/6.3— THE Vol. XXXVII. No. 1 LLID—PAC I 1I January, 1929 LIAGAZ IN/1 IDACIric ifraga,w?-1e.

Old lolani Palace. now the Executive Building in Honolulu, where the First Pan-Pacific Food Conservation and other Conferences called by the Pan-Pacific Union were held. Cattle feed on cactus in Hawaii and get their drink from this succulent plant. In Australia the cactus is a dreaded pest, and steps were taken at the First Pan-Pacific Food Conservation Conference for its possible eradication and a way has been found.

eire-aigavoraffory1I ~17 • • rremsaredvairervararesiyai • • • vemvetivarao • - 4. • ,%. outirr filth_trarifir maga3inr • CONDUCTED BY ALEXANDER HUME FO RD IX 01 Volume XXXVI1 Number 1 5 CONTENTS FOR JANUARY, 1929 ■ ■ i 1 5 N Plant Pathology 3 i I By Dr. C. L. Shear. Y. 1 Microbiological Investigations 11 • • By Arao Itano, Ph. D. ■ =• i The Termite Problem in the Pacific 17 "I By Thomas E. Snyder. •

The Strawberry—A Gift of the Pacific 27 • By George M. Darrow. i • The Background of Hawaiian Botany 33 • By E. H. Bryan, Jr. •

• The Economic Value of Plant Quarantine 41 • By L. A. Whitney, Associate Plant Inspector, Board of Coin. of y,-. Agriculture and Forestry. @ L- 13 II Government Forest Work in Hawaii 49 13 X" 1 h By C. S. Judd, Territorial Forester. i The Universal Calendar 53 :1:4 By B. Richmond. "3 Ei

$ Geography of the Island of Maui 57 -.

By Lawrence Hite Daingerfield. • p • 0 4 Pan-Pacific Youth. Vol. I, No. 11. i

Eh Bulletin of the Pan-Pacific Union, New Series No. 108. • o.q,,., • a) • Mir ftlib-farifir itlagazinr • Published monthly by ALEXANDER HUME FORD, Alexander Young Hotel Building, Honolulu, T. H. • kI Yearly subscription in the United States and possessions, $3.00 in advance. Canada and pi Mexico, $3.25. For all foreign countries, $3.50 Single copies, 2c. Entered as second-class matter at the Honolulu Postoffice. • tY. Permission is given to publish articles from the Mid-Pacific Magazine.

•,. 1.011WANA PIAMMAP1 • _ >up 09,10ymi •,, • : • MIPMP,1 IV ./ , • •KLAP1 IPC. MAP MALI • • Piinted by the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Ltd. THE MID-PACIFIC

'I chestnut tree in the Eastern States of America that has been nearly killed by the blight. Blight resistant chestnuts are being introduced from the Orient to replace the American species. THE MID-PACIFIC 3

7") nunamaktummtwiwo)mktutmuvmmuwakt 13 ti ;51 • .4.i 1 Plant . • Pathology , By DR. C. L. SHEAR (• (Before the Pan-Pacific Research 1 . `) Institution) 14, *1 avneamormwthria atovi • • n

Plant pathology is that branch of botany which treats of the diseases of plants. The history of plant pathology as a science is rather brief. The earliest known references are to be found in ancient Chinese literature. Coming down the ages to the time of the early He- brews, we find various passages in the Bible in which terms are used which are interpreted as referring to diseases of the cultivated crops. There are also ref- Dr. C. L. Shear, Plant Pathologist. erences in Greek literature by such men as Aristotle and Theophrastus, who de- eases. In none of these early descriptions scribed in a general way certain diseases of plant diseases is there any evidence of of crops, especially the scab and rot of a knowledge of the real cause of the dis- figs and canker, mildew, and rust of eases. In most of those early cases, es- cereals. pecially among the Hebrews and Greeks There is reason to believe that some of and Romans, a blight of their grain or our common diseases of plants are as old other crops was taken to be a punishment as cultivated plants ; that is, the first hu- by God for some sin or other error which man beings who cultivated plants had they had committed, and they attempted trouble with some of these diseases, which to remedy it by making sacrifices or of- were natural to the plants and were found fering prayers. upon them before the plants were brought During the Middle Ages the generally tinder cultivation. prevailing idea among gardeners, orch- The Romans also published descrip- ardists, and farmers was that plant dis- tions of some of the common diseases of eases were due in some way to the in- plants. Such records are found in the fluence of the moon or stars. If crops works of Pliny. Coming down to the were not planted or trees grafted in the Middle Ages, there was an Arabian by right phase of the moon, they were likely the name of Ibn-al-Awam of Seville. to have some trouble. Even today such Spain, who really gave the first accurate ideas prevail in certain parts of the coun- account of some of the plant diseases try among ignorant people. It is only common at the time in that region. But when we reach the 18th century that it was not until we get down to the 17th we begin to find careful observations and Century that we find descriptions that are more rational explanations. sufficiently detailed to identify the dis- Tournefort, a French botanist in 1705, 4 THE MID-PACIFIC

These pictures show bitter rot on the leaves of citrus; bitter rot destroying figs; a fungus gall on pine; and chestnut blight cankers. THE MID-PACIFIC 5 divided plant diseases into two groups, the descriptions of species which were dis- external and internal. The most com- covered, including, of course, not only the mon diseases generally known at that time parasitic forms but the saprophytic forms. were so divided. If a canker, excres- Fungi vary greatly in their character- cences or other malformation affected a istics and mode of life. Many of them are plant, it was an external disease. If a purely saprophytic ; that is, they will grow plant wilted down or died suddenly with- on dead or decaying matter of almost any out external evidence of injury, it was kind. Others, which are called obligate considered internal. parasites, grow only on living plants. The next investigator of note who stud- Examples of such are the rusts of grain, and discussed plant diseases was Fabricius, and smuts of corn, wheat, and barley and a Dane, in 1774. He was primarily an various other cultivated crops. The idea entomologist. He recognized that some became prevalent that the fungi could of these troubles, such as blights and therefore readily be divided into two rusts and smuts, were not due to the groups, saprophytes and parasites, and causes previously supposed, as the in- could be separated in that way ; but as we fluence of the heavenly bodies or the learn more about these organisms we find displeasure of Deity, but that they were there is no definite line of demarcation due to vegetable parasites, minute organ- between the two groups. Some fungi are isms commonly called "fungi." Not- parasitic during one portion of their life withstanding the work of Fabricius and and saprophytic during the other part. others there were still students of plant It was not, however, until about 1850 diseases as well as horticulturists who that plant pathology began to be placed maintained that fungous troubles were upon a really scientific basis. Some im- due to "souring of the sap," or some kind portant contributions to the subject were of internal nutritive disturbance which made by the mycologists who described caused cankers or other eruptions, and these fungi and recognized them as that the filaments of fungi found in the specific organisms which were able to live diseased tissue were secondary and had on other plants and cause diseases and no casual relation to the diseases. malformations of various kinds. About During the 19th century there was this time, two great investigators appear- great activity in all lines of research and ed on the scene and laid the foundation investigation of plants and animals. The for the future development of plant pa- Germans especially began to make care- thology. These were Pasteur and de ful studies and observations on the var- Bary. Pasteur you all know on account ious common diseases of cultivated plants. of his work in microbiology and especially They described them more accurately his final overthrow of the idea of spon- and in many cases determined the para- taneous generation. In Pasteur's day site causing them. there was a great discussion between bio- Improvements in the microscope and its logists in regard to spontaneous genera- more general use in botanical investiga- tion. He finally demonstrated conclu- tion aided greatly in increasing the knowl- sively that the cases cited as evidence edge of plant diseases and parasitic fungi. were due to imperfect sterilization or Another contribution to the knowledge contamination of cultures. His work in of this subject was made by the mycolo- biology and bacteriology in which he de- gists, botanists who make a special study vised methods of cultivating micro-or- of these microscopic plants aside from ganisms made it possible for other in- any relation they might have to plant dis- vestigators to isolate and grow them in eases. Such men as Persoon, Fries, and pure culture and determine their char- many others made extensive studies of acteristics, thus laying the foundation for the various fungi and filled volumes with all subsequent work along these lines. 6 THE MID-PACIFIC

