See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233957710 Improving the Efficiency of Lepidopteran Pest Detection and Surveillance: Constraints and Opportunities for Multiple-Species Trapping Article in Journal of Chemical Ecology · May 2013 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-012-0223-6 · Source: PubMed CITATIONS READS 24 286 8 authors, including: Eckehard G. 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Author's personal copy J Chem Ecol (2013) 39:50–58 DOI 10.1007/s10886-012-0223-6 Improving the Efficiency of Lepidopteran Pest Detection and Surveillance: Constraints and Opportunities for Multiple-Species Trapping Eckehard G. Brockerhoff & D. Maxwell Suckling & Alain Roques & Hervé Jactel & Manuela Branco & Andrew M. Twidle & Victor C. Mastro & Mark O. Kimberley Received: 27 April 2012 /Revised: 8 November 2012 /Accepted: 6 December 2012 /Published online: 20 December 2012 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2012 Abstract Surveillance using attractants for invasive species repellency among lures for gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, can allow early detection of new incursions and provide fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea, pine processionary moth, decision support to response programs. Simultaneous trap- Thaumetopoea pityocampa, and pine shoot moth, ping for multiple species, by baiting traps with several lures, Rhyacionia buoliana. To assess what factors may be impor- is expected to increase the number of species that can be tant in species compatibility/suitability for multiple-species targeted in surveillance programs and improve the cost- trapping, we combined our results with those of previous effectiveness without affecting surveillance coverage. We studies conducted by the United States Department of tested this hypothesis by choosing four potential forest and Agriculture. For 75 combinations of pheromones, tested urban lepidopteran pest species that are present in Europe singly or in combination, 19 % showed no effect on trap but not yet in New Zealand and many other countries. We catch for any of the species tested. In the other cases, either deployed traps in central and southern Europe with single one or both species showed a reduction in trap catch. lures or all possible species combinations (up to four lures However, few lure combinations caused complete or nearly per trap). There was only limited interference, apparently complete suppression. For most combinations, catches were due to trap saturation, but no evidence for interspecific still sufficiently high for detection purposes. Species from Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10886-012-0223-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. E. G. Brockerhoff (*) M. Branco Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute), PO Box 29237, Centro de Estudos Florestais (Forest Research Center), Instituto Christchurch 8540, New Zealand Superior Agronomia, Technical University of Lisbon, 1349-017, e-mail: [email protected] Lisbon, Portugal D. M. Suckling : A. M. Twidle The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, PB 4704, Christchurch, New Zealand V. C. Mastro A. Roques USDA APHIS PPQ CPHST, Otis Laboratory, Buzzards Bay, MA INRA UR0633 Zoologie Forestière, 02542, USA 2163 Avenue de la pomme de pin, 45075, Orléans, France H. Jactel Laboratory of Forest Entomology & Biodiversity, UMR M. O. Kimberley BIOGECO – INRA, 69, route d’Arcachon, Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute), PB3020, Rotorua, 33612, CESTAS cedex, France New Zealand Author's personal copy J Chem Ecol (2013) 39:50–58 51 the same superfamily exhibited more interference than more Forest Service, 2012). This system has, in many cases, distantly related species. Together, these results suggest that enabled the detection of gypsy moth populations in the year there are opportunities to improve the range of exotic pests of introduction. This early detection system has enabled under surveillance, at little additional cost, by multiple-species treatment of small areas that are not significantly disruptive trapping for which compatibility has been demonstrated. to homeowners or commerce. Eastern, infested states main- tain a strong regulatory program to minimize the artificial Keywords Biological invasions . Pheromones . movement of gypsy moth on items such as nursery stock. Repellency . Lepidoptera . Lymantria dispar . Hyphantria Detection of the introductionoftheAsianformsofthe cunea . Thaumetopoea pityocampa . Rhyacionia buoliana gypsy moth and closely related species (Lymantria dispar japonica, L.d. asiatica, Lymantria umbrosa, Lymantria albescens, Lymantria postalba) (Pogue and Schaefer, Introduction 2007) is also conducted at all high risk sea ports. This has led to the detection and eradication of 19 Asian gypsy moth Insect invasions, facilitated by international trade and move- introductions (J. Spaulding, AGM, APHIS program data). ment of goods and people, are a major threat to forest Detection trapping for gypsy moth is also undertaken in ecosystems. In the United States alone, approximately 2.5 other countries; e.g., Canada (Régnière et al., 2009)and new forest insect species, on average, are detected per year New Zealand (Brockerhoff et al., 2010). Such detection (Aukema et al., 2010), some of which may cause substantial trapping programs can contribute significantly to the early economic and environmental damage (Pimentel et al., 2005; detection of incipient populations, which greatly enhances Aukema et al., 2011). Given the huge amount of interna- the probability of successful eradication or containment tional and inter-continental trade in today’s globalized (Bogich et al., 2008; Brockerhoff et al., 2010). world, the prevention of biological invasions is a challenge. Pheromones are the basis of attractive lures, and can Early detection of new invaders, before significant popula- greatly enhance the effectiveness of traps. Most pheromones tion growth and spread has occurred, can aid substantially in are highly species-specific (El-Sayed, 2012), allowing se- preventing permanent establishment (e.g., Bogich et al., lective targeting and reducing unwanted catch of other 2008; Brockerhoff et al., 2010). Attractant-baited traps are organisms. Typically, traps are baited with lures for a single used widely for detection and population monitoring of species. Thus, the labor cost of operating traps is a limiting exotic and native pest insects in a wide range of ecosystems factor. Although numerous exotic pest species are consid- (e.g., Howse et al., 1998; Tobin et al., 2009; Witzgall et al., ered significant biosecurity threats, surveillance programs 2010). However, the immense diversity of potential pest for a wide range of target species would require a very large insects precludes comprehensive surveillance for all candi- number of traps and prohibitively large financial and staff dates. For example, there are about 150,000 described spe- resources. Simultaneous surveillance for multiple unwanted cies of Lepidoptera, which use an intriguing variety of sex organisms by a single trap would reduce costs and allow pheromone systems that typically are highly species-specific enhanced surveillance activity. There have been previous (Ando et al., 2004). For many taxa, species-specific or attempts at developing multiple-species trapping for detec- general attractants are available (e.g., El-Sayed, 2012). tion (Schwalbe and Mastro, 1988) or population monitoring Despite the large number of potential target species, of existing pests (Johansson et al., 2002; Jones et al., 2009). surveillance trapping programs using synthetic attractants These studies have shown that combining lures may not have been implemented in forest and urban ecosystems for always be possible. Some pheromone combinations are the detection of invasive wood borers and bark beetles (e.g., incompatible because certain pheromones inhibit the attrac- Brockerhoff et al., 2006; Wylie et al., 2008; Rabaglia et al., tion to others. This may be expected to occur especially with 2008). Pheromone trapping at high-risk sites or in trap grids closely related species (Ando et al., 2004). Consequently, is used for several key lepidopteran pests. Over 90,000 traps trapping with lures for multiple species can have varying in a grid system are used annually in the United States to effects. For example, when the pheromones of two species monitor populations of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar of Cydia (C. pomonella and C. ulicetana) were presented (Lymantriinae), along the front of the invading population together, C. pomonella catch was inhibited, whereas C. in a “slow-the-spread” program (Sharov et al., 1998, 2002).