Appendix 4-3

Kadua parvula Scientific name: Kadua parvula (A. Gray) Fosb. Hawaiian name: None Family: Rubiaceae (Coffee family) Federal status: Listed Endangered October 29, 1991 Requirements for MIP Stability – 3 Population Units (PU) – 50 reproducing individuals in each PU – Stable population structure – Threats controlled – Complete genetic representation of all PUs in storage

Description and biology Modified from Wagner et al. 2005

Habit- Erect to sprawling perennial shrub with branches measuring 10-30cm long. Glabrous, many- branched with stems 4-angled or 4-costate. Leaves- Leaves opposite, usually overlapping and closely spaced, not becoming reduced above; lanceolate to ovate-cordate. Blades are 1-4 cm long, 0.7-2.3 cm wide, and glabrous with strongly ascending lateral veins. Margins slightly revolute, with petioles 0-0.2cm long. Stipules strongly carinate, 2-3mm long, apex mucronate. Flowers-Pistillate (possessing only female flowers) or perfect (possessing both male and female parts), in narrow corymbose inflorescences, sometimes appearing as one inflorescence when several flowers are found on contiguous branches. Flowers’ corollas usually have four lobes which are white and tinged purplish-pink towards the tips, fleshy, apex depressed and 5-6mm long. Stamens are attached slightly below the corolla throat and sessile. Upper part of the style is enlarged and woolly pubescent near the middle. Fruit- Capsules are almost round and subglobose, and measure 3.3-4.0mm long and 3.5-4.0mm in diameter. Seeds- Small and dull brown, subpeltate, and bluntly angled. Distribution and Habitat- Endemic to the Waianae Mountains on Oahu, formerly nearly throughout the Waianae Mountains. Now restricted to the southern end of the Waianae Mountains from Palehua to Makaleha at elevation ranging from 715-725m. Found in mesic vegetation and only known from ledges, rocky outcrops, and on the base of cliff faces. Pollination and dispersal- The flowers of K. parvula are white or light purplish-pink colored, and are prominently displayed above the plant, similar to other cliff species. The flower arrangement suggests night-flying moths as primary pollinators, however little is known about K. parvula's breeding system and seed dispersal agents.

Taxonomic background: There are noticeable morphological differences among herbarium specimens of K. parvula. These differences may be genetically based. K. parvula forma sessilis is a form that was described based on its leaf shape (Fosberg 1943). It was thought that the plants from the southern Waianae Mountains represented this form, whereas the plants from the northern Waianaes represented the typical form K. parvula forma parvula. Findings from additional studies of the morphological differences within the species may result in future alterations of the taxonomy.

Table 1. Historic collections of Kadua parvula on Oahu. Data compiled from Bishop Museum Herbarium Records provided by Bishop Museum, 2019. Area Year Collector Puu Kaua 1936 O. Degener Below Palehua 1946 O. Degener Puu Kanehoa 1954 H. St. John Makaleha 1980 S.L. Montgomery Makaleha 1985 J.K. Obata Nanakuli and Lualualei 1992 K.R.Wood Ohikilolo 1993 S. Perlman

Table 2. Reproductive Biology Summary of K. parvula.

Observed Phenology* Reproductive Biology Seeds

Population Flower Immature Mature Breeding System Suspected Average Dormancy Unit Fruit Fruit Pollinator # Per Fruit (viable) Ekahanui Feb- Feb-June June Hermaphroditic Bird or N/A None June None Halona Nov- June-Dec July- Hermaphroditic Bird or 17± 18 None June Dec None Ohikilolo May- March- Apr- Hermaphroditic Bird or 36± 37 None Oct Aug Oct None *Observed Phenology is based on field observations at each site. Actual duration of reproductive status is likely longer that those observed. Peak collection time is May-June.

Plant morphology and habitat

Figure 1. Flowers with typical whitish-pick color and buds.

Figure 2. Flowers and immature fruit.

Figure 3. Typical cliff habitat with immature fruit present on plants.

Figure 4. Mature fruit.

Figure 5. Buds and flowers.

Figure 6. Outplanting habitat at Palikea reintroduction site. Figure 7. Palikea reintroduction site, outplanting on rappel.