DeBary, who was primarily a botanist, of these plant pathological problems, made a very thorough study of the life which appeared rather simple at first, are histories of some of the parasitic fungi, far more complicated than was supposed, especially the rusts. He demonstrated and we still have very inadequate concep- for the first time that some of these or- tions of the complexity of the subject. ganisms may pass the first stage of their We say, for instance, that a certain fun- life history on one plant and later stages gus is the cause of a certain disease, on another, and that some of them have but that is usually a very small part of two or three or more stages in their life the story because you are dealing with cycle. two different inter-acting organisms, both This work was of great importance as of which are variable in their morphology it furnished a basis for understanding and physiology and very complex in their many crop diseases. If you have a crop life processes, and which are modified and which is attacked by a fungus which controlled by a great variety of conditions passes the first stage of its life history which determine their behavior. You on one kind of plant and later stages on thus have complexes which it is extreme- another, as is the case with the grain rust ly difficult to analyze and to determine which starts on the barberry and then and evaluate the various factors involved. passes to wheat, this fact is of great im- You may have a fungus which is parasitic portance in determining methods of pre- under certain conditions of temperature vention and control. This has led in re- or moisture or other environmental con- cent years to an attempt to exterminate dition, and a host plant which is only all the barberry plants in the central part susceptible to that fungus under certain of the United States in order to protect other conditions, such as weather, soil, the wheat from the rust which starts on nutrition or other environmental factors. the barberry. Thus, the work of Pasteur Thus it is very difficult to determine in and deBary and those who immediately many cases just what the controlling fac- followed established a basis for a really tors are and their relative importance. scientific treatment of plant diseases, and We test by inoculation experiments a more satisfactory classification. certain organisms which we suspect of The tendency, in general, is to divide being the cause of a disease. In one case plant diseases into parasitic and non- we may get success f u l infections parasitic groups. Disease is usually defined but the next time we may fail. It is as abnormal physiology. By non-parasitic very difficult in such cases to determine diseases we mean those that are not the cause of this difference and to tell caused by parasites but are due to some just why the organism was actively para- disturbance of the nutrition of the plant sitic in one case and not in the other. or to some unfavorable condition of soil, Such results leave us in doubt as to the atmosphere, light, or temperature. exact causes of many plant diseases. Among the pathologists who have made One pathologist will tell you it is a cer- the greatest contributions to our knowl- tain fungus, and another, something else ; edge of plant pathology within the last each one thinks he has evidence that the hundred years, are, as you might expect, organism he suspects is really doing the many Germans : such as, Hartig, Frank, damage, because under certain conditions Kirschner, and Sorauer ; in France, Tu- he seems to be able to produce the disease. lasne, Prillieux, and Viala ; in England, In many cases secondary organisms or a Berkeley and Ward ; and in America, complex of the actions of different organ- Farlow, Arthur, Burrill, Smith and var- isms may produce the disease instead of ious other investigators in the latter part a single organism. You might have one of the 19th century. organism initiating the trouble by weak- We are beginning to learn that some ening the plant or making a lesion and THE MID-PACIFIC 7 another organism following after the host ing except by living matter. But if it is tissues have been weakened by the first a living organism it is different from any- organism. thing at present known. It is so minute In recent years, besides the well rec- that no cellular structure can be demon- ognized parasitic diseases, another group strated. There are many things yet un- of diseases has appeared which were first known about living matter which may be called "degeneration diseases." This is now revealed to us as we continue our study demonstrated to be a misnomer. In the of these subjects. case of the potato, for example, farmers Dissemination and Spread of Diseases used to say that a certain variety of potato had "run out" and would no longer pro- Parasitic diseases are spread in a va- duce good crops. Along came the patholo- riety of ways. Fungi have many ways gist and called the cause "degeneration," of distribution, and there are many that explaining that this particular variety had we still do not understand because we been grown so long by vegetative repro- find, for instance, that plants which are duction that it had become weakened and grown from seed which has been taken no longer capable of producing profitable long distances from one country to an- crops. That explanation prevailed until other, will bear the fungi and sometimes a much more careful and thorough study have the diseases to which the plants are subject in their native country. In order demonstrated that these so-called "de- to explain some such cases a Swedish generate" or "run-out" varieties were mycologist named Eriksson attempted really diseased and that there were var- to demonstrate what he called the my- ious similar diseases affecting other coplasm theory. In the case of a rust, plants. The term "mosaic" was applied for instance, which is very common on to them because in many cases the foliage plants of the mallow family throughout of the diseased plants had a mottled ap- the world, he said this rust was able to pearance. A conspicuous case of this pass a portion of its life in a mycoplasm group is the tobacco mosaic which was condition ; that is, a protoplasmic form among the first to be investigated thor- able to pass through the tissues of the oughly. It was found possible to transmit host and live in the seed. That theory the disease from one plant to another by has never been satisfactorily proven and simply touching a diseased plant and then is not now generally accepted, but there a healthy one. This was quite different still are many mysteries to be explained from anything previously known to plant in connection with the transmission of pathologists and it was difficult to explain. many diseases. It was found that the juice of one of these diseased plants when diluted to a It has also been demonstrated that rust millionth part and injected into a plant spores can be carried thousands of miles would still produce the disease. This through the air. Experiments were made group of diseases is now called virus dis- with airplanes in the States some years ago and by means of trap culture dishes eases. Pathologists have been studying these it was found that a variety of spores of virus diseases very extensively, and have fungi, especially of rusts, were present not yet come to any agreement as to their in the air thousands of miles from their exact nature. Various explanations have point of origin, being carried by the wind. been offered but cumulative evidence Of course, birds and insects of all seems to indicate that whatever this so- kinds carry the germs of diseases, so it called virus is it has certain character- is difficult to understand just how quar- istics of a living organism and is able to antine restrictions are going to prevent multiply and produce certain effects some of them from getting from one which we know no other way of produc- country to another. In the case of birds, 8 THE MID-PACIFIC

for instance, we have a striking example of sprinkling a mixture of bluestone and in the case of the chestnut blight fungus. lime on the vines and fruits to give the Those who have lived in the eastern part impression that the grapes were poisoned. of the United States know that within Millardet, who was a professor in Bor- the last twenty years the magnificent deaux, had been studying these grape dis- chestnut forests have been practically eases and finally noticed that the grape wiped out by one of these plant diseases vines that had been sprinkled with this caused by a parasite which was intro- copper and lime solution were more or duced into the United States from the less free from disease. He wondered why Orient and which, while not very destruc- this was so and naturally suspected it tive to Oriental chestnuts, attacked the might be due to the mixture on them. chestnuts of this country and destroyed Following up the idea he began to make them very rapidly. It was found in experiments with different mixtures of studying the spread of this disease, which copper sulphate and lime and found it was first introduced in the vicinity of was possible to control the disease by New York, that cases occurred hundreds spraying with such a mixture, giving the of miles apart. At first it was difficult to vines several applications during the sea- understand such cases, but it was finally son. This spray mixture became known found that birds which lighted on diseased as Bordeaux mixture, as it was first chestnut trees carried the spores of the used in the vicinity of Bordeaux. Since parasite on their feet. So it was not long then, of course, a great variety of combi- before the disease was spread over the nations of various chemicals have been whole area occupied by the chestnut. tested as fungicides in order to discover more effective or cheaper preparations. Methods of Prevention and Control Of course, in order to tell what to expect I have already spoken about the ways from the application of any particular the ancients sought to get relief from compound as a control measure it was their crop diseases by prayer and sacri- necessary to know what effect that com- fice, and by planting in a certain phase pound would have on the germs causing of the moon. Gardeners in the middle the particular disease. To tell this it ages tried various other plans also, adding was necessary to get the spores of the different substances to the soil, such as organisms and grow them and apply lime and sulphur, which they thought various strengths of the different com- gave them some relief, but no satisfactory pounds. If it was determined that a cer- methods were found until very recent tain percentage of a given compound would times. The first really successful method kill a certain spore under laboratory con- of controlling plant diseases was an ac- ditions, it could then be tested in the field. cidental discovery made by a Frenchman At present the chief substances being named Millardet, the discoverer of Bor- relied upon as fungicides are Bordeaux deaux mixture. The French had very mixture and lime and sulphur. Both of serious losses from disease in their vine- these are extensively used in the form of yards, which were due to diseases intro- dust as well as liquid. duced from the United States in connec- tion with material which they used as Economic Importance stock for grafting. Black rot and mildew We have no accurate knowledge of the were the two diseases causing most trou- amount of losses caused by plant diseases ble. It seems that the vineyardists, who in any particular country, but we know had grapes growing near the roadside, in a general way that in a country like were troubled by boys and others stealing the United States, the losses amount to the grapes. In order to prevent this the many million dollars annually. Some- grape growers had adopted the practise times, as in case of the chestnut blight, THE MID-PACIFIC 9

The mighty koa is one of the finest of Hawaii's trees, but it must be protected against disease. we have epidemics of diseases which are is the life history of these plant parasites. extremely serious. A well-known epi- Many of them have several different demic was the potato blight in Ireland. stages in their life cycle. Until we know Ireland formerly depended upon potatoes all these stages and all of their character- for subsistence more than it does today, istics and methods of growth and develop- and the destruction of the potato crop ment and distribution, we are not in a po- meant famine in many cases. sition to devise the best methods of con- trolling them. There are many problems still to be Recent investigations have shown that solved in connection with the subject of many of these fungi are what we call plant pathology. One of the difficulties heterothallic ; that is, not able to repro- in progressing more rapidly with research duce their complete life history without is the fact that most of this work is of a mating of two different strains of the a purely economic nature and that the organism. At the recent meeting of the people who are growing crops and suffer- American Association in Nashville, dur- ing from plant diseases want immediate ing the holiday season, the discovery was relief rather than knowledge of funda- announced that the common grain rust mental principles ; so that too often the is one of the heterothallic fungi. chief effort is to get something of practi- cal use rather than devoting the necessary The so-called spermagonia or pycnia of time and study to the fundamental princi the rust are found to bear two kinds of ples and acquiring more complete and spores of opposite sex, and when spores exact knowledge of the nature of the of the two opposite strains are put to- diseases and organisms. gether on a plant, you get infection fol- One of the things which is in greatest lowed by the production of the other need of further study and investigation spore stages. 10 THE MID-PACIFIC

This has a very important bearing strain "B," having greater virility might upon the methods of control of rusts. attack it seriously. The discovery of he- One of the principal means, in recent terothallism in the rusts shows the possi- years, of avoiding grain rust, has been bility of having hybrids of these fungi as the selection and breeding of resistent or well as of the higher plants. In some work immune strains of wheat. It was found with Dr. Dodge of the U. S. Department that by breeding and by selection you of Agriculture, we have demonstrated could get races or varieties which were that you can hybridize some species of more or less immune to the rusts. It was heterothallic fungi. Thus you have pos- also found very soon that there were sibilities of all sorts of new races and various races or strains of the rusts strains of these parasites which may at- themselves which vary in their ability to tack your so-called immune or resistant attack plants. So, if you had a strain of varieties and perhaps be more severe than wheat immune to a rust strain "A," rust some of the original parasites were.

4nton de Bary, distinguished mycologist and pathologist. THE MID-PACIFIC 11

CHOSEN

The Ohara Institute

aiAkita

Shimo , Hiroshima 0 Niigata send Fukaka Kurashikt

amamoto YUSHU Takarna Kagoshima 5

flakorm SaKura-Jima

fJ map of Japan showing he geographical location of Sakura-Jima.

alt-111C7t1C71 , • • 41,5•AKP VW,OLIP) • Microbiological Investigation By ARAO ITANO, Ph. D. (Ohara Institute for Agricultural Research, Kurashiki Okayama-Ken, Japan)

snonnatI1 66666

Introduction tion of soil. It can be seen clearly that the physico-chemical changes brought The investigation was carried out on about by the weathering are playing a the soils from Sakura-jima, which is a big role in breaking down the plateau, volcanic island rising in the Bay of and also some vegetation such as mosses Kagoshima, Kyushu, Japan. (See the and lichens are beginning to grow on The island suffered map and picture 1.) the surface. A portion of the island numerous eruptions in the past, and be- where no lava flowed is covered by came especially well known all over the ashes to a depth of several meters. Such world after the great eruption which places will in future be converted into took place in 1914. The investigation a radish farm or orchards. was undertaken on account of the pecu- liar origin of the island and a special Considering such a transformation in adaptibility of the soil for cultivation the light of soil science, one may imag- of a famous radish called Sakura-jima ine how mother earth, which was a Daikon. (See the picture II and II.) glowing mass, as the Nebular hypothesis Geologically the island is very in- and others claim, cooled down on its teresting because the evolution of earth surface and finally vegetation and ani- mal life came to exist as they are today. surface can be observed closely. The The original glowing mass must have lava plateau (see picture IV and V), been very similar to the lava matter which was formed in the 1914 eruption, thrown up in this case and was chiefly is going through the process of forma- 12 THE MID-PACIFIC

) ANd+KxGaS HiM A FROM SNIROYAMP p

A full view of Sakura-Jima island and Kajoshima city in the foreground. Also a photograph of native women carrying Sakura-Jima radishes to market. These are pictures one and three in the text. THE MID- PACIFIC 13 made up in organic matter, as will be is brought to the surface by making a seen later by the physico-chemical analy- deep trench. sis. The top surface in the field, which is It is extremely interesting to con- made up of coarse granular mass, is sus- sider, if possible, as to the formation of taining the growth of lichens, moss and present arable soil from the lava mate- fungi. The newly accumulated mass has rials. Biologically the process is ascribed formed six distinct layers already, and to the action of the protists as the first the interlayers between the new and old living organisms appeared on the earth seems to be farther advanced in their as soon as the water was formed and transformation than the upper layers. equalization of temperature took place. This phenomenon may be due to the They must have been autotrophic or, in capillary moisture and pressure, as well other words, they could survive and as the contamination of micro-organ- multiply on the simple compounds, isms from the old arable soil, which chiefly of inorganic origin. used to be a good radish farm before it In the light of these considerations, was covered by the materials erupted the investigation as to the distribution in 1914. of a certain group of micro-organisms The samples were taken from each may be valuable. Accordingly, the fol- layer under aseptic condition and the de- lowing physical analysis besides the scription of each sample is given below : microbiological investigations were car- Table I. ried out : moisture content, water-hold- ing capacity, mechanical analysis, spe- Description of Soil Samples cific gravity, loss on ignition, and Sample No. 1—Arable surface soil from hydrogen ion concentration. Sakura-jima. The microbiological investigations " 2-15 cm. of top layer, dark were carried out as to quantitative de- gray colored, volcanic ma- termination, the ammonifiers, the azo- terials of 1914, Sakura-jima. fiers (N-fixers, nitritaters, nitrataters " 3-23 cm. of 2nd layer, gray- and denitrifiers) and the cellulose f er- ish volcanic materials mixed menters. In connection with the quan- with gravel. titative determination, such factors as it gf chromogenesis were investigated as well 4-61 cm. of 3rd layer, dark as spore formation. Altogether gram brown sand, ibid. staining was tried on eighty-four differ- iC 5 84 cm. of 4th layer, gray- ent cultures isolated. ish sand mixed with gravel, In this paper, however, only a short- ibid. tined account of the work is given. 6-114 cm.of 5th layer, sur- (The pictures used here were taken face soil of arable farm, from the postcards which were sent to existed previous to 1914 me through courtesy of Mr. K. Yoshida eruption, ibid. of Kagoshima.) " 7-139 cm. of 6th layer, sub- Experimental surface soil, ibid. Description of Soil Samples: These samples represent the arable The samples were taken from the and virgin soils of different age of which profile where the renovation of an old no microbiological information is avail- farm was in progress. The soil of the able so far as the author is aware. old farm, which was covered with ashes These soils have the following phys- and fragmental lava in the 1914 eruption ical properties as shown in the following to the depth of fifteen or so decimeters, table : 14 THE MID-PACIFIC

These are pictures IV and V alluded to in the text, showing lava plateau at Sakura-Jima, formed in 1914, and present conditions of lava at Sakura-Jima. THE MID-PACIFIC 15 Table II. Physical Analysis of the Soils

Sample Per Cent Water Holding Specific Per Cent Loss No. Moisture Capacity Gravity on Ignition pH

1 24.26 69 2.55 10.78 6.19 2 13.40 44 2.59 0.55 6.54 3 21.69 59 2.61 0.34 4.53 4 18.04 62 2.50 0.61 6.87 5 12.17 50 2.66 0.71 5.41 6 19.61 65 2.64 8.34 5.24 7 31.40 85 2.64 19.41 5.59

It is especially interesting to note that Table III indicates that numerous or- the percentage of loss on ignition is very ganisms grew even on the nitrogen free small, which means the amount of or- medium from each layer, although com- ganic matter in these soils is very small paratively a few organisms were found as it is expected. Again the hydrogen in a newly formed layer. It means that ion concentration in these soils indi- the majority of organisms found are cates that they are acid. capable of existence where no organic Quantitative Microbiological Analy- nitrogen is available. Among the or- ses : ganisms, bacteria are most numerous in The total number of micro-organisms comparison with the others. were determined by using two kinds of Qualitative Microbiological Analyses : media, one containing the nitrogenous The qualitative analyses were carried ingredient and the other without or out as to the physiological groups indi- free from nitrogen, and the following cated in Table IV. results were obtained : It is remarkable to note that even the

Table III. Quantitative Microbiological Analyses

Soil Samples Medium Micro-organisms No. 1 No. 2 No. 3-No. 6 No. 7 I. Total 8,280* 7,370 430-1,246 1,480-1,760 II. Total 7,350 6,900 430-800 700-760 Actinomycetes 15.4** 14.8 0-24.2 1.5-5.2 I. Fungi 1.3 1.2 1.8-12.1 1.0-1.5 Bacteria 83.3 84.2 63.7-97.3 93.8-97.0 Actinomycetes 16.5** 15.1 0-6.7 0-14.3 II. Fungi 2.6 1.3 • 4.3-6.7 2.0-7.1 Bacteria 80.9 83.6 86.6-95.7 78.6-98.0 * Thousands. Medium I, Nitrogenous. ** Percentage. Medium II, Nitrogen free. 16 THE MID-PACIFIC ammonifying organisms were found in the soils, although they are few except a newly formed layer. The activity of in the arable soils. nitrifying organisms in all the soils is 6. More or less nitrification occur in rather vigorous, while the cellulose fer- all the soils examined. menters are absent in some layers. 7. The denitrification was observed in the arable soils only. Summary and Conclusions 8. The fixation of nitrogen was ob- 1. From the results obtained in the served only in the soil No. 2. foregoing investigation, it may he stated 9. The fermentation of cellulose was that in a brief period of fourteen years found in the arable soils only. of time since the last eruption, the soil 10. The most striking fact is that so is already inhabited throughout by the many organisms, which are able to grow micro-organisms. on the nitorgen free medium, were found 2. The majority of the organisms are in the virgin soils. autotrophic in nature. 11. The mysterious properties of 3. All the soils examined were slight- these soils which support the growth of ly acid, pH<7. such big radishes as shown in the pic- ture remain a mystery yet. 4. Eighty-four strains of organisms were isolated and most of them are cocci 12. In such soils as these, the evolu- or short rods and comparatively a few tion of earth surface can be observed long rods. More than half of these very closely in respect to physical, chem- strains are non-spore-formers. Most of ical and biological development. them were found to be Gram positive. (For detail information, see the scien- 5. The ammonifiers were found in all tific report from the Institute.)

Note: "The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance given by Mr. Satiyo Arakawa of this laboratory in the experimental work, and to Mr. Kotaro Nishida of Kagoshima Higher Agricultural School, who furnished the pictures."

Table IV. Qualitative Microbiological Analyses Number of Soil Samples Groups 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Ammonifiers ++++ +++ + +++ ++ Nitritaters +++ + + Nitrataters ++++ + ++ +++ ++ +++ ++ Denitrifiers ++ + + ++ ++ N-fixers +++ -I- -I- Cellulose +++ + — fermenters — negative; ± slight; +, ±±, +++, ++++ positive in degree. THE MID-PACIFIC 17 p.s. , ,VIA:: .y .: 1' The Termite c, 1 Problem in .-.: g-4 the Pacific • By THOS. E. SNYDER, C • ..-4 Entomologist, Bureau of Ento- mology U. S. Department of .. • Agriculture • • marrow% hat/cant 666 Three types of female reproductive forms of subterranean termites.

INTRODUCTION THREE TYPES OF TERMITES In the Pan-Pacific area, from North The termites in this entire area may be America to Australia, the termite problem separated into three classes, namely : is of great commercial importance. Ter- non-subterranean termites which do not mites or "white ants" seriously damage burrow in the ground but attack the wood buildings, their contents, as well as injure of buildings or trees directly ; subterran- or destroy growing crops planted or ean termites which attack the wood of cared for by man. buildings, trees or living crops indirectly The termites occurring in this vast from burrows in the earth ; and mound area include portions of the fauna from building termites which are also subter- the Nearctic, Neotropical, Palaearctic, ranean in habit. Oriental and Australian zoogeographical NON-SUBTERRANEAN OR DRY-WOOD TER- regions. These regions have a more or MITES less distinct or characteristic fauna and termites are widespread, common and of Non-subterranean or dry-wood termites diverse kinds and habits. do not burrow in the ground, but fly to and attack wood directly. (Fig. 1.) Nevertheless, by proper methods of Instead of following the grain of the constructing buildings, proper culture and wood continuously, they excavate through the use of poisons, the greater amount of it longitudinal chambers of limited length. the damage to both buildings and crops (Fig. 2.) The sexual adults, after they by termites can be prevented or curtailed. have lost their wings, and the young or There are approximately 1640 different nymphs, are the destructive forms. Their species of termites known to occur in the pellets of excrement are regularly im- world. The greatest number occur in the pressed, (Fig. 3) and sometimes com- Ethiopian region, from where 648 species pletely fill or block up the burrows in a have been described. Four hundred and compact mass ; they are often expelled as twenty-six occur in the Oriental region, dry droppings from the infested wood 358 in the Neotropical and 164 in the and serve as a warning of infestation. Australian region. The Pan-Pacific area These termites are destructive to the embraces parts of regions which have a woodwork and furniture in buildings, as total fauna of nearly 1000 different kinds well as to living trees. They can exist of termites. without the great amount of moisture 18 THE MID-PACIFIC

Bricks A

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How termites add to the cost of a building. The necessary layer of concrete between wooden floor and earth. How termites get into a building. The Proper insulation of masonry foundation walls. Longitudinal chambers excavated in wood by dry-wood ter- mites. Cane fibre board damaged by termites. THE MID-PACIFIC 19 necessary to the life of termites which are of piping, live steam from a locomotive subterranean in habit, and can live in was utilized and at 90 pounds pressure it wood containing less than the 10 per cent was possible to subject the infested wood moisture normally contained in air dried to temperatures of 150° F'. for at least wood. 1Y2 hours. The heat was gradually raised Fumigation. Fumigation with the very and temperatures could be determined poisonous hydrocyanic-acid gas will kill from a thermograph on the exterior of dry-wood termites infesting the wood- this building. The paint or varnish finish work of buildings and boats. This gas is on the wood was not injured by the heat. very dangerous and fumigation with it Such a chamber should be located at only done by an expert.* The infested all ports where wood infested by dry- wood should be exposed as much as pos- wood termites or other borers are liable sible and it may be necessary to open up to be introduced and the infested wood some of the structure. subjected to a heat treatment, which is Where several stories of buildings are more reliable than fumigation. (Fulla- affected, the windows should be sealed way, Ehrhorn, Whitney.) and after the fumigation is completed, Insecticides or Poisons. Poisons can be the rooms should be aired by opening used to kill non-subterranean termites windows with cords from the outside. within the wood. Insecticides useful for The usual proportions should be em- this purpose are orthodichlorobenzene, or ployed; that is, 1 ounce (avoirdupois) of a 10 per cent solution of kerosene emul- sodium cyanide to 1% fluid ounces of sion poisoned by dissolving 1 ounce of sulphuric acid and 3 fluid ounces of sodium arsenite in each gallon of water water ; but 12 ounces of the cyanide used used for diluting stock mixtures of kero- per 1000 cubic feet of room capacity, in- sene emulsion or miscible oils. The in- stead of the 10 ounces usually recom- fested wood is drenched with the insec- mended, making the gas 20 per cent ticide by swabbing with a saturated rag or stronger. This fumigation will result in mop ; several treatments may be neces- the death of the insects within the wood. sary, and careful watch maintained until Fumigation is recommended just before it is certain that all the termites are dead. the winged adults fly. At that time these In Hawaii, dry Paris Green blown into insects are in the outer layers of the wood galleries in infested wood with a bellows where they are readily accessible, and the has been used successfully by Doctor fumigation will destroy large numbers of Ehrhorn; where moisture is present this them. powder cakes and becomes ineffective. Furniture infested by these termites Impregnation with Wood-Preservatives. can be fumigated in steel cylinders with In regions where there is much damage carbon bisulphid gas, or given heat treat- caused by dry-wood termites, all wood- ments. work used in buildings should be impreg- Heat. Temperatures of 130° F. and nated with a standard chemical wood- over can be utilized in killing termites in- preservative to prevent attack.* This im- festing the woodwork of railroad cars, pregnation is made before the wood is furniture, etc. In Hawaii, a chamber of placed in the structure and should be reinforced concrete, large enough to con- given to wood cut to exact necessary di- tain a passenger coach or two freight mensions. In the case impregnated wood cars run in on rails was specially con- is to be framed after treatment, the cut structed. (Figs. 4, A, B, C.) The sides surface should be given a brush or dipping of the interior were equipped with coils treatment with the hot chemical. Such * Snyder, T. P. Tests of Methods of Protecting • 1916 Howard, L. 0., and Popenoe, C. H., Hydro- cyanic-Acid Gas against Household Insects. Farm- Woods against Termites or White Ants. Bull. 1231, ers' Bull. 699, U. S. Dept. Agric., Wash., D. C. U. S. Dept. Agric., Wash., D. C. 20 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 21 impregnated wood or timber can be pur- To prevent infestation, care should be chased at retail lumber yards in various taken that the trees do not become sections of the United States. scarred, especially near the base. Scars For interior woodwork and furniture and all pruned areas should be treated an impregnation with 3/4 to 1Y2 pounds with a mixture of one-fourth creosote of dry zinc chloride salt per cubic foot is and three-fourths coal tar. This mixture recommended. Sodium fluoride and should not be allowed to come in con- chlorinated naphthalene, while more ex- tact with the living tissues at the edges pensive, are also effective preservatives of the bark ; to protect them a shellac for timber not to be used in contact with should be applied. the ground, where moisture would cause Where trees or bushes are already in- leaching. These chemicals could be fested by dry-wood termites, dry Paris adapted to special, but more limited uses. Green blown into the galleries with a Wood-pulp or fiber products, such as bellows will kill the termites, if the the various wood-fiber processed or com- moisture present does not cake the pow- position boards, or cane-fiber boards, for der. interior finish and substitutes for lath Tree Surgery. Properly executed tree (Fig. 5), or for exterior use, can be pro- surgery sometimes is effective in repair- tected from attack by termites by adding ing injury by termites to valuable old certain poisons, such as crude carbolic fruit and shade trees.* acid, to the pulp or laminated boards in the course of manufacture. Available SUBTERRANEAN OR GROUND NESTING poisons for this purpose are crude car- TERMITES bolic acid at the rate of 1 gallon to 1000 Subterranean termites normally live in square feet ; bichloride of mercury at the wood, in forests ; in plains, underneath rate of 49 ounces per 1,000 square feet ; and in the roots of vegetation ; or in carton copper sulphate at the rate of 113 ounces or mound nests. Since termites are soft- per 1,000 square feet ; sodium fluoride, bodied they always remain hidden within sodium fluosilicate, sodium dinitropheno- wood, in the earth or within earth-like late or chlorinated naphthalene are also shelter tubes. The wingless, sterile work- effective poisons for protecting such ers are the wood-destroying forms. In products from attack by dry-wood ter- burrowing in wood the grain is usually mites. followed and the softer wood eaten out. Living Trees. Valuable plantings of (Fig. 6.) forest, fruit, nut and shade trees are By man's disturbance of the balance of sometimes seriously injured by termites. nature in felling forests, clearing and cul- Teak trees and tea bushes are badly dam- tivation of land as well as more extensive aged in the Orient by dry-wood termites. building operations, termites have become Clean culture, where practicable, is a more destructive to buildings and culti- wise preventive measure ; all dead or dy- vated trees and crops. ing trees, untreated wooden fences or Indications of Infestation. The an- walks, and prunings should be removed. nual emergence of large numbers of the In pruning operations, every effort flying termites is an indication as well should be made to secure rapid healing or as a warning that the woodwork is in- the formation of protective callus over fested, and the point of emergence indi- the wound. Pruning, if possible, should cates the approximate location of the in- be done at the season when the quickest fested timbers. Even if the insects are and greatest growth will result. Ferti- not observed "swarming," large numbers lizers and moisture must be supplied to * Tree Surgery. Farmers' Bull. 1178, U. S. Dept. hasten growth. Agrie., Wash., C., 192o. 22 THE MID-PACIFIC

of the dead winged adults or of the portions ; no flame should be brought discarded wings usually will be found near it, and the fumes should not be near by. Another warning is the pres- inhaled, as they are poisonous. ence of branching shelter tubes of small It may be necessary in tropical coun- diameter, made of earth mixed with fine- tries to lay a base of concrete* for the ly digested wood, on foundation timbers, entire building, after the soil has been or over the surface of stone, brick, or poisoned. other impenetrable foundation material, Insulation. Complete insulation from through which the insects travel from the the ground of all untreated woodwork ground to the woodwork. These tubes of buildings is the only effective perma- should be broken off and the ground nent preventive or remedy against at- where they originate broken up and tack by subterranean termites. These in- drenched with poison. sects must maintain contact with the Destruction of Breeding Places About ground to obtain the moisture necessary the Building Site. If buildings are to be for their existence. When contact with constructed on recently cleared woodland, their moisture supply in the earth is cut decaying logs and stumps should be re- off, the insects in the damaged wood, no moved from the soil in the vicinity and matter how numerous, soon dry up and burned ; untreated wooden fence posts, die. sidewalks, etc., should also be removed. Concrete Flooring. There should al- If subterranean termites are numerous in ways be a layer of solid concrete at least the earth, the soil should be deeply one inch thick laid over the coarse gravel plowed or otherwise broken up and or cinders or cement grout, base of con- treated with chemicals to kill the insects. crete floors. (Fig 7.) In the tropics Effective poisons for this purpose are concrete floors are advisable for the en- calcium or sodium cyanide ;* a 10 per tire building. cent solution of sodium arsenite ; 1 part How Termites Infest Buildings. The coal-tar creosote and 3 parts kerosene principal methods by which termites get oil (this mixture should be strained into buildings (Fig. 8) are: through burlap before use) ; carbon- Untreated wood in basements, or the disulphide emulsion, which is on the mar- foundations of buildings, where termite ket ready for use ; orthodichlorobenzene ; damage is most likely to start. or other contact poisons or gasses. Live Termites are able to penetrate masonry steam forced into the soil will serve the walls where improper grades of mortar same purpose as the gases. The land can have been used in foundations, working also be temporarily flooded to kill ter- up through the interior of walls. mites in the soil. By means of earth-like shelter tubes, The presence of termites in the soil termites are also able to crawl up through can be detected by planting pine or fir them over impenetrable walls and thus trap stakes in the soil. If these are at- infest buildings. tacked, carbon bisulphid t should be It is highly desirable, where practica- poured into the stake hole, protected by ble, to eliminate untreated wood, fibre a layer of paper and then covered with products (such as celotex and composi- dirt. Care should be taken in handling tion boards) and wood substitutes con- this volatile fluid, as the gas or vapor taining cellulose (such as patented cork from it is highly inflammable and explo- flooring, etc.) from foundations, cellars sive when mixed with air in certain pro- and basements. * For each acre to be treated, dissolve 16o pounds of granular sodium cyanide in 12,000 gallons of water. Timber or lumber can be used safely t 1925. Hinds, W. E. Carbon disulphide as an in- secticide. Farmers' Bull. 799, U. S. Dept. Agric., * 1919. Oshima, M. Formosan termites and methods Wash., D. C. of preventing their damage. Philippine Journal of Science, vol. XV, no. 4, pp. 319-384, Pls. THE MID-PACIFIC 23 in buildings ,where the chief damage is In the case of frame buildings, a metal by subterranean termites, if it is raised termite shield shall be provided continu- above possible soil contact a suitable dis- ing completely around the top of the tance by rock, concrete, or brick founda- masonry foundation, including all pillars, tions made with standard grades of mor- supports, and piping, below the wood- tar, or suitably capped, and if metal work of the building, on both the inside shields are put on to shut off passage- and outside surfaces. Such a shield may tubes. be formed of a strip of noncorroding Modifications of City Building Codes. metal (such as copper, zinc, or an alloy One of the simplest and most effective of copper 28 per cent, nickel 67 per cent, means of prevention of attack would be iron, maganese and silicon 5 per cent), to modify the building regulations or firmly inserted in the surface of the codes of various cities so as to include a masonry, or between the foundation and few simple rules in the mandatory code the wood, with the projecting edge bent to protect houses from damage by ter- downward at an angle of 45 degrees and mites. These suggestions are as follows : extending horizontally at least 2 inches PROVISIONS FOR BUILDING CODES FOR from the face of the foundation. In INSURING PROTECTION FROM TER- masonry buildings this shield can be in- MITES AND DECAY set in the masonry at a height at least 18 Wood or fiber products, when not im- inches above the ground. (Fig. 9.) pregnated with an approved preservative, Floor sleepers or joists imbedded in shall not be placed in contact with the masonry or concrete, or laid on concrete earth or within 18 inches thereof, ex- which is in contact with the earth, shall cepting wood columns or posts over a be impregnated with an approved preser- concrete floor, which columns shall be vative. provided with noncorroding metal or con- Expansion joints betwepn concrete crete base plates or footings 6 inches floor and wall shall be filled with liquid above the floor. This applies to steps, asphaltum and the right angle joint which shall be laid over a concrete base, covered with a sanitary cement mortar or projecting at least six inches beyond the Portland cement concrete finish of an arc supports of the steps. of at least 2 inches in length. Timber to be used in contact with the The ends of wooden beams or girders earth shall be thoroughly impregnated by entering masonry or concrete shall not be a standard pressure process with coal-tar sealed in but shall be provided with boxes creosote or other equivalent preservative. affording an air space at the end of the Timber should be completely framed be- piece of not less than 1 inch at side of fore treatment, whenever possible, but member, unless the ends of such timbers when cutting after treatment is unavoid- are impregnated with coal-tar creosote or able the cut surfaces shall be thoroughly other approved preservative. coated with coal-tar creosote or other Where there are spaces under floors equivalent preservative. near the earth, they shall be excavated so Masonry foundations and footings shall that there will be no earth within 18 be laid in Portland cement mortar. inches of the wood, and they shall be pro- Foundations built up of masonry units, vided with cross ventilation. Such ven- whether hollow or solid, shall be capped tilating openings shall be proportioned on below woodwork with at least 1 inch of the basis of 2 square feet for each 25 Portland cement mortar, or the mortar lineal feet of exterior wall, except that and slate, or solid or joined noncorroding such openings need not be placed in front metal, or other equally efficient seal. of such building. Each opening shall be (Fig. 9. ) provided with 20-mesh noncorroding 24 THE MID-PACIFIC

The upper picture, figure 13 in text, shows how the termite injures growing sugar cane and, lower, figures 4, a, b, c, shows chambers for destroying termites infecting wood. THE MID-PACIFIC 25 metal screening, including windows in ering the liquid over with paper and then attics. earth. The gas from this liquid will pen- Where timber is used in roofs of the etrate the subterranean galleries of the flat type, the roof shall, unless protected termites. It is somewhat dangerous to on the weather side with a covering im- plant life and very large doses should pervious to water, have a slope and run- not be used. There are indications that off sufficient to provide proper drainage. an emulsion of carbon disulphide, which All wooden forms on foundations shall is on the market ready for use, may prove he removed from masonry work within more effective than carbon disulphide 15 days ; grading stakes should be re- alone ; as in the case of the disulphide it- moved before laying concrete floors. self, the earth is loosened up and the These suggestions will probably add emulsion poured on, at least a foot from from 1 to 2 per cent to the initial cost of the tree. Carbon tetrachloride, the gas the building, but they are a form of in- from which is neither explosive nor in- surance, not only to the householder but flammable can be similarly used but is to the person financing the building. apparently not so effective as carbon di- Bankers have shown their understanding sulphide. The gases from carbon disul- of this point by their willingness to loan phide and carbon tetrachloride, being more money or give a lower rate of in- heavier than air, will not readily rise. terest to a home owner constructing a If tree trunks or branches are infested, building in accordance with these pro- they must be treated with Paris Green, visions. The requirements are neces- poisonous liquids, such as kerosene sarily very brief, practical and reasonable. emulsion poisoned with sodium arsenite. The chemical impregnation with stan- Orthodichlorobenzene is also effective. dard preservatives of all woodwork to be When treating the infested portions, used in the building where there is con- which are usually in the dead heartwood, siderable damage by dry-wood termites these liquids must not be permitted to is recommended as a further precaution come in contact with living plant tissue. to persons who can afford the expense Carton termite nests on cacao, avocado of it, but it increases the initial cost 10 or cocoanut trees should be cut off and per cent. destroyed. A few hundred dollars additional (2 In rubber plantations clean culture per cent of the first cost) spent in the should be maintained and all infested beginning in proper building construction wood removed. It may be necessary to may save thousands of dollars in re- poison or gas termite galleries or nests in pairs and replacements later. It is much the soil. simpler and cheaper to keep termites out of a building than to get rid of them and MOUND BUILDING TERMITES repair the damage after they are once in, Certain tropical termites build large involving necessary repairs which may be earthen mound nests of more or less hard too costly for the small householder. But texture. By means of subterranean gal- certain methods of construction that will leries termites from these nests may at- prevent injury are entirely practical. tack the woodwork of buildings or crops. Living Trees.—Where living trees are The inhabitants of some of these attacked, (Figs. 10, 11, 12), subterran- mounds may be poisoned by calcium ean termites can be killed in the soil, if cyanide (2 ounces per square yard of it is moist and not too compact, by break- ground) or gases such as used with the ing it up near the tree and pouring car- "Universal Ant Exterminator," or others. bon disulphide on the earth at a distance of about a foot from the trunk, then cov- In cases of other mounds, it may be 26 THE MID -PACIFIC

necessary to destroy them by means of a 10 per cent solution of sodium arsenite, explosives* placed in a series of holes placed in the soil near termite galleries drilled in the mound ; then the nest ma- will remain temporarily effective. terial is broken up, the ground ploughed up and the soil poisoned. TELEPHONE, TELEGRAPH, ELECTRIC LIGHT Sugar Cane. Where subterranean ter- AND POWER POLES mites injure seed or growing sugar cane, Damage to poles by subterranean ter- (Fig. 13), the seed cane should be dipped mites can be prevented by impregnating in kerosene oil or in a 10 per cent solu- the butts before placement with coal-tar tion of sodium arsenite before planting. creosote by the "open tank" method. Im- In the case of recently cleared forest land pregnation of the entire pole with coal- heavily infested with termites, it may be tar creosote by a pressure process will necessary to poison the soil with calcium prevent attack by non-subterranean ter- cyanide before planting. Scattering in- mites. A combination of butt-treating festation can be stopped by dosages of poles and then dipping the entire pole in ounce carbon bisulphid to the depth vats filled with coal-tar creosote may of about 4Y2 inches in the soil. prove to be a less expensive compro- Poison Baits. A poison bait of 2 mise.t ounces of sodium arsenite mixed with a The treatment given poles must be de- quart of mill molasses applied to infested cided by the user, basing conclusions upon wood has proven effective against an the amount of loss due to termites, length Australian termite. Sawdust treated with of service to be expected and the amount of capital available. • 1924. Snyder, T. E., and Zetek, J. Damage by termites in the Canal Zone and Panama and how to prevent it. Bull. 1232, U. S. Dept. Agric., Wash., Poisons and Gases. Where termites D. C. make nest structures the base of the in- Fullaway, D. T., Termites or white ants in Hawaii, The Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturist, Vol. fested standing pole can be gased with XXIII, no. 3, pp. 68-88, July-Sept., 1926. carbon disulphid. Doctor Ehrhorn has tSnyder, T. E., Termite pole damage in California. used this method successfully in Hawaii. Electrical West, vol. 6o, no. 3, pp. 135-8, (illust.) San Francisco, Calif., March 1, 1928. He has also poisoned dry-wood termites Snyder, T. E., Preventing damage by termites of in poles by using Paris Green blown intc white ants. U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers' Bull. no. 1472, April, 1926. their galleries.

Entrance holes of dry-ground termites (figure 1 in text) THE MID-PACIFIC )7

Variation of beach strawberry with foliacious calyx, picture at left, fruit stems of Foliaceous vista.

• VS/411MVIY41,VM.41....)1/ •,M,g4.24),)/ • 999VIP•MMAIP • •RIPAMMYVAP • The Strawberry—A Gift of the Pacific By George M. Darrow, Pomologist U. S. Department of Agriculture

It-014444itrtilts • hat • •• • •

Few perhaps realize that the world Frezier, took plants of it to Europe. A owes to the Pacific its modern strawberry. century later crosses of this strawberry Further few realize what the Pacific is with the "Meadow" strawberry of east- now giving to the world in improved ern North America started what is now strawberry. We are just beginning to the modern strawberry industry. The realize what gifts the Pacific has in this large foliage, large size and firmness of fruit if we but have imagination to re- fruit and many of the delicious flavors ceive and use them. were the heritage of the strawberry of the Before the discovery of America the Chilean beaches, while its general adapta- Indians of the Pacific Coast of South tion to conditions in the temperate zone America had selected and were cultivat- and its hardiness come from the ing a large-fruited delicious strawberry. "Meadow" strawberry. They had feasted on the wild berries on During the centuries since the Indians the beaches and had selected out a finer made their first selection little or no at- one than man has since found there, or tempt appears to have been made to on the beaches of North America, or on utilize in breeding other selections of the the mountains of the Hawaiian Islands. beach strawberry. Mr. A. F. Etter of It was in 1712 that a French officer, California and Dr. C. C. Georgeson of 28 THE MID-PACIFIC

The upper picture shows the Chilean Strawberry, parent of all strawberries; second picture, (turned on its side) is a plant of the beach strawberry on the sand dunes at Eureka, California, and the potted plant a species found by Mr. Dowsett in Manchuria. THE MID-PACIFIC 29

The Chesapeake strawberry growing under irrigation.

Alaska have, however, in recent years to Pacific Regions only, a systematic sur- used several new selections of the beach vey of all the regions where this species strawberry for their breeding work and is known has been begun. Dr. H. F. have secured notable new sorts. All the Bergman of the University of Hawaii, strawberries now grown in Alaska are Dr. Pope of the Hawaiian Agricultural the originations of Dr. Georgeson, while Experiment Station and Dr. Neil E. the finest canning sort of the United Stevens and Dr. C. L. Shear of the U. States is the origination of Mr. Etter. S. Department of Agriculture have made Furthermore, several of Mr. Etter's new selections from the mountains of Hawaii. varieties are reported as especially valu- Prof. C. E. Schuster and Dr. S. M. Zel- able in New Zealand. ler of the Oregon State Agricultural Dr. Wilson Popenoe, an explorer of Experiment Station have made extensive the U. S. Department of Agriculture in collections on the coast of Oregon, while foreign countries, has recently reintro- others have begun collections along the duced what he suggests may be the origi- California, Washington, and Alaskan nal variety of the strawberry which was Coasts. As fast as arrangements can be cultivated by the Indians hundreds of made systematic collections are planned years ago. This has been utilized in for all regions where the species is breeding by the U. S. Department of known. Most of the selections are being Agriculture, and promising seedlings have placed with Professor Schuster at Cor- vallis, Oregon, who is associated in the resulted. Because of the qualities inherent in work, but other collections are being placed at Washington, D. C., and else- the "beach" strawberry which is native 30 THE MID-PACIFIC

The native wild meadow strawberry of the eastern United States.

where. Many hybrids are already grow- the western birds go down the coast of ing in the field and others will be made China and even to Australia. Although as fast as the selections are tested out under cultivation. other birds may carry the seed, it seems likely that the plover has for decades or The beach strawberry (Fragaria chi- loensis) may have originally developed on centuries spread the strawberry as well as the coast either of South America or of other berries. Although the plover makes North America, on the mountains of the trip to the Hawaiian Islands in a sin- Hawaii, or in some region not yet dis- gle flight, it is not known to make such covered. However, because the straw- long flights along the American or Asian berry is a North Temperate plant, the coasts. It seems likely that at some time beach berry probably came from the coast the beach strawberry will be found on of North America and was carried by mountain tops or cool beaches between birds both to the Hawaiian Islands and the California coast and Chile. Already to South America. The Pacific Golden one such station for it is known, for Dr. Plover breeds in central and northern 0. F. Cook collected it at 011antaytambo, Alaska. It migrates to the beaches of Peru. It seems strange that it has not Alaska in August and September. There been found on the beaches or mountain it changes its customary diet and feeds tops along the coast of Asia. on berries before making its southward Natural hybrids of the "beach" with way. The plover from Point Barrow east- other strawberries have not been re- ward go to Patagonia, others make a sin- ported. Related species which readily gle flight to the Hawaiian Islands, while cross are indigenous to all the Pacific THE MID -PACIFIC 31

Coast States of North America. How- which are met near the Pacific Ocean? ever, the "beach" strawberry is known Do fungi or would-be mycorrhiza become only on or close to the shore. Only from parasitic except near the Pacific Ocean ? about the Columbia river northward is What is the origin of this variable species the climate near the Coast favorable to and why has it not been found along the other species. In 1926 the writer ob- coast of Asia? served apparent hybrids at Long Beach, Living plants of this and all other Wash. In 1928 other apparent hybrids species of the strawberry with all their were received from the Coast of Alaska. variations are being collected to determine if answers to these questions are possible VARIATIONS IN THE "BEACH" STRAW- and to see what further gifts to the world BERRY may come from the Pacific. A walk along the beach where the wild In a letter accompanying his paper Mr. berries grow abundantly will impress any- Darrow writes : one with the variability and remarkable "I am enclosing a paper which may characteristics of this species. Berries— fulfil the requirements of your request white, yellow, pink, rose red, and dark for 'a paper with illustrations.' Addi- red—of the most delicious flavors and tional illustrations can be furnished if aromas, soft and firm, borne on spread- desirable. We are securing many collec- ing or in dense clusters, may be seen. tions of strawberries from different parts The plants may be spring fruiting or of the country adjoining the Pacific everbearing, and they may have foliage Ocean, besides those which we have re- knee high under the shade of a tree or ceived from the Hawaiian Islands. Dr. flat on the sand. The plants may stand R. Kent Beatty of this Department, who like little bushes where the sand has is now in Japan and nearby islands, has drifted first toward and then away, or sent in a species from one of the moun- they may be nearly covered with sand. tains of Formosa. We have another Several unrooted runner series ten or species from Manchuria and perhaps too more feet long may be produced by a collections from various parts of the Pa- single plant growing in coarse white cific Coast of North America. There are beach sand, air dry for over a foot in many additional forms in eastern Asia, depth. Even under such conditions they which we hope some time to get for our bear abundantly. Popenoe found the work. You perhaps would be interested variety selected by the South American to know that Dr. Mangelsdorf, with the Indians cultivated extensively where the Sugar Planters' Experiment Station, annual rainfall was probably not more spent some years of research work on the than 15 inches and the fruit picked once strawberry at Harvard. a week throughout the year. "In regard to suggestion as to new food The strawberry, which has enriched the plants, I am afraid that I am too far from quality of life so greatly, is still a fruit the islands to appreciate the conditions of many mysteries. Why does it grow which any new plants might meet. We are only on the beaches, and on a few moun- beginning some rather extensive breeding tain tops ? Why does it grow so luxur- work between the fine cultivated respber- iantly in the coarse beach sand ? Why is ries of the North and tropical species in it so difficult to keep alive in eastern the hopes that we can obtain fine fruited United States when hybrids of it are cul- sorts for southern States You may tivated the world around ? Is it because know that although there are but three of some soil element that the shores of species of raspberries in the United States the Pacific furnish, or because of the and one species in Europe from which needs of a mycorrhizal fungal relation our cultivated respberries have been de- 32 THE MID-PACIFIC

The beach strawberry growing on the sand dunes of the Pacific Coast.

rived, there are in southeastern Asia over terested might work in attempting to ob- ioo species already known. It would al- tain new forms that are especially adapted most seem that the future of the rasp- to your conditions. It would seem that berry may be in climates at least com- some of the many tropical species more parable to our southern States if not to closely related to the species of temperate almost tropical conditions. I am not at regions which have given us the cultivated all sure that forms native to the islands raspberries might afford a better starting are the best forms with which those in- place."

(The members of the Pan-Pacific Science Council in Hawaii have asked that a second Pan-Pacific Food Conservation Conference he held in Honolulu during the month of August, 1931, giving assurance that the Council will cooperate with the Pan-Pacific Union in preparing for such a conference. Therefore the paper of Mr. George M. Darrow, senior Pomologist of the United States Department of Agriculture on the strawberry as a gift to the world from the Pacific, seems an eminently fitting article to publish at this time, as food for thought and con- sideration on the part of the members of the Pan-Pacific Science Council in every land about our Greatest of Oceans.) THE MID-PACIFIC .33

Luxuriant rainforests of strange plants have made Hawaii a paradise for the botanical explorer. wi,nL7rn • • • lurcurozyz .4mmptv • . riim wmmImItiviluzwpm • The Background of Hawaiian . Botany Iy. By E. H. Bryan, Jr., X' If. (Paper before the Pan-Pacific Research Institution, June 15, 1928) I• . "...,, —.."..,,,,..^..r■Irill,rflvvni rnt?nr rnt rnuntintintinuatnnnii

The plant life of few regions of the in the history of Hawaiian botany, world is more interesting than that of which have lead up to our present ex- Hawaii. So isolated are these islands, tensive knowledge of the plant life of and such a range of environment is to these islands. be found here, that the flora is both The botanical history of Hawaii, dur- varied and unique. About 900 species ing the past hundred and fifty years, of vascular plants are recognized in Ha- might be divided into four periods : waii, and of these 720 are peculiar to 1. The period of discovery. our islands and do not occur elsewhere. 2. The period of exploitation. For a hundred and fifty years, since 3. The period of exploration. the time of Captain Cook's memorable 4. The period of conservation. discoveries, these islands have been a No set dates can be assigned to these paradise for botanists and explorers, un- periods, for they are not clearly defined. til today the flora of few regions is bet- and they more or less overlap. The ter known. It is the object of this paper period of discovery commenced in 1778 to try to sum up the outstanding events and continued until about the beginning 34 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 35 of the nineteenth century. The exploi- ment. He obtained permission from tation was mainly that of the sandal- Cook to attempt the ascent of Mauna wood trade, which began about 1791 Loa, which lay to the east of them. He and reached its height between 1810 and took with him the botanist, David Nel- 1825. The period of exploration has ex- son, a gunner from the Resolution, and tended over more than a century, being several natives to act as guides. Con- still in progress. We are just entering cerning the vegetation he says : "On upon the period of conservation. Let us first leaving the town the route lay consider these four periods in more de- through enclosed plantations of sweet tail. potatoes. . . . Now and then a patch of The period of discovery begins with sugar cane was seen. Next came the the arrival of Captain Cook. Whether open plantations, consisting chiefly of or not the islands had been visited breadfruit trees, and the ground began previously by Spanish or Dutch navi- to ascend more rapidly. . . . We con- gators does not concern us, for they tinued up the ascent to a distance of a contributed nothing to our knowledge mile and a half further, and found the of Hawaiian botany. David Nelson, the land thickly covered with wild fern, botanist on Cook's third voyage, was among which our botanist found a new probably the first foreign botanist to species. It was now sunset, and being visit the islands. I say "foreign," be- upon the skirts of these woods, that so cause among the Hawaiians and other remarkably surround this island at a Polynesian peoples we find persons uniform distance of four or five miles skilled in the knowledge of plant life. from the shore, we concluded to halt, But that is another story. especially as there was a but hard by. The accounts of plant life to be found in the records of Cook's visits to Ha- Ledyard goes on to describe the night waii are very meager, but the results of spent in the hut, which was occupied his visits have far-reaching importance. by a Hawaiian family, from whom they They mark the beginning of the down- secured a roast pig. He describes the fall of Hawaii's native flora. As a beautiful view, and the heavy rain which special favor, Cook presented the na- fell in the woods during the night. The tives with "a ram-goat and two ewes, a next day they followed a rough, muddy boar and sow-pig of the English breed, path for about fifteen miles through the and the seeds of melons, pumpkins and woods, collecting plants and shooting onions, being very desirous of benefit- birds. They spent the night in a lean- ing these poor people by furnishing to which they made beneath two large them with some additional articles of fallen trees, one of which measured food." At this time the natives raised twenty-two feet in circumference. The breadfruit, sweet potatoes, bananas, taro, following day they pushed on, hoping yams, awa, paper mulberry, and gourds, to reach the snow-capped peak. But according to Cook's accounts. the trail which they had been following, The journal of John Ledyard, (see turned south, and the country became Jared Sparks, Memoir of John Ledyard, so rough and overgrown that they were published by Hilliar and Brown, Cam- finally forced to turn back. bridge, 1828), a member of Cook's ex- The plants collected by Nelson are pedition, gives us the first record of an now in England, at the Kew Herbarium, expedition into the native forest. Led- the herbarium of the Linnean Society of yard was stationed on shore at Keala- London, and the British Museum. kekua, with a company of marines, to Captain Portlock and Dixon visited protect the tents and astronomical equip- Hawaii and Oahu in May, 1786, but no 36 THE MID-PACIFIC

botanical explorations were made. Four an attempt was made by a party, includ- days later, the French Captain, La Per- ing Menzies, to reach the summit of ouse, sighted the snow-capped peaks of Mauna Loa. This they were unable to Hawaii, and on May 30, 1786, landed on do, but they did ascend to the top of Maui, the first foreigner to land on that Hualalai. A complete account of this island. Although this ill-fated voyage ascent, taken from Menzies' journal is added nothing to our knowledge of Ha- printed in the Hawaiian Annual for 1910, waiian botany, it, like the visits of Port- pages 72 to 89. lock and Dixon, helped to attract scien- The collections of Menzies are in the tific attention to the islands. British Museum, the Kew Herbarium, The next important events in Ha- and exchange specimens in other insti- waiian botanical history were the three tutions, including the New York Botani- visits of Vancouver, 1792, 1793 and cal Gardens. 1794. The surgeon and botanist with In 1796 Captain William Robert Vancouver was Archibald Menzies. Broughton, in the sloop "Providence," Vancouver and party, including Men- landed at Kealakekua. He writes "The zies landed at Waikiki for water on the cattle left here by Vancouver had bread first visit. The journal describes the and were in excellent order ; it is pos- "high state of cultivation" in that vicin- sible that they will stock the island, as ity. It mentions the numerous taro a taboo is placed upon them for ten patches and comments on the contrast years. The goats multiply prodigeously ; between the laborious cultivation ob- I added a male and female to their num- served here and the spontaneous crops ber, leaving them under the care of of Tahiti. A similar excursion was made Young, with a breed of geese and ducks ; into the hills behind Waimea, Kauai, the first lieutenant also spared them his concerning which botanical observations pigeons." He describes the native agri- are recorded. At Waimea a pair of goats culture at Lahaina. The botanist of this were presented to the natives, which voyage was Alexander Bishop, but no multiplied rapidly and, no doubt became specific statement of botanical investi- the progenitors of those which have gations in Hawaii is given. helped to upset the balance of nature in Special emphasis has been given to the native forest. Vancouver also pre- these early introductions of cattle and sented the natives of Kona with a goat other domestic animals, because they and kid, though he did not land there. and the sandalwood trade are the great On his second visit he landed at Ka- negative factors in the discovery and waihae Bay, Feb. 14, 1793. Here Men- exploration of Hawaii by foreigners. As zies made a botanical excursion "in pur- has been mentioned above, the bringing suit of new vegetable productions." of cattle, sheep and goats to Hawaii Again Vancouver landed livestock, this marks the beginning of the destruction time a bull and four sheep. At Keala- of the native forests. kekua he later landed five cows and Our forests are of a peculiarly sensa- three sheep, and Menzies made a four- tive type. Developing as they have day excursion into Kona. Anchoring at over a long period of time in an isolated Lahaina on March 14th, Vancouver pre- region, a nice balance has been affected sented some goats to the natives. Men- between the plants and the animals zies made a two day collecting trip into (mostly insects and birds) ; between the the West Maui mountains. different elements of plant life—moss, On the third trip, more cattle and ferns, herbs, shrubs and trees ; and be- sheep were landed at Hilo Bay and six tween all these and their environment. weeks were spent at Kealakekua. Here Any new factor tending to upset this THE MID-PACIFIC 37

balance will cause great destruction. also the botanist of "La Bonite," 1836- Thus, cattle running through the forest 37, when he again visited Hawaii. He will disturb the undergrowth ; this in added substantially to the knowledge of turn will weaken the vitality of the Hawaiian botany, his work being pub- trees ; and as a result, the forest will die lished in the "Botanique du voyage de back. This process has been furthered l'Uranie." by the presence and spread of immigrant The next account of Hawaiian plant plants. The forests of large portions of life was given by the Rev. William Ellis, our islands have met this fate. in his "Narrative of a tour through Ha- Another negative factor in the history waii," in 1823, published in London, in of Hawaiian plant life has been the ex- 1825. He describes many of the native ploitation of the sandalwood. The sub- plants and agricultural practices of the ject of the sandalwood trade is discussed day. at some length in the Hawaiian Annual The enthusiastic naturalist, James for 1905, pages 43 to 74. It seems to Macrae, made extensive collections of have begun in 1791, when Captain Ken- plants and other natural history objects drick, in the sloop "Lady Washington" in the Pacific from 1824 to 1826. His left three sailors on Niihau with in- Hawaiian collections have been widely structions to collect sandalwood and distributed by exchange. pearls. The trade spread, later being A number of plants were collected by carried on extensively with China. The the naturalists of the "Blonde," which, common people, oppressed with labor of under the command of Lord Byron, having to cut down these trees in the brought back to Hawaii the bodies of native forests and carry them on their King Liholiho and his Queen, in 1823. backs to the shore, are said to have de- Some account of the natural history of stroyed large areas of sandalwood trees. the islands is given in the diary of An- Whether or not this is true, the ruthless drew Bloxam (recently published in full cutting of trees and tramping through by the Bishop Museum), but little the forest must have done much to up- botanical data are available from that set nature's balance. The trade reached voyage. its height from 1810 to 1825. In 1826-27, the "Blossom," Captain The period of exploration might be Beechey, visited the islands. A large said to have begun with the visit of number of plants were collected on that Captain Kotzebue in the Russian discov- expedition by the botanical collectors, ery ship "Rurick" in 1816. The botanist George T. Lay and Alexander Collie. on this expedition was Adelbert von These plants were worked up by Hooker Chamisso, a distinguished army officer and Arnott in the "Botany of Captain and man of letters, as well as a great Beechey's Voyage," which volume con- botanist. He should be classed as one tains accounts of many Hawaiian plants. of the foremost pioneer botanists of David Douglas was sent out in 1833 Hawaii. With von Schlectendahl he de- by the London Horticultural Society to scribed a number of Hawaiian plants in make collections of noteworthy plants. "Linnaea." The collections of Chamis- He made extensive collections, which so were placed in the herbarium of the are preserved in the Herbaria of Hooker, Royal Botanical Gardens, Berlin. Bentham, and Lindley. But the work In 1819, Hawaii was visited by the of this enthusiastic collector was distinguished French circumnavigator, brought to an untimely end, through his Freycinet, in the "Uranie." The botanist death by falling into a cattle pitfall on of Freycinet's expedition was Charles the island of Hawaii. Gaudichaud-Beaupre. Gaudichaud was The United States Exploring Expedi- 38 THE MID-PACIFIC

41 the r ight is the giant taro or ate. THE MID -PACIFIC 39

tion, under the command of Commodore weeks in the islands while the vessel, Charles Wilkes, spent several months in the frigate "Donau," was undergoing re- Hawaii, 1840-41. Extensive botanical pairs. He made the best of the delay collecting was done by Pickering, Brack- by collecting a large quantity of native enridge, and other members of the plants. Upon his return to Austria he scientific staff. Much of this material published a flora of the islands, called was published on by the celebrated "Beitraega zur Flora der Hawaiischen botanist, Asa Gray, who thereby became Insel," in the Zeitschrift Flora, 1872-75. interested in the Hawaiian flora. The He also visited the islands in 1873 on a ferns were worked up by Brackenridge, second trip around the world. the botanist of the expedition, himself. The person who has contributed the Denmark Didricjsen was the botanist most to a knowledge of Hawaiian botany of the "Galathea" expedition, 1845-7, was Dr. William Hillebrand. He was which visited the Hawaiian islands. A born in Westphalia in 1821, and received large part of his collections are now in an education in science and medicine of Copenhagen. the typical thorough German kind. He The botanical explorer, Berthold See- came to Hawaii about 1851 because of mann, visited Hawaii in the British ship his health, and remained here twenty "Herald" in March, 1849. He later made years. His enthusiasm for botany led an extended visit to Fiji to investigate him to visit many parts of the islands in the plant life there. Most of his notes search of new and rare plants ; and on Hawaiian plants are made in com- prompted him to introduce into these parison with Fijian species in his "Flora islands many of the choice exotic plants Vitiensis." from many parts of the tropics, which Jules Remy, the famous French trav- now make Honolulu's gardens and eller and botanist, visited Hawaii dur- streets so attractive. As a result of his ing his world tour, 1851 to 1863. His large collections and studies, he wrote collections of Hawaiian plants are in a "Flora of the Hawaiian Islands," but the Paris Museum, with a few in the died in 1886, before it was completed. Gray Herbarium at Harvard University. The manuscript was edited and pub- In 1864-5, two young Harvard stu- lished two years later by his son, and dents were sent out to Hawaii by Asa remains to this day the most complete Gray to collect plants. The one was and authorative single work on the Ha- Horace Mann, the son of the distingu- waiian flora. ished educator of the same name, the Since the time of Hillebrand there other was William T. Brigham, late have been a number of botanists Director of the Bishop Museum. The who have made contributions to our results of their collecting were pub- knowledge of the flora of these islands. lished by Mann in a series of papers, The Rev. John M. Lydgate, clergyman, ending with a "Flora of the Hawaiian civil engineer and botanist, made ex- Islands," started in the Proceedings of tensive collections, particularly of ferns the Essex Institute, 1867. His enthusi- on the island of Kauai. Edward Bailey asm led to overwork, which resulted in published a synopsis of the ferns in his death by hasty consumption. One 1883. Valdemar Knudsen of Kauai, D. set of the collections is in the Bishop D. Baldwin, of Maui, and the Rev. Ed- Museum, another in Cornell University. ward Bishop were all enthusiastic In 1869, the islands were visited by amateurs. Dr. Heinrich W. Wawra, botanist of the In 1896 the islands were visited by Austrian East Asiatic Exploring Ex- Prof. A. A. Heller of the University of pedition. He was able to spend several Minnesota, and his wife. He made large 40 THE MID-PACIFIC collections on Oahu and Kauai, and pub- the Bishop Museum. Dr. Forrest B. H. lished a comprehensive list of his find- Brown, the present Museum botanist, ings, in Minnesota Botanical Studies. has written on the wood structure of Dr. Schauinsland collected many spe- Hawaiian plants, but most of his re- cimens of marine algae and plankton, in search has been on the flora of other 1896-7, especially on the Island of Lay- Pacific Island groups. Some little study san. The collections of algae were of Hawaiian plants has been made by worked up by Lemmermann. Dr. C. Skottsberg, Dr. Frank L. Stevens, Carl Christensen, and other Recent investigations have been made members of the Museum staff ; and fur- largely under the auspices of the var- ther work is in progress. ious research institutions which have Dr. H. L. Lyon, botanist of the Ex- grown up in the islands. Some very periment Station, H. S. P. A., has made valuable contributions have been made some contributions to a knowledge of by Joseph F. Rock, for some time pro- our ferns, but his work has been largely fessor of systematic botany at the Col- of an economic nature, connected with lege of Hawaii, and Consulting Botanist the conservation of our forests. This for the Board of Commissioners of has also been the nature of the work of Agriculture and Forestry. He published Charles S. Judd, Territorial Forester, several books : "The Indigenous Trees and some other forestry workers. of the Hawaiian Islands," in 1913 ; the This brings us to the fourth period in "Ornamental Trees of Hawaii," in 1917 ; Hawaiian Botany, upon which we are a monograph of the Lobelias, in 1919 ; only now entering : the period of Con- and a monograph of the native Pritch- servation. The large agricultural in- ardia palms, in 1921. All of these are terests of the islands require an adequate beautifully illustrated. In addition to water supply. To further this, the these he wrote a large number of bul- wasteful runoff from our mountains letins and shorter papers on other plant must be prevented. This is best done groups in Hawaii. by covering the mountains with suit- At present extensive systematic bo- able and sufficient vegetation, to replace tanical work is being done, more or less the native forests which are fast disap- in connection with the University of pearing. The damage to the native Hawaii, by Otto Dagener. forests has been done. Cattle, man and The promising career of Charles N. immigrant plants have so upset their Forbes, botanist at the Bishop Museum, natural balance, that, we are informed was cut short by his sudden death in by those who have made a careful study 1920. Forbes had made extensive sur- of the situation, the native forest is veys of the plant life on most of the doomed. It is but a matter of time be- larger islands of the group, but had only fore it will have entirely vanished from begun to put his extensive knowledge in our islands. In Hawaii the pressing print. What papers he did publish are need, the keynote of the botany of to- to be found in the Occasional Papers of day and tomorrow is conservation. THE MID-PACIFIC 41

(L. A. Whitney, photo) Miscellaneous assortment of contraband plant material consisting of sugar cane, oranges, pomolos, etc., from the Orient, in passengers' baggage, confiscated and destroyed by the Plant Inspectors.

• E 9999999999 9 • • MIJI,INVAM, • q MIPA • y,Avv.,..24s.4el "A ti The Economic Value of Plant 5r"■ i 1► R. • Quarantