<0.05) the activities alliinase. Even non-greening garlic bulbs stored of superoxide dismutase and glutathione at 20 °C turned green with the reaction of 200 g peroxidase and lowered (p<0.05) maleic L−1 1-PeCSO; therefore 1-PeCSO isolated from dialdehyde activity, to suppress oxidative onion bulbs had the same role as 1-PeCSO in reactions. Besides, histological morphology garlic bulbs in terms of greening. Onion bulbs examination showed that TO prevented the turned green after the addition of 600 g L−1 2- damage of liver tissues induced by high-fat diet. PeCSO. The addition of freeze-dried onion Thus, the findings indicate that TO might provide powder inhibited garlic greening, and treatment protection against cardiovascular diseases with 15 g kg−1 onion powder gave the best [Jingjing Ling, Bo Wei, Guangping Lv, Hui Ji* storage stability of crushed garlic bulbs.The and Shaoping Li (Department of Pharmacology, addition of freeze-dried onion powder inhibited China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia the greening in crushed garlic bulbs, and Xiang, 210009 Nanjing, PR China), Food treatment with 15 g kg−1 onion powder gave the Chemistry, 2012, 130(2), 229-235]. best storage stability of crushed garlic bulbs [Jungeun Cho, Eun Jin Lee, Kil Sun Yoo, Seung NPARR 3(2), 2012-0195, Role of precursors on Koo Lee*(Department of Plant Science, Seoul greening in crushed garlic (Allium sativum) National University, 599 Gwanangno, Gwanak- bulbs, and its control with freeze-dried onion gu, Seoul 151-921, Korea), Journal of the Science powder of Food and Agriculture, 2012, 92(2), 246-252]. SUGARS 107

SUGARS (incl. Natural sweeteners, NPARR 3(2), 2012-0197, Effect of edible Jaggery, Palm sugar, Honey, etc.) coating and packaging on microbiological characteristics of jaggery NPARR 3(2), 2012-0196, Assessing Rubus honey value: Pollen and phenolic compounds Jaggery industry is one of the old and content and antibacterial capacity large agro-processing cottage industries in India. However, it has problems related to keeping Twenty-three honey samples from Galicia quality. The main problems associated with (Northwest Spain) were analysed to determine jaggery storage are liquefaction and deterioration their botanical origin, phenolic compounds and of color. This investigation was undertaken to antibacterial activity. In all samples Rubus pollen determine the quality characteristics of jaggery was predominant, followed by that of Castanea samples for 18 weeks with different treatments of sativa. Other important pollens found belong to edible coating, packaging and storage conditions. Cytisus type, Trifolium repens, Echium, The treatments given to jaggery were: storage of Eucalyptus globulus, Erica umbellata, Erica jaggery at ambient conditions (Amb), uncoated cinerea, Campanula type and Frangula alnus. and open (U/O), coated and open (C/O), uncoated Eight phenolic compounds (caffeic, p-coumaric and packaged in LDPE (U/P), coated and and ellagic acids, pinocembrin, chrysin, galangin, packaged in LDPE (C/P), uncoated and vacuum tectochrysin and kaempferol) were determined by packaged (U/V) and coated and vacuum solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by HPLC/ packaged (U/V), stored at 30±1 ºC in incubator. DAD analysis. p-Coumaric and ellagic acids were The storage study revealed that the yeast and the main constituents of the phenolic fraction (ca. mould count and total viable count increased 5.5 mg/kg each, mean value), followed by the pair chrysin plus galangin (ca. 1.2mg/kg, mean significantly (p ≤ 0.01) as the storage period value) and pinocembrin (ca. 1.0mg/kg, mean increased, however, moisture content and water value). Antibacterial activity was checked against activity followed a decreasing trend during five Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus storage study. The results of the study concluded aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Micrococcus that jaggery with edible coating along with luteus, Enterococcus faecalis and Bacillus vacuum packaging (C/V) samples, stored at cereus) and four Gram-negative bacteria (Proteus 30±1ºC in incubator had significantly better mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas quality characteristics than other treatments up aeruginosa and Salmonella typhimurium). B. till 18 weeks. Uncoated and vacuum packaged cereus and P. mirabilis were the most sensitive (U/V) jaggery was preferred most by sensory microorganisms. This is the first study concerning panel, followed by coated and vacuum packaged the phenolic compounds and antibacterial activity (C/V). It was concluded from the present study of Rubus honey, which proved to be a good that problems because of absorption of moisture source of phenolic compounds and antimicrobial and microbial attack could be overcome by agents with potential health benefits [Olga applying protein based edible coating on jaggery, Escuredo, Luís R. Silva, Patrícia Valentão, María packing it under vacuum and storing it under C. Seijo and Paula B. Andrade* (REQUIMTE/ controlled conditions of temperature and relative Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de humidity [Preeti Shukla (Department of Food Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Science and Technology G.B. Pant, University of do Porto, R. Aníbal Cunha 164, 4050-047 Agriculture and Technology Pantnagar, India), Porto, Portugal), Food Chemistry, 2012, 130(3), Prime Journal of Microbiology Research, 2012, 671-678]. 2(4), 121-125]. 108 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 3, NO. 2, 2012

NPARR 3(2), 2012-0198, A study on utilisation could be prepared by utilizing whey, a by-product of whey in jaggery production of dairy industry, mitigating the problem of disposal of whey being faced by the dairy Whey is a by-product of dairy industry industry [B. Madariya and K. Jayaraj Rao* and contains nutrients such as whey proteins, (Dairy Technology Section, National Dairy lactose and minerals. The objective of this study Research Institute, Adugodi, Bangalore, 560 030, was to utilize whole whey in the preparation of India), Sugar Tech, 2012, 14(3), 295-303]. cane jaggery, so that the nutrients present in the whey are fully incorporated into the jaggery. Two types of whey, namely, paneer (Indian cottage NPARR 3(2), 2012-0199, The effect of cheese) whey (PW) and Cheddar cheese whey pretreatment of juice on the properties and (CW) were tried for production of jaggery with or composition of jaggery without additives. The effect of whey constituents on the sensory quality of jaggery was Conservation of the sucrose contents of studied for standardization of a method for the jaggery helps to improve the color and shelf manufacture of jaggery. The jaggery prepared life. Light golden color jaggery is the demand of from pure PW and CW was hard, brittle and was market these days. This color is developed by the salty in taste. But, the quality of the whey jaggery chemicals which are hazardous. In the present was improved by the addition of cane sugar or work light golden color jaggery was prepared by cane jaggery at 15% (w/w) during the preparation the conservation of sucrose contents and or by using the admixture of whey and sugarcane minimization of the activity of the polyphenol juice (1:1 v/v) for jaggery preparation. oxidase. The activity of polyphenol oxidase was Neutralization of PW with sodium bicarbonate controlled by the interaction of juice with gases further enhanced the sensory attributes of whey like carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen jaggery, but in case of CW neutralization was not dioxide, sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide in required. The colour of whey jaggery was light separate experiments. These activities were brown when sugar was used as additive, but monitored by the use of % pol, % brix and the darker when cane jaggery was used as additive. color intensity of the jaggery. The reasons for The overall sensory quality of the whey jaggery these activities were also discussed in this prepared by the optimized method was communication [Zahid Hussain*, Mohammad comparable with the quality of sugarcane jaggery Islam, Zahoor Mohammad, Khalid Mohammad (7.7 and 8.1 score out of 9.0 on Hedonic scale, Khan, Shahnaz Perveen and Mohammad Afza respectively) and contained higher protein and (Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan mineral levels than sugarcane jaggery. It was University, Mardan, Pakistan), Sugar Tech, 2012, concluded that good quality nutritional jaggery 14(3) (2012), 291-294]. THERAPEUTICS 109

THERAPEUTICS through blockade of Ca2+ channels, thus justifying its medicinal use in diarrhoea and NPARR 3(2), 2012-0200, Gastrointestial and asthma. Acacia leucophloea methanol extract respiratory activities of Acacia leucophloea exhibited dose-dependent (100-500 mg/ml) protective effect against castor oil induced The barks of Acacia leucophloea diarrhoea. (Fabaceae) are used in Pakistan traditional medicine as an astringent, a bitter, a thermogenic, The data obtained contribute to the a styptic, a preventive of infections, an validation of the traditional use of Acacia anthelmintic, a vulnery, a demulcent, an leucophloea bark in treating gastrointestinal and expectorant, an antipyretic, an antidote for snake respiratory disorders, providing an hypothesis on bites and in the treatment of bronchitis, cough, the possible mechanisms of action [Imran Imran, vomiting, wounds, ulcers, diarrhea, dysentery, Liaqat Hussain, M. Zia-Ul-Haq, Khalid Hussain internal and external hemorrhages, dental caries, Janbaz, Anwar H. Gilani, Vincenzo De stomatitis, and intermittent fevers and skin Feo*(Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche e diseases. A study was carried out for the possible Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Salerno, elucidation of mechanisms justifying the Via Ponte don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, traditional medicinal uses of A. leucophloea Italy), Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2012, (Fabaceae) in gastrointestinal and respiratory 138(3), 676-682]. diseases. In vitro experiments were carried out over isolated rabbit jejunum and guinea-pig ileum NPARR 3(2), 2012-0201, Antiarthritic activity in order to determine spasmolytic and of various extracts of Mesua ferrea Linn. seed bronchorelaxant activities, while in vivo studies were conducted in mice for antidiarrheal Mesua ferrea Linn. (Cluciaseae), Cobra's properties. saffron, is named after the heaviness of its timber and is cultivated in tropical climates for its form, A methanol crude extract of barks of the foliage, and fragrant flowers. It is prescribed in plant caused a concentration-dependent the Ayurvedic literature for the treatment of pain, relaxation (0.1-3 mg/ml) of isolated rabbit inflammation, and rheumatic conditions. In jejunum preparations in a pattern similar to that present investigation, activity of Mesua ferrea of nifedipine and dicyclomine, suggesting a Ca2+ and its evaluation in the formaldehyde and channel-blocking mechanism in addition to an Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-induced anticholinergic effect. In guinea-pig ileum the arthritis in rats is reported. The extracts obtained extract caused a parallel shift in the Ach-curves from successive extraction were subjected to without suppression of maximum contractile preliminary phytochemical investigation and response, followed by a non-parallel shift with antiarthritic activity was evaluated by inducing the suppression of maximum contractile response formaldehyde and CFA. Body weight changes at higher concentration similar to that caused by and haematological parameters were measured. dicyclomine. Moreover, in rabbit trachea, it also caused the relaxation of carbachol (1μM) and The results indicate that Mesua ferrea + high K -induced contractions at a dose ranging protects rats against formaldehyde and CFA between 0.1578 and 0.734 mg/ml and 0.46-0.94 induced arthritis. The body weight changes and mg/ml, respectively. These findings indicate that haematological perturbations induced by CFA the extract possesses spasmolytic and were maintained. The overall results indicated bronchodilator activities, mediated possibly that Mesua ferrea exerts a potent protective effect 110 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 3, NO. 2, 2012

against formaldehyde and adjuvant-induced The histopathological study of ethanolic extract arthritis in rats. These findings demonstrate that and its fractions reveals that none of them cause the present study validates the ethnomedicinal ulcer. The present study indicates that Adiantum use of seeds of Mesua ferrea in the treatment of capillus veneris Linn. has significant anti- arthritis conditions [Sunil S. Jalalpure*, Yuvaraj inflammatory and analgesic effect [Saqlain D. Mandavkar, Pallavi R. Khalure, Gulab S. Haider, Syed Nazreen, Mohammad Mahboob Shinde, Pournima A. Shelar and Amol S. Shah Alam, Amit Gupta, Hinna Hamid and (SVERI's College of Pharmacy, Pandharpur, Mohammad Sarwar Alam*(Department of Maharashtra, India), Journal of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard , Ethnopharmacology, 2011, 138(3), 700-704]. Hamdard University, New Delhi 110 062, India), Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2011, 138(3), NPARR 3(2), 2012-0202, Anti-inflammatory 741-747]. and anti-nociceptive activities of ethanolic extract and its various fractions from NPARR 3(2), 2012-0203, Evaluation of Adiantum capillus-veneris Linn. antihyperglycemic activity of Cocos nucifera Linn. on streptozotocin induced type 2 To investigate the anti-inflammatory and diabetic rats anti-nociceptive activities of the crude ethanolic extract of Adiantum capillus-veneris Linn. The plant Cocos nucifera Linn. (Adiantaceae) and its various fractions. The (Arecaceae) is commonly known as coconut. ethanolic extract and its fractions were given at a Traditionally the juice of the young spadix when dose of 200mg/kg po and 300mg/kg po for fresh is used in diarrhea and diabetes. The testing their anti-inflammatory activity by objective of the present study was to investigate carrageenan induced hind paw edema. The the effect of antidiabetic activity and effect on analgesic activity of the ethanolic extract and its lipid profile as well as cardioprotective effect of fractions has been carried out by tail-flick method hydro-methanol extract of Cocos nucifera and writhing test at a dosage of 300mg/kg po. (HECN) on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced Gastric ulceration studies have been further diabetic rats. After 72 h of STZ (50 mg/kg, b.w. carried out to study the antiulcer effect of the i.p.) administration, animals showing plasma ethanolic extract and its various fractions at dose sugar level more than 250 mg/dl were considered of 900mg/kg body weight. as diabetic rat. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels were measured on 0th (after 72 h of STZ), Amongst the tested fractions, the ethyl 5th, 10th, and 15th day. On the 15th day all the acetate fraction exhibited better inhibition animals were sacrificed and the serum (67.27%) at 300 mg/kg po dosage when biochemical parameters and antioxidant enzyme compared to the standard drug Indomethacin status were measured. (63.63%) after 3h in the carrageenan induced hind paw edema. The anti-inflammatory activity HECN treated animals showed a of the ethanolic extract and its various fractions significant reduction in FBG level as compared appear to be related to the inhibition of NO with diabetic control group. Serum enzyme level release, and the decreasing TNF-α level. The (SGOT, SGPT, SALP), lipid peroxidation and ethanolic extract and all its fractions especially antioxidant enzyme level such as CAT, GSH, the ethyl acetate (p<0.01) showed significant SOD and cholesterol and triglycerides in the analgesic activity with insignificant ulceration as HECN treated groups were restored towards compared to the standard drug, i.e. ibuprofen. normal level as compared to diabetic control THERAPEUTICS 111

groups and the values were comparable with the modulate the function of P-gp and the MDR standard groups (glibenclamide). Improvement in phenotype in a human cervical carcinoma cell the FBG and the restoration of all other line (KB-V1). We found that kuguacin J, one of biomarker as well as enzymes indicates that the active components in BMLE, increased HECN has very good antidiabetic activity with sensitivity to vinblastine and paclitaxel in KB-V1 very low side effects and provides a scientific cells. A flow cytometry assay indicated that rationale for the use as an antidiabetic agent kuguacin J inhibits the transport function of P-gp [Sagar Naskar*, Upal K. Mazumder, Goutam and thereby significantly increases the Pramanik, Malaya Gupta, R.B. Suresh Kumar, accumulation of rhodamine 123 and calcein AM Asis Bala and Aminul Islam (Department of in the cells. These results were confirmed by Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur [3H]-vinblastine transport assay. Kuguacin J University, Kolkata, India), Journal of significantly increases intracellular [3H]- Ethnopharmacology, 2011, 138(3), 769-773]. vinblastine accumulation and decreased the [3H]- vinblastine efflux in the cells. Kuguacin J also NPARR 3(2), 2012-0204, Kuguacin J isolated inhibited the incorporation of [125I]- from Momordica charantia leaves inhibits P- iodoarylazidoprazosin into P-gp in a glycoprotein (ABCB1)-mediated multidrug concentration-dependent manner, indicating that resistance kuguacin J directly interacts with the drug- substrate-binding site on P-gp. These results Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major indicate that kuguacin J modulates the function of factor in the failure of chemotherapy in cancer P-gp by directly interacting at the drug-substrate- patients. Resistance to chemotherapy has been binding site, and it appears to be an effective correlated to the overexpression of ABC drug inhibitor of P-gp activity in vitro and thus could transporters including P-glycoprotein (P-gp) that be developed as an effective chemosensitizer to actively efflux chemotherapeutic drugs from treat multidrug-resistant cancers [Pornsiri cancer cells. Our previous study showed that Pitchakarn, Shinobu Ohnuma, Komsak Pintha, bitter melon (Momordica charantia) leaf extract Wilart Pompimon, Suresh V. Ambudkar, (BMLE) was able to reverse the MDR phenotype Pornngarm Limtrakul (Department of by increasing the intracellular accumulation of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai chemotherapeutic drugs. In the present study, University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand), The bioguided fractionation was used to identify the Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 2012, 23(1), active component(s) of BMLE that is able to 76-84]. 112 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 3, NO. 2, 2012

WOOD Calotropis procera wood by evaluating the basic technological properties required for proper NPARR 3(2), 2012-0205, Wood protection by utilization. This study is the first attempt to Pongamia pinnata seed oil through heating provide basic information regarding the physical, process chemical and anatomical characteristics of Calotropis procera tree wood growing wild in Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Pierre is arid and semi-arid regions. A brief description of thought to be a native of India and is found the anatomical characteristics of Calotropis throughout Asia. Pongamia oil is considered to procera wood was provided and the results possess anti-fungal and insecticidal activity but indicate that it belongs to the diffuse porous type this property is not fully tapped and is under of hardwoods. The basic specific gravity of the utilized. The present study was carried out to wood was 0.345 and it can be classified as light evaluate the potential of pongamia oil against wood, which makes it suitable for particleboard wood decaying fungi. The oil was tested at manufacturing. The total volumetric shrinkage of different concentrations against Oligoporus the wood ranged between 14.21% and 16.98%. placentus and Trametes versicolor by Potato The cellulose and hemicellulose content of dextrose agar bioassay. Results revealed that oil Calotropis procera wood fall in the range typical at concentration levels of 15 and 10% recorded for either softwoods or hardwoods (47.88 and considerable growth inhibition of both the test 27.08%, respectively). According to the fungi. However, at lower concentrations the oil properties determined in the present study, we was found ineffective. The oil was further conclude that most properties of Calotropis evaluated for its efficacy against the test fungi by procera wood are similar to other non-woody soil block bioassay method. Poplar and chir pine materials, softwoods and hardwoods. sapwood specimens treated with pongamia oil at Furthermore, this wood is characterized by a low 180 and 200°C, recorded considerable reduction lignin and high extractive and hemicellulose in weight loss as compared to control against test contents. Further investigations are required fungi. Heating resulted in colour change of oil as before it can be used in industry. The evaluation well as that of wood. Preliminary study shows of the properties of particleboard made from that Pongamia pinnata oil can be explored for Calotropis procera wood is in progress [R.A. wood protection [Sadhna Tripathi*, Hridesh Nasser*, H.A. Al-Mefarrej, P.R. Khan and K.H. Kumar; Himani Pant (Wood Preservation Alhafta (Department of Plant Production, College Discipline, Forest Products Division, Forest of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia), 248006), Indian Forester, 2012, 138(2), 136- American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture & 141]. Environmental Science, 2012, 12(1), 05-16].

NPARR 3(2), 2012-0206, Technological NPARR 3(2), 2012-0207, A new record on properties of Calotropis procera wood and its flowering in harar (Terminalia chebula Retz.) relation to utilizations seedling

Because Saudi Arabia suffers from a Harar (Terminalia chebula), a large shortage of wood necessary for certain industrial deciduous tree belongs to family combretaceae. It uses and therefore, depends primarily on grows naturally in greater part of India up to imported wood, there is a need to develop 1500 m elevation. Due to several alkaloids alternative non-wood resources. The aim of this present in fruit, it is used as laxative, purgative study was to investigate the feasibility of using and astringent for curing a number of ailments. WOOD 113

Keeping in view its medicinal and tanning paper will cover the background of compressed properties, the authors have been working for the wood and the possibilities of producing last two decades on various aspects like compressed wood using oil palm trunk as a raw propagation and development of promising material [Othman Sulaiman, Nurjannah Salim, strains of harar. Grafting/bud- ding techniques Noor Afeefah Nordin, Rokiah Hashim, Mazlan have been standardized to produce true to type Ibrahim and Masatoshi Sato( Division of precocious plants which bear flower in two to Bioresources, Paper and Coatings Technology, three years. However, flowering has been School of Industrial Technology, Universiti, observed in three months old seedling, which can Sains , Malaysia, 11800), BioResources, 2012, be ascribed to biochemical and/or cellular 7(2), 2688-2706]. changes. Early flowering is a rare incidence in tree seedlings which otherwise could be very NPARR 3(2), 2012-0209, Evaluation of useful for breeding and early evaluation of fruit aluminum phosphide against wood-destroying species [Kamal Sharma*, Sanjeev Thakur, Seema insects Sharma and Som Dutt Sharma (Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Regional Aluminum phosphide, a well-known Horticultural and Forestry Research Station, stored grain fumigant, available in solid Hamirpur, India), American Journal of Plant formulation, has shown promise as wood Sciences, 2012, 3, 693-695]. fumigant. This chemical decomposes to phosphine when exposed to moisture. The NPARR 3(2), 2012-0208, The potential of oil feasibility of fumigant treatment to extend the palm trunk biomass as an alternative source service life of wood was evaluated in a small for compressed wood block test of two wood species. Hard wood (Mangifera indica L.) and conifer blocks (Pinus Compressed wood, which is formed by a roxburghii Sargent) were fumigated with process that increases the wood’s density, aims to different concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, improve its strength and dimensional stability. and 1.6%) of aluminum phosphide. Fumigated Compressed wood can be used in building and blocks were exposed to Lyctus africanus Lesne construction, especially for construction of walls (Coleoptera; Lyctidae) larvae. Results revealed and flooring. Currently, supplies of wood are that aluminum phosphide showed complete becoming limited, and the oil palm tree has mortality of Lyctus larvae at 0.2% concentration, become one of the largest plantation species in that is, 0.93 g/m3 retention level. Mean mortality Malaysia. Oil palm trunk could be an appropriate of 74% of Lyctus larvae was observed in soft choice for an alternative source for compressed wood blocks fumigated with lowest wood. This paper aims to review the current concentration, that is, 0.05% of aluminum status of oil palm biomass, including the phosphide, whereas in hard wood blocks >85% availability of this tree, in order to illustrate the mortality was observed at this concentration potential of oil palm biomass as an alternative [Himani Pant and Sadhna Tripathi*(Wood source for compressed wood. Up to the present Preservation Discipline, Forest Products there has been insufficient information regarding Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, the manufacturing conditions and properties of Uttarakhand, India 248 006), Journal of compressed wood from oil palm trunk. This Economic Entomology, 2012, 105(1), 135-139]. 114 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 3, NO. 2, 2012

OTHERS (incl. Cultivation, Distribution, and extreme halophyte Salicornia brachiata has New species, Post harvest Technologies, been established for the first time using shoot tips Packaging Technology, New technologies/ and nodes. Individually, BA showed significant response compared to Kn and in combinations, Know How Developed, Book reviews, improved shoot proliferation was observed with Forthcoming events) BA+NAA than BA+2,4-D, however no

CULTIVATION significant response was observed with BA+IAA. Percentage of shoot response significantly NPARR 3(2), 2012-0210, Growth and centelloside increased with NaCl treatment in the combination production in hydroponically established of BA+NAA while BA+2,4-D+NaCl medicinal plant-Centella asiatica (L.) combination showed reduced shoot proliferation followed by demises of most of cultures. Conditions to cultivate medicinally Efficient shoot proliferation was observed with important herb Centella asiatica in hydroponic combinations BA (8.9μM)+NAA system are reported here for the first time. (5.37μM)+NaCl (500mM) and BA Growth kinetics of hydroponically grown plants (13.3μM)+NAA (5.37μM)+NaCl (250mM) was monitored over a period of 70 days. The indicating that NaCl is required for the maximum growth and dry matter accumulation micropropagation. The developed method will (156.3% increment over the initial inoculum facilitate functional analysis of novel salt weight) in the cultured plants occurred around responsive gene(s) isolated from S. brachiata and 42nd day. High Performance Liquid propagation of industrially important elite Chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the accessions [Mukul Joshi, Avinash Mishra and bioactive centellosides in the crude triterpenoids Bhavanath Jha (Discipline of Marine extract of the harvested leaves showed the Biotechnology and Ecology, Central Salt and presence of 11mg, 1.7mg, 36.6mg and 6.3mg of Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of madecassoside, asiaticoside, madecassic acid and Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), G. B. asiatic acid on per gram dry weight basis, Marg, Bhavnagar 364021, Gujarat, India), respectively. The results of this study suggest that Industrial Crops and Products, 2012, 35(1), 313- the cultivation of C. asiatica in hydroponic 316]. systems can be an effective platform for the production of clean and good quality C. asiatica NPARR 3(2), 2012-0212, Sensory quality, herb for the pharmaceutical companies [Archana bioactive constituents and microbiological Prasad, V.S. Pragadheesh, Archana Mathur*, quality of green and red fresh-cut lettuces N.K. Srivastava, Manju Singh and A.K. Mathur (Lactuca sativa L.) are influenced by soil and (Division of Plant Biotechnology, Central soilless agricultural production systems Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, PO Quality characteristics and shelf-life of CIMAP, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226015, India) fresh-cut lettuce cultivated in soil, as the Industrial Crops and Products, 2012, 35(1), traditional production system, and soilless, as an 309-312] innovative production system, were investigated.

NPARR 3(2), 2012-0211, NaCl plays a key role Three lettuce genotypes, lollo rosso and red oak for in vitro micropropagation of Salicornia leaf as red-leafed genotypes, and butterhead as a brachiata, an extreme halophyte green-leafed genotype, were studied. Lettuces from both production systems were grown in the A simple and rapid method for same open field and at the same time in the micropropagation of succulent, salt accumulator winter season. A longer growing period was CULTIVATIONS 115

needed, to obtain the same maturity stage, in the CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, E-30100 soil than in the soilless (102 and 63 d after Espinardo, Murcia, Spain), Postharvest Biology planting, respectively). After harvest, the visual and Technology, 2012, 63(1), 16-24]. quality of the fresh-cut produce from red-leafed lettuce cultivated in soilless was better than those NPARR 3(2), 2012-0213, Effect of salinity on in soil. In the case of green-leafed genotype, the seed oil content and fatty acid composition of soilless system gave a lower visual quality of the safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) genotypes fresh-cut product. Lollo rosso cultivated in the soilless system had a higher content of phytochemicals, including vitamin C and Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a individual and total phenolics, than that species moderately tolerant to salt stress and is cultivated in soil. At the end of storage, fresh-cut cultivated in dry areas where salinity can be a lollo rosso and red oak leaf grown in the soilless serious threat. We examined effects of salinity system showed significantly higher content of stress on seed oil content and fatty acid vitamin C than those in soil. This high content of composition in 64 safflower genotypes grown antioxidants was linked to a better maintenance under saline and non-saline (control) field of visual quality and the control of browning experiments in two growing seasons. The results when compared with the fresh-cut product from showed significant effects of genotype, salinity lettuces cultivated in soil. The soilless system and their interactions on most of the was more effective in controlling microbial characteristics examined. Salt tolerant genotypes contamination as lettuce cultivated in the soilless were less affected by salinity than salt-sensitive system had a lower initial microbial load and ones for oil quantity and quality. The overall slower microbial growth during storage. At the reductions of 7.7% oil content and 29% oil yield end of shelf-life, differences in microbial counts were observed due to salinity stress. Salinity between soil and soilless lettuce were 3 and 1.5 stress caused a significant increase in oleic acid log units higher for lactic acid bacteria and total (C18:1) and significant decreases in linoleic coliforms, respectively, in soil. This study shows (C18:2) and linolenic (C18:3) acids. These results that higher quality and microbiologically safer suggest inhibition of oleic acid desaturase and raw product can be provided by the soilless differential responses of salt-tolerant and salt- system as a new growing system although it sensitive genotypes under salinity stress [Hadi depends on the genotype and the season [María Yeilaghi, Ahmad Arzani*, Mostafa Ghaderian, V. Selma, María C. Luna, Ascensión Martínez- Reza Fotovat, Mohammad Feizi andSayyed Saied Sánchez, Juan A. Tudela, David Beltrán, Carlos Pourdad (Department of Agronomy and Plant Baixauli and María I. Gil* (Research Group on Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Food Science and Technology Department, Iran), Food Chemistry, 2012, 130(3), 618-625]. 116 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 3, NO. 2, 2012

NEW SPECIES geographic zone for many new diatoms, contributing to our understanding of the evolution NPARR 3(2), 2012-0214, Saxifraga minutissima, of diatoms of this biogeographic region [B. A new species from the Garhwal Himalaya, Karthick and J. P. Kociolek (Museum of Natural India, and its implications for the taxonomy of History and Department of Ecology and the genus Saxifraga (Saxifragaceae) Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, UCB 218, Boulder, CO 80309, USA), Nova Saxifraga minutissima D.S.Rawat, a new Hedwigia, Beiheft, 2012, 141, 117-124]. and extremely small species of Saxifraga (Saxifragaceae), is described from the Garhwal NPARR 3(2), 2012-0216, Spodiopogon Himalaya, India. It differs from all other species aristatus, a new species of Poaceae from of Saxifraga, except Saxifraga bicuspidata, in Gujarat, India having five stamens and lacking petals. It can be distinguished from Saxifraga bicuspidata in A new species of Spodiopogon (Poaceae), having leaves and sepals entire. The finely striate S. aristatus R. J. Desai & Raole is described and pollen exine pattern of Saxifraga minutissima illustrated from Gujarat, West India. indicates that the species belongs to Saxifraga Spodiopogon Trin. (Poaceae) is a genus of about section Ciliatae. Its prostrate, axillary leafy 15 species is confined to Asia from Turkey shoots and lack of crisped, rufous hairs strongly eastward to India, Thailand and Japan, with one suggests a place in Saxifraga subsection species extending northward to Siberia Clayton et Serpyllifoliae, where one of its closest relatives al gave its distribution as temperate Asia or may be Saxifraga stella-aurea [R. J. Gornall*, D. tropical Asia. Hooker (1897) and Bor (1960) S. Rawat and Zhuoxin Zhang (Department of reported three species for the Indian subcontinent Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 and Nair et al (1981) added one more species (S. 7RH, UK), Edinburgh Journal of Botany, 2012, jainii V. J. Nair, A. N. Singh & N. C. Nair) from 69, 211-217]. Madhya Pradesh, India. Cooke (1908) described only one species for ‘The Flora of the Presidency NPARR 3(2), 2012-0215, A new species of of Bombay’, confirmed in the ‘Flora of Gujarat Pleurosigma from Western Ghats, South India State’ (Shah 1978) and the ‘Flora of Saurashtra’ (Bole & Pathak 1988). During an extensive field A new species, Pleurosigma lange- survey of the grasses of Gujarat state, the authors bertalotii sp. nov., is studied with light and collected some plant material that did not match scanning electron microscopy and described from with any available literature on Spodiopogon Western Ghats, South India. The new species Trin. and hence is described and illustrated here possesses transverse striae pattern on the external as a new species. valve surface, but internal valve views show oblique striae patterns. At present the species is Spodiopogon aristatus R. J. Desai & assigned to the genus Pleurosigma due to the Raole sp. nov. Spodiopogono rhizophoro (Steud.) presence of oblique striation. The oblique striae Pilg. similis, sed habitu graciliore; pilis spiculae pattern is continuous internally from the central albis vel purpurascentibus; spicula sessili 8-9 mm nodule to the apices, and this helps to longa; glumis inferioribus dentatis; glumis differentiate the new species from P. obscurum. superioribus aristatis, arista 1-3 mm longa; The new taxon is observed only from a forested, lemmatibus inferioribus 5-5.5 mm longis, 2- low electrolytic stream from South Western nervatis, aristis 18-22 mm longis; palea inferiore Ghats, South India. Recent studies on diatoms apicaliter truncata; palea superiore oblongo- suggest that the Indian sub continent is a major cuneata, c. 2.5 mm longa; pedicellis 4-4.5 mm NEW SPECIES 117

longis; specula pedicellata sessili simili, sed with an acuminate apex, pubescent anther and gluma inferiore apicaliter acuminata; lemmate echinate capsules, but differs in clump forming inferiore 5-5.5mm longa, neutro, epaleato, cum habit with non-stoloniferous rhizomes, tomentose costa differt. Typus: India, Gujarat State, Tapi lamina beneath, long corolla tube, obovate to distr, Bunadha (21°24'64.47"N, 73°23'45.52"E; rhomboid labellum with clefted apex and without c. 115 m), 10 Nov. 2009, R. J. Desai 241 any colour design, emarginate anther crest and (holotypus BARO!), R. J. Desai 261, 205, 285, reduced staminodes. Detailed description, 292 (paratypi K!, MH!, BARO!, CAL!). illustration, photographs, conservation status, and http://www.ipni.org/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:7711 distributional details are provided. 8126-1. Intensive botanical explorations for the Perennial. Culms slender, creeping and revision of Indian Amomum have resulted in the rooting at the base, 40-80 cm tall, leafy; nodes collection of an interesting species with long glabrous; internodes 4-10 cm long. Leaf sheath membranous ligule from the Silent Valley compressed, loose, 3-8 cm long, sparsely hairy, National Park on the Western Ghats of Kerala. glabrescent; auricles membranous, confluent with The family Zingiberaceae (ginger family) ligule; ligule a ciliate membrane, 1.5-2 mm long, consists of 53 genera and over 1200 species. 2- or 3-partite; pseudo-petioles 1-8 cm long, Amomum Roxb. is the second largest genus after blades elliptic-lanceolate, flat, acuminate, Alpinia Roxb. with in Zingiberaceae with about sparsely hairy on both sides, with a distinct white 150-180 species, widely distributed in Southeast coloured midrib, 5-15 × 1.5-3 cm; uppermost leaf Asia. In India the genus is represented by 22 often reduced to a lanceolate spathe partially species, mostly restricted to North-East India and enclosing base of raceme, spathe 5-10 × 0.4-0.8 South India reported 6 species of Amomum from cm. Inflorescence terminal and axillary, 5-12 cm South India and raised the number species to 7 by long; erect, densely flowered; rachis jointed, reporting new distribution record of Amomum articulated [Rinku J. Desai1 and Vinay M. Raole fulviceps Thwaites. The new species, Amomum (Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, The nilgiricum, shows similarity with Amomum M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002 masticatorium Thwaites in having long drying Gujarat), Kew Bulletin, 2012, 67(1), 103-107]. ligule with an acuminate apex, pubescent anther and echinate capsules, but differs in clump NPARR 3(2), 2012-0217, Amomum nilgiricum forming habit with non-stoloniferous rhizomes, (Zingiberaceae), a new species from Western tomentose lamina beneath, long corolla tube, Ghats, India obovate to rhomboid labellum with clefted apex, emarginate anther crest and reduced staminodes. A new species of Amomum Roxb. from Amomum nilgiricum shows some morphological Western Ghats of Kerala is illustrated and affinities with Amomum villosum group in the described. Amomum nilgiricum VP.Thomas & phylogenetic grouping [V. P. Thomas, M. Sabu, M.Sabu, sp. nov. shows similarity with Amomum and K.M. Prabhu Kumar PhytoKeys, 2012, 8, masticatorium Thw. in having long drying ligule 99-104]. 118 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 3, NO. 2, 2012

ANALYTICAL METHODS solids were determined and correlated with the spectral data. The spectral data were analyzed NPARR 3(2), 2012-0218, Extraction efficiency using the partial least square analysis. The and validation of an HPLC method for optimal wavelengths were selected using flavonoid analysis in peppers predicted residual error sum of squares. The principal component analysis was also used to Efficient extraction procedures including test the variability of the observed data. By using solvent selection, sample to solvent ratio, multiple linear regressions (MLR), models were extraction time, and hydrolysis condition were established based on the optimal wave lengths to developed for the analysis of flavonoids in predict the quality attributes. The coefficient of peppers. Maximum flavonoids were extracted in determination was found to be 0.85, 0.87, and ethanol, while N-N-dimethylformamide was able 0.91 for total soluble solids, moisture and to extract myricetin, which was rarely reported in firmness of the banana fruits, respectively. The peppers. Flavonoids were obtained at the 1:8 ratio change in TSS and firmness of banana fruits of sample to solvent after 3 h of extraction time. stored at different temperatures, viz., 20, 25, and The effective hydrolysis of glycosides to 30°C during the ripening process followed the aglycones was observed in 3M HCl at 60 min at polynomial relationships and the change in 95°C. The validated HPLC method was applied moisture content followed a linear relationship at to quantify five flavonoids from peppers. The different maturity stages [P. Rajkumar*, N. ethanol extract exhibited maximum total Wang, G. EImasry, G.S.V. Raghavan and Y. phenolics (1.39 mg of catechin equivalent/g), and Gariepy (Trainee at McGill University, Canada & the DPPH assay showed a similar free radical Associate Professor, Dept. of Food & Agrl. scavenging activity in MeOH, EtOH, and Process Engineering, AEC&RI, TNAU, EtOH:water (80:20). Reducing property of the Coimbatore 641003, India), Journal of Food MeOH extract was higher than the EtOH extract. Engineering, 2012, 108(1), 194-200]. This study demonstrated that the developed methods for the extraction of pepper flavonoids NPARR 3(2), 2012-0220, Lycopene extraction could be useful for analysing large numbers of from tomato peel by-product containing samples [Haejin Bae, G.K. Jayaprakasha, John tomato seed using supercritical carbon dioxide Jifon and Bhimanagouda S. Patil*, (Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Department of This work discusses the extraction of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, lycopene from tomato peel by-product containing College Station, TX 77845, USA), Food tomato seed using supercritical carbon dioxide. Chemistry, 2012, 130(3), 751-758]. The presence of tomato seed in the peel by- product improved the yield of extracted lycopene. NPARR 3(2), 2012-0219, Studies on banana Extraction was carried out at temperatures of 70- fruit quality and maturity stages using 90°C, pressures of 20-40 MPa, a particle size of hyperspectral imaging 1.05±0.10mm and flow rates of 2-4 mL/min of CO2 for 180min extraction time. Oil from tomato Banana fruit quality and maturity stages seed was extracted under similar operating were studied at three different temperatures, viz., conditions and analyzed using GC-MS and GC- 20, 25, and 30°C by using hyperspectral imaging FID, while carotenoids extracted were analyzed technique in the visible and near infrared (400- by HPLC. The optimum operating condition to 1000 nm) regions. The quality parameters like extract lycopene, under which 56% of lycopene moisture content, firmness and total soluble was extracted, was found to be 90°C, 40MPa, and ANALYTICAL METHODS 119

a ratio of tomato peel to seed of 37/63. The drying with higher air temperatures. The use of presence of tomato seed oil helped to improve the low air temperatures (30-50°C) is advantageous recovery of lycopene from 18% to 56%. The with microwave energy in the first stages of concentration of lycopene in supercritical carbon drying as it limits the peaks of specific energy dioxide as a function of density at various absorption, but it slows down drying towards the temperatures was determined [Siti Machmudah, end probably because of a too low point of Zakaria, Sugeng Winardi, Mitsuru Sasaki, equilibrium (saturation humidity of air). Motonobu Goto*, Nami Kusumoto and Kiro Microwave energy did not significantly influence Hayakawa (Bioelectrics Research Center, the drying process towards the end, although Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, drying rates showed a “memory effect”, that is, Japan), Journal of Food Engineering, 2012, drying rates in processes with the same 108(2), 290-296]. conditions after a given time depended on the conditions up to that point [G.E. Botha* and J.C. NPARR 3(2), 2012-0221, Microwave assisted Oliveira (CSIR, Biosciences Unit, P.O. Box 395, air drying of osmotically treated pineapple Pretoria 0001, South Africa), Journal of Food with variable power programmes Engineering, 2012, 108(2), 304-311].

Variable power programmes for NPARR 3(2), 2012-0222, Furfurals removal microwave assisted air drying of pineapple were from roasted coffee powder by vacuum studied. The pineapple pieces were pre-treated by treatment osmotic dehydration in a 55° Brix sucrose solution at 40°C for 90min. Variable power The possibility of removing 5- output programmes were designed and ran with hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and furfural from different inlet air temperatures between 30 and roasted coffee by application of vacuum 70°C. Results indicated that the use of variable treatments was studied. In particular, different microwave power combined with low air combinations of pressure and time were used. temperatures can result in a fast drying process Results showed that the vacuum treatment was without significant charring of pineapple pieces. ineffective in removing HMF and furfural from High microwave powers need to be reduced anhydrous (commercial) coffee powder, while it quickly, faster than the decrease in water content proved effective if applied to previously hydrated would suggest, to minimize charring. In this samples. Besides, the hydration step alone was study an inlet air temperatures of 70°C was found responsible for furfurals removal, although to be excessive when combined with microwave prolonged times were needed. By applying a energy (5W/g – after compensating for the hydration step up to aw 0.7, followed by a moisture loss), resulting in fast temperature vacuum treatment at 2.7kPa and 60°C for 10 min, increase. Microwave power was found to be most 20% and 100% HMF and furfural removals were effective in the first hour to 1.5h of processing. It achieved, respectively. These differences in the should then be reduced to 0.1W/g (initial product percentages of HMF and furfural removal can be weight) in the final stages of drying to avoid attributed to differences in the chemical and charring of the fruit pieces. The best microwave physical properties of the two molecules. programme tested lead to 20% water content with However, the vacuum treatments caused a just 1% losses due to charring, but the results significant decrease in the coffee headspace total allow to conclude that charring could be volatiles that in turn was responsible for a lower completely reduced by switching off microwave odour intensity of the samples. Therefore further energy altogether after 1.5 h and then finish off studies are needed to reveal process conditions 120 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 3, NO. 2, 2012

able to minimise the loss of sensory properties, Scienze degli Alimenti, University of Udine, Via making this technology a reliable strategy to Sondrio 2/A, 33100 Udine, Italy), Food mitigate the furfural contents in coffee [Barbara Chemistry, 2012, 130(3), 610-614]. Quarta, and Monica Anese*(Dipartimento di POSTHARVEST TECHNOLOGIES 121

POSTHARVEST TECHNOLOGIES A new approach of ultrasound-assisted convective drying was tested in this study using a NPARR 3(2), 2012-0223, Changes in screen as product support and sound transmitting physicochemical characteristics of rice during surface. Red bell pepper and apple cubes were storage at different temperatures dried at 70°C in a laboratory scale hot-air drying oven. In addition to continuous ultrasound used This study investigated the changes in the for both products, intermittent ultrasound was physicochemical properties of rice during storage applied for apple drying reducing net sonication at different temperatures. Milled rice stored at time to 50% and 10%. Significant improvements high temperatures showed higher fat acidity than of drying characteristics were observed for rice stored at low temperatures. Although the continuous sonication and intermittent ultrasound moisture content of milled rice stored at 30°C at 50% net sonication time. Experimental data and 40°C decreased below 15.5% (15.33% and were fitted with eight models, among which the 15.22%, respectively) after 1 month, adequate Midilli model resulted in the best fit with values were maintained with storage at 4°C for 3 R2>0.9988 and reduced χ2>0.0002. The influence months (15.50%) and at 20°C for 2 months of ultrasound on drying time to reach 20% and (15.53%). Rice stored at low temperatures 30% residual moisture content as well as on retained its white coloration, whereas low color effective moisture diffusivities and drying retention values were obtained at higher storage periods is discussed [Katharina Schössler*, temperatures. Peak viscosity increased during 4 Henry Jäger and Dietrich Knorr (Department of months of storage and larger changes were found Food Biotechnology and Food Process at higher storage temperatures. Breakdown Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, decreased and setback increased with storage, Königin-Luise-Str. 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany), regardless of storage temperatures. Storage at Journal of Food Engineering, 2012, 108(1), 103- higher temperatures increased cohesiveness and 110]. hardness in compared with storage at lower temperatures. High temperatures also led to a NPARR 3(2), 2012-0225, Comparative decrease in adhesiveness with age. High evaluation of six storage methods for temperatures (30 C and 40°C) significantly postharvest preservation of cowpea grain decreased all sensory values even after 1 month of storage. These results are similar to those Several technologies reputedly minimize obtained in an analysis of cooked rice texture. losses of stored cowpea grain to bruchid beetles The results of this study indicate that storage on low resource farms in Africa. Side by side temperature is an important factor affecting the comparison of these different postharvest storage physicochemical properties of rice. Short storage methods can provide the basis for deciding which periods below room temperatures are performs best. We compared six different recommended to maintain rice quality [Chan-Eun technologies for cowpea storage: (1) grain mixed Park, Yun-Sook Kim, Kee-Jai Park, Bum-Keun with ash; (2) mixed with sand; (3) fumigated with Kim*(Korea Food Research Institute, Republic of phostoxin; (4) admixed with the stems and leaves Korea), Journal of Stored Products Research, of Boscia senegalensis (Pers) Lam. ex Poir., a 2012, 48(1), 25-29]. potential botanical insecticide; (5) disinfested using a solar heater, and; (6) hermetically sealed NPARR 3(2), 2012-0224, Effect of continuous in triple-layer plastic bags. Sampling was done at and intermittent ultrasound on drying time thirty-day intervals over five months of storage. and effective diffusivity during convective Counts were made of (i) adult emergence holes, drying of apple and red bell pepper (ii) dead larvae and (iii) surviving bruchid larvae 122 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 3, NO. 2, 2012

and adults. Controls, which consisted of infested content, increased pectin solubilisation and cowpea grain stored in cloth bags, were damaged higher CO2 concentration in the second principal extensively. Boscia senegalensis-treated grain component (PC2) whereas acceptable slices suffered similar severe damage. All other showed lower total sugar content. The treatments suppressed bruchid population hierarchical cluster and PCA analyses were increases as was evident from the much lower useful for discriminating the quality of slices counts of emergence holes and lower numbers of stored at different temperaturesm [Gustavo H.A. surviving or dead insects [I. B. Baoua, L. Teixeira*, José F. Durigan, Antônio S. Ferraudo, Amadou, V. Margam, L.L. Murdock* Ricardo E. Alves, Timothy J. O’Hare (Department of Entomology, 901 West State (Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2089, USA), Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Journal of Stored Products Research, 2012, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, 49(4), 171-175]. Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas. Av. do Café, s/n. Campus Universitário da USP, Ribeirão NPARR 3(2), 2012-0226, Multivariate analysis Preto, São Paulo, CEP 14.040-903, Brazil), of fresh-cut carambola slices stored under Postharvest Biology and Technology, 2012, different temperatures 63(1), 91-97].

Quality of fresh-cut carambola (Averrhoa NPARR 3(2), 2012-0227, Hot water treatments carambola L.) is related to many chemical and reduce leaf yellowing and extend vase life of biochemical variables especially those involved Asiatic hybrid lilies with softening and browning, both influenced by storage temperature. To study these effects, a The vase life of Asiatic lilies can be multivariate analysis was used to evaluate slices limited by leaf yellowing, which can be caused packaged in vacuum-sealed polyolefin bags, and by exposure to low light or temperature during stored at 2.5°C, 5°C and 10°C, for up to 16d. The winter growth or in storage. We examined the use quality of slices at each temperature was of postharvest hot water treatments (HWTs) as a correlated with the duration of storage, O2 and means of reducing leaf senescence in stored (4 C CO2 concentration in the package, physical for 2 weeks) and non-stored Asiatic hybrid lily chemical constituents, and activity of enzymes ‘Elite’ (Lilium sp.). A range of HWTs (45-55 C involved in softening (PG) and browning (PPO) for 2.5 or 5 min) was applied to leaves on cut lily metabolism. Three quality groups were identified stems (but not flowers). Higher temperatures and by hierarchical cluster analysis, and the the longer duration resulted in heat damage, but classification of the components within each of treatments of 50 C for 5min and 52.5C for 2.5min these groups was obtained from a principal were found to be optimal for minimising leaf component analysis (PCA). The characterization yellowing with trace levels of heat damage for of samples by PCA clearly distinguished both non-stored and stored stems. The onset of acceptable and non-acceptable slices. According yellowing was delayed by 3-4d, and the to PCA, acceptable slices presented higher occurrence of an unacceptable level of yellowing ascorbic acid content, greater hue angles (°h) and eliminated for up to 12 d (compared with <6 d for final lightness (L-5) in the first principal control stems). The physiological effects of these component (PC1). On the other hand, non- optimal HWTs were examined in terms of water acceptable slices presented higher total pectin uptake, chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll content, PPO activity in the PC1. Non-acceptable degradation. Water uptake for optimal HWTs slices also presented higher soluble pectin during shelf life was reduced by more than 50% POSTHARVEST TECHNOLOGIES 123

of the control stems. Chlorophyll fluorescence of irradiated gerberas were reduced by up to 55% leaves on control stems showed a reduction in giving evidence that defence responses in the yield (Fv/F ) over time, which was more marked host tissue were induced. Concentration of total in lower than upper leaves (thus correlating with phenolics seemed to be unaffected by 0.5 kJ m−2 yellowing, which was more severe in the lower UV-C treatment in both cultivars, but polyphenol leaves). Although both optimal HWTs resulted in oxidase (PPO) activity increased and remained an initial reduction in yield, there was a recovery higher compared to the non-irradiated control over time resulting in a yield that, by 12d, was as flowers throughout the 48 h storage period at high or significantly higher than control leaves 20°C. The increase of PPO suggests that this (particularly for the lower leaves). All treatments enzyme might play an important role in host showed a reduction in chlorophyll content (total, defence mechanisms that suppressed B. cinerea chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b), but control floret specking. Gerbera flowers irradiated with leaves had significantly lower levels after 7 d. 1.0 or 10.0 kJ m−2 UV-C showed improvement in HWTs show potential as a non-chemical, simple vase-life by 1.8 and 2.4 d, decrease in stem break means of delaying leaf yellowing of Asiatic lilies percentages by 43 and 29% and delay in stem and thus increasing vase life [Allan B. Woolf*, break incidence by 3.3 and 1.3 d, respectively Sébastien Combes, Mary Petley, Shane R. [Anastasios I. Darras*, Vasilios Demopoulos and Olsson, Mark Wohlers, Richard C. Jackman (The Chrysovalanti Tiniakou (Floriculture & Plant New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Pathology Laboratories, School of Agricultural Limited, 120 Mt Albert Road, Sandringham, Technology, Technological Educational Institute 1025 Auckland, New Zealand), Postharvest of Kalamata, 24100 Antikalamos, Kalamata, Biology and Technology, 2012, 64(1), 9-18]. Greece), Postharvest Biology and Technology, 2012, 64(1), 168-174]. NPARR 3(2), 2012-0228, UV-C irradiation induces defence responses and improves vase- NPARR 3(2), 2012-0229, Limiting the life of cut gerbera flowers deterioration of mango fruit during storage at room temperature by oxalate treatment UV-C (λ=254 nm) irradiation was effective in reducing Botrytis cinerea floret Effects of oxalate on the incidence of specking (i.e., lesion development) and decay and ripening in mango fruit, and its maintaining a better postharvest quality of cut physiological effects on the peel and flesh of gerbera flowers. A range of UV-C doses (0.5– mango were investigated after mango fruit 10.0kJ m−2) was tested on ‘Ice cream’ and ‘Ecco’ (Mangifera indica L.) were dipped in different gerbera flowers to activate germicidal and oxalate solutions for 10min and then stored at inducible defence mechanisms. Irradiation of B. 25°C. Oxalate application decreased the cinerea cultures with 0.5, 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0kJm−2 incidence of decay and delayed the ripening UV-C resulted in up to a 10-fold reduction of process in mango fruit during storage. Potassium conidial germination percentages and significant oxalate treatment resulted in increased activities (P<0.05) delay of mycelium growth, compared to of peroxidase (POD) in both the peel and the the non-irradiated control cultures. Moreover, flesh and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in the peel, lesion diameters on gerbera florets inoculated without activation of phenylalanine ammonia- with UV-C irradiated B. cinerea cultures were lyase activity, and elevated total phenolic content reduced by up to 70%, suggesting that UV-C had in the peel. The physiological effects of oxalate a negative effect on the pathogenic strength of the in increasing activities of POD and PPO and fungi. Lesion diameters on florets of UV-C elevating total phenolic level could be involved 124 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 3, NO. 2, 2012

in induced resistance of mango fruit against Jiang, Guoxin Jing, Jianrong Li (College of Food postharvest disease. Oxalate application could be Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang a promising method to suppress postharvest University, Food Safety Key Lab of Zhejiang deterioration and extend the useful shelf-life of Province, Hangzhou 310035, China), Food mangoes [Xiaolin Zheng*, Libin Ye, Tianjia Chemistry, 2012, 130 (2), 279-285].

FORTHCOMING EVENTS 125

Forthcoming Conferences, Seminars, Exhibitions and Trainings

1. International Joint Conference on Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Technology (IJCPPT 2012), September 6th, 2012, Hotel Broadway, New Delhi; Email: [email protected]; Website: http://www.interscience.ac.in/Delhi/IJCPPT/index.html

2. Biotechnology-2012 Conference, 13th to 15th September 2012, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India; Website: http://www.omicsonline.org/biotechnology2012/.

3. 3rd World Congress on Biotechnology Conference, 13th to 15th September 2012, Hyderabad International Convention Center, INDIA, Andhra Pradesh, India; Website: http://www.omicsonline.org/biotechnology2012/.

4. Agri-2012 Conference, 14th to 15th September 2012, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India; Website: http:// www.omicsonline.org/agri2012/.

5. International Conference on Biodiversity & Sustainable Energy Development Conference 14th to 15th September 2012, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India; Website: http://www.omicsonline.org/biodiversity2012/index.php.

6. International Joint Conference on Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Technology, 6 September 2012, New Delhi, India; Website: http://www.interscience.ac.in/ Delhi/ IJCPPT/index.html.

7. 3rd World Congress on Biotechnology, 13 to 15 September 2012, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India; Website: http://www.omicsonline.org/biotechnology2012.

8. National Conference on Environment and Biodiversity of India, 3 to 4 November 2012 Organized by North East Centre for Environmental Education and Research at Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, Website: http://www.ebiconference.com/

9. IInd WCMANU-2012, Global Change : Impact on Biodiversity, Cultures & Technology, 3 to 5 November 2012 organized by International Council for Man & Nature & Sevadal Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India, Website: http://www.wcmanu.com/

10. International Conference on Biodiversity and Sustainable Energy Development, 19 to 21 November 2012, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India, Organized by Omics Group Conferences, Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh India, Website: http://omicsonline.org/biodiversity2012/

11. 13th International Symposium on Environmental Issues and Waste Management in Energy and Mineral Industries, 28 to 30 November 2012, New Delhi, India, Website: http://www.mpes-cami-swemp.com/intro.html

126 NAT PROD RESOUR REPOS, VOL. 3, NO. 2, 2012

ANNOUNCEMENTS

Original research Papers and Reviews on topics dealt within this repository are invited for publication in peer reviewed, quarterly journal (March, June, September and December), Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources (Formerly known as Natural Product Radiance). For details visit [email protected]. The papers may be sent to Dr (Mrs) Sunita Garg, Editor or to Mrs Parmod Singla, Associate Editor, Periodicals Division, National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR), CSIR, Dr K. S. Krishnan Marg (Inside Pusa Campus). New Delhi-110012; Phone: (091)-11-25846001, (091)-11-25846304-07, Ext.258, 255. Fax: (091)-11-2584 7062. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]