Figure 8. Ohikilolo reintroduction site. Table 3. Habitat characteristics of each Population. Average Annual Rainfall data is from the Rainfall Atlas of Hawaii (Giambelluca et al. 2013). All other data from OANRP observations. Int= Intermediate. PU Pop. Ref. Ele. Slope Canopy Topo. Aspect Average Average Code (feet) Cover Monthly Annual Max.Tem Rainfall p. (F) (mm) Ekahanui EKA-A Upper 2651 Steep Open N 75.01 1217.6 reintro Slope Halona HAL-A Upper 2343 Steep Int. N 74.98 1177.3 in situ Slope Halona HAL-B 2648- Upper Vertical Int. N 74.55 1153.0 in situ 2687 Slope Halona PAK-A Upper 2748 Steep Open NE 74.54 1154.4 reintro Slope Ohikilolo MMR-D 2957 Steep Open Upper N 74.17 1527.7 reintro Slope Ohikilolo MMR-C 2465- Upper Steep Int. N 73.61 1584.5 in situ 2730 Slope Ohikilolo MMR-D Upper 2957 Steep Open N 74.17 1527.7 reintro Slope Ohikilolo MMR-E Upper 2625 Steep Int. N 74.87 1276.6 reintro Slope

Table 4. List of Associated Species (six letter code = first three letters of genus, followed by first three letters of species) for each Population Unit for both canopy and understory. Species observed by OANRP staff are listed in alphabetical order. PU PRC Canopy Understory

Ekahanui EKA-A reintro GreRob, MetPol, AgeAde, AgeRip, AlySte, BidTor, MyrSan, SchTer CarWah, DiaSan, DubLax, ElaPal, EraGra, GreRob, LobYuc, MelMin, MetPol, MyrSan, PepTet, PlePar, SadCya, SchTer, SphChi, TetLepLep, VacRet Halona HAL-A in situ DodVis, GreRob, AgeAde, AgeRip, AlySte, ArtAus, MetPol, MorFay, BidTor, BleApp, CarMey, CarWah, SchTer ConBon, CycPar, DorDec, EpiNoc, EpiOrb, EraGra, EriKar, EupCelAmp, EupMul, HymUni, LepArb, MelMin, OxaCor, PepTet, PhyTen, PlePar, RumAlb, RumGig, SchLig

Table 4 (continued).

PU PRC Canopy Understory

Halona HAL-B in situ GreRob, MorFay, AgeAde, AgeRip, ArtAus, BidTor, MyrLes, MyrSan, BleApp, CarWah, EraGra, EriKar, , SchTer, SopChr EupMul, GahBee, LysHil, MelMin, PasSub, PepTet, PlePar, RubRos, RumAlb, SchLig, SteKaa, VioChaCha Halona PAK-A reintro Metpol, MorFay, AgeAde, DiaSan, Diclin, EriKar, CryJap MelMin, Metpol, SphChi, VacRet,

Ohikilolo MMR-A in situ GreRob, LanCam, AgeCon, AgeRip, BidTor, CarMey, MetPol, MetTre, CarWah, CenEry, CerFon, DorDeci, Schter DubHer, DubShe, EraGra, EraVar, LinTri, LysArv, MelMin, MelTenf, MetPol, PhyTen, SchSeb, SchTer, SetPar, StaAus, StaCay, SteMed, TetFil, WikOahOah Ohikilolo MMR-C in situ DodVis, GreRob, AgeAde, AgeRip, ArtAus, BleApp, MetPol, MetTre, CarMey, EraGra, EriKar, , SchTer, WikOahOah EupCelAmp, MelMin, RumAlb, SetPar, SonOle, StaAus, VioChaCha Ohikilolo MMR-D reintro GreRob, MetTre AgeCon, AgeRip, BidTor, BleApp, LysHil, MelMin, MetTre, RumAlb

Ohikilolo MMR-E reintro MetPol, MetTre AgeAde, AgeRip, BleApp, CayMey, KalPin, MelMin, MetPol, MetTre, RubRos, SphChi, StaAus

Ohikilolo

Ekahanui

Halona

Figure 9. Map of current and historic K. parvula locations.

Current status The known population units of K. parvula in the Waianae Mountains have a total of 440 plants, consisting of mature and immature plants, and seedlings (Figure 10). This is an approximately 12% increase in total plants from 2018, largely the result of a new reintroduction site added to the Halona PU. About 53% of this total is represented by in situ plants, and the remaining 47% from reintroduced populations. Currently, only the Ohikilolo PU meets stabilization goals with more than 50 reproducing individuals. The total number of immature plants in the Halona and Ekahanui PU had previously been over 90 individuals each, however, these totals were the result of recent outplantings. Outplanting survival has been lowest at the Ekahanui PU, and along with a lack of seedling development, has led to a decrease in overall plant numbers to around 30 individuals. The two in situ populations in the Halona PU have not changed much over the past five years. A reintroduction site at Palikea was planted in the past year, so its long-term survival is undetermined. Based on past outplanting survival, additional plants will be needed to meet the stabilization goals for the number of reproducing individuals for the Ekahanui and Halona PU.

300 70 250 Ekahanui 200 Halona 44 150 115 46 Ohikilolo 100

50

0 2012 2016 2017 2018 2019

Figure 10. Total number of plants for each Population Unit over time. Arrows above line represent Reintroduction year and number of plants planted.

Table 5. Population Units for K. parvula. MFS = Manage for Stability; GS = Manage for Genetic Storage. Population Unit Management PU Type Action Management Designation Area Units for Threat control Ekahanui MFS Reintro None Ekahanui Halona MFS In situ and Reintro None Palikea Ohikilolo MFS In situ and Reintro MMR Ohikilolo

Table 6. Stabilization Goal Status. Yes/No/Partial refers to if control is in place for each PU. PU Stability Target MU Threat Control Genetic Storage Population 50 Stable Ungulate Slugs Rodent Fire Weeds % Completed Unit reproducing Population plants Structure

Ekahanui No No Yes No Partial Yes Partial N/A

Halona No No Partial No Partial No Partial 100%

Ohikilolo Yes Yes Partial No Partial Yes Partial 100% Population trend and structure The MIP assumed K. parvula to live less than 10 years. However, monitoring data revealed that plants from in situ populations survive for up to 19 years, which is similar to closely related K. degeneri subsp. degeneri. Long-term data for reintroduced plants is limited, as outplantings only recently began in 2016. The Ekahanui and Ohikilolo population units were the first reintroduction sites for K. parvula, beginning in 2016.

Ekahanui PU The lone site in Ekahanui, EKA-A, has had limited success, with 30% survival after three years. The site was outplanted twice, in 2016 and 2017, with around 45 plants introduced each time (Figure 11). The outplanting site is only accessible via rappelling. A handful of individuals planted near the upper crest of the ridge could be monitored without ropes, however, these have all died. Anecdotally, while weedy grasses exist on the exposed cliff edge where a majority of the plants are found, some plants actually seem to benefit from this encroachment, as it may act as a buffer to the high winds that hit the exposed cliff. However, the overall strategy is to remove the grass as it will eventually overtake the outplanting area. The founders for the Ekahanui reintroduction were from HAL-A and HAL-B sites in the Halona PU.

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46

Figure 11. K. parvula EKA-A reintro population site structure for immature and mature plants. Arrows represent number of plants reintroduced.

Halona PU This PU consists of three populations: two in situ sites, and one reintroduction site. All of the populations require rappelling to reach some or all of the plants. The HAL-A in situ site is one of the easier sites to rappel, and has a mix of immature and mature plants. The overall population size has not changed much since monitoring began in 2003, however the number of mature plants has decreased over time (Figure 12). HAL-B is also a rappel site, but it is a bit more hazardous to reach some of the plants, as there are many overhangs and loose boulders to navigate. This population was once one of the largest of any PU, but most recent monitoring revealed less than 20 total plants at this population site (Figure 13). The third population in the Halona PU is a 2019 outplanting site in Palikea. This site is spread between two locations: on the cliffs near the entry gate of the Palikea fence, and the cliff habitat just inside the fence. A majority of the plants are reachable only on rappel, but approximately 10% are found along the trail and can be easily monitored. The founders for this reintroduction were from HAL-A and HAL-B sites.

Figure 12. K. parvula HAL-A in situ population site structure for immature and mature plants.

Figure 13. K. parvula HAL-B in situ population site structure for seedlings, immature, and mature plants.

Ohikilolo PU MMR-A and MMR-C are the two in situ populations found in the Ohikilolo PU, and MMR-A has the most plants of any site for the species (Figure 14). MMR-C has declined from a high of 60 plants in 2011 to 34 found plants at the most recent monitoring (Figure 15). The two outplanting sites in the Ohikilolo MU, MMR-D and MMR-E, have been monitored regularly and plants take less than one year to mature. Survival at both sites has been over 70%, which is more than double the survival of the Ekahanui outplanting (Figures 16 and 17). Of the three PU for K. parvula, Ohikilolo has the highest number of plants and is also the only PU that meets management goals for number of reproducing plants.

Figure 14. K. parvula MMR-A in situ population site structure for seedlings, immature, and mature plants.

Figure 15. K. parvula MMR-C in situ population site structure for seedlings, immature, and mature plants. 35

Figure 16. K. parvula MMR-D in situ population site structure for seedlings, immature, and mature plants. Arrows represent number of plants reintroduced.

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Figure 17. K. parvula MMR-E in situ population site structure for immature and mature plants. Arrows represent number of plants reintroduced. Outplanting considerations from 2003 MIP [K. parvula and other Kadua species were previously classified as Hedyotis.] “The most important Hedyotis taxa to avoid when selecting H. parvula’s potential outplanting sites are the rare ones. These are H. degeneri subsp. degeneri, which is moderately rare; H. degeneri subsp. coprosmifolia, which was last seen in the 1980’s; and H. coriacea, which has not been reported on Oahu since the 1800’s, and is still extant but very rare on Hawaii and West Maui. The co-occurrence of two or more species of Hedyotis is very common in Hawaii. Certain herbarium specimens of Hawaiian Hedyotis have been identified as probable hybrids (Wagner and Lawrence 1998), but there have been no in-depth study of hybridization in the genus in Hawaii or the potential for it, either in the wild or in greenhouse experiments. All species of Hedyotis native the Waianae Mountains have small green or yellow flowers, with the exception of H. parvula, with its large white flowers. These marked floral differences suggest that H. parvula’s pollinators are different from those of other species of Hedyotis with which H. parvula potentially occurs. The presumed difference in pollinators lessen the likelihood of hybridization between H. parvula and other Hedyotis species of the Waianae Mountains. In any case, it would be impossible to find sites appropriate for H. parvula where common Hedyotis taxa are absent.”

Current Outplanting considerations There have been four outplantings of K. parvula, all within the past four years. The number of individuals to be planted at each site will be determined by the survivorship and longevity of previous plantings, as well as changes to population structure of in situ populations over time. However, as outplantings were established in 2016, and contain relatively few plants, long-term survival recruitment data are absent. Continued surveys for suitable habitat will be needed, and monitoring data will be used to adjust outplant number in order to meet stabilization goals.

Reintroduction Plan The proposed outplanting sites are designed to meet the stability goal for the number of reproducing individuals, as currently only one PU meets this goal (Table 7).

Table 7. Current outplantings sites of K. parvula and proposals to meet stabilization goal of 50 reproducing individuals per PU. The propagule type for each planting will be immature plants grown from seeds collected from wild or outplanted plants. Note: Staff know how many mature plants are currently at population reference sites, but recognize that the number of actively reproducing individuals (a requirement for stability) would likely be lower than the total number of mature plants.*Future site.

Manage for Stability Reintroduction Propagule Total 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Population Units Site(s) Population(s) Number Source of Plants to be planted Ekahanui EKA-A/B* HAL-A/B 175 50 25 50 25 25

Halona PAK-A HAL- A/B 125 25 25 25 25 25

Ohikilolo MMR-D MMR- A/C 50 0 25 0 25 0

Ohikilolo MMR-E MMR- A/C 50 0 0 25 0 25

The priority for reintroductions is to expand the Ekahanui EKA-A population and survey habitat for an additional site, as the current outplants have been short-lived and the habitat overtaken by invasive grasses. The number of plants per outplanting year will be similar to past attempts, as the outplanting site is a small and sensitive area. Outplanting numbers may need to increase if survival is poor, and adding another site would be advantageous if better habitat is found. Current surveys in Ekahanui have revealed only small pockets of native habitat on cliff areas, and often contain other endangered species including Plantago princeps var. princeps and Tetramolopium lepidotum. The Palikea site was planted with a large number of plants and will be monitored to see which sections of the outplanting zone are most productive, with future outplants supplementing these zones. While the Ohikilolo PU currently meets goals, additions to the current outplanting sites will be done to add additional founders, as well as population structure to each individual site.

Monitoring Plan All Ohikilolo in situ sites (MMR-A, and MMR-C) will be monitored annually using the HRPRG Rare Plant Monitoring Form (RPMF) to record population structure and the age class, reproductive status and vigor of all known plants. These sites will be searched for new seedlings and juvenile plants. In situ populations in Halona will be monitored every two years, as they are more difficult to access and high hazard areas for rappelling. Genetic storage for this species is at 100%, but new founders will be collected opportunistically during monitoring to increase genetic diversity for outplanting populations. Monitoring data will serve to document the populations at the remaining sites to guide in situ threat management and gauge success of outplanting stock at each site. Reintroduction sites will be monitored annually during peak collection season of May-June.

Threats The major threat to K. parvula is posed by alien canopy species, which alter its habitat and compete with it for sunlight, moisture, nutrients, and growing space. Also, the spread of alien grasses alters habitat and suppresses seedlings. Weed control around mature plants is essential to maintain reproducing populations and continued recruitment of immature plants. Additional threats include feral pigs and goats. All populations in Ekahanui and Ohikilolo are in contained within fences, however, plants in the three Halona PU populations are outside fenced areas. Although most plants are located on inaccessible cliffs, ungulates transfer weed seeds and displace rocks above plants that cause damage to habitat as they fall. Rat control grids are in place at Ohikilolo, Ekahanui, and Palikea. These grids partially protect K. parvula populations, but there has not been rat damage seen on plants so additional grids around each population is not necessary.

Genetic Storage Plan

Table 8. Action plan for how to maintain genetic storage representation, and provide propagules for reintroductions. Seeds in storage of this species have not shown a decline in viability. The next viability tests are in 2022. Re- collection intervals will continually be extended until a decline in viability is detected. Seeds from single-source reintroductions will be collected and maintained in genetic storage to preserve representation from individual populations.

Type of What is the What is the What is the Is seed Plan for propagule source for the Genetic Storage proposed re- storage maintaining used for propagules? Method used to collection testing genetic storage.* meeting meet the goal? interval for ongoing? genetic seed storage? storage goal?

Seeds Reintroductions Seed Storage: - ≥15 years Yes Single-source 18C / 20% RH Reintroductions

Management discussion The priority for this taxon over the next five years will be to continue to expand the Palikea outplanting site, and find additional habitat to outplant in the Ekahanui MU, as the current site has poor survival and continued encroachment of invasive grasses. Individuals in the Palikea reintroduction site are located on cliffs outside of the fenced management unit. Depending on plant survival in the two separate zones encompassing the site, a small perimeter fence around outplants should be constructed if the initial reintroductions are successful. The Palikea site was purposely spread over a large area in order to determine which zones within the site were most productive. Future outplantings at this reintroduction will be clustered around the areas with highest plant survival, with these areas prioritized for fence construction. Ekahanui MU has more potential cliff habitat for more reintroductions, however, the presence of other endangered plants in these cliff zones limits the size of future outplantings. Potential habitat in mid-slope areas with native canopy have been found during surveys, and it would be worthwhile to plant into these areas in addition to the cliff habitat where currently plants are located. At the Ohikilolo MU in situ populations, there has been a decrease in mature plants over the years, but these have been replaced by immatures and overall population sizes have been stable or increasing. Monitoring should be less frequent at these populations, as there is 100% genetic storage from these sites. In addition, the plants are often fairly small and can be difficult to see, especially when rappelling, so monitoring can damage plants. The reintroduction sites at Ohikilolo have better survival than Ekahanui, but much of the habitat suffers from weed and grass encroachment. Weeds seem to have a detrimental effect on the MMR-D population below Tetfil Puu, and could be a result of frequent monitoring for K. parvula and other reintroduced species in the same area. The terrain does not require rappelling, but is very steep and monitoring often results in disruption to the native habitat. Weed control around the perimeter of this site would be beneficial to avoid encroachment of invasive weeds directly around the reintroduced plants. Increased time spent on control weeds in rappel areas may be necessary in the future if natural recruitment and goals for population structure are not met.

References Makua Implementation Team (MIT). 2003. Final Makua Implementation Plan. Prepared for the U.S. Army Garrison, Schofield Barracks, HI.

Giambelluca, T.W., Q. Chen, A.G. Frazier, J.P. Price, Y.-L. Chen, P.-S. Chu, J.K. Eischeid, and D.M. Delparte, 2013: Online Rainfall Atlas of Hawai‘i. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 94, 313-316, doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00228.1. Ellshoff, Z. E., J. M. Yoshioka, J. E. Canfield, and D. R. Herbst. 1991. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; determination of endangered status for 26 plants from the Waianae Mountains, Island of Oahu, Hawaii. Federal Register 56:55770-55786. Fortini, L. J. Price, J. Jacobi, A. Vorsino, J. Burgett, K. Brinck, F. Amidon, S. Miller, S.O. Gon III, G. Koob, E. Paxton. 2013. A Landscape-based Assessment of Climate Change Vulnerability for all Native Hawaiian Plants. Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawaii at Hilo. Technical Report HCSU-044.

Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst, S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press, Bishop Museum Press: Bishop Museum Special Publication 83. Honolulu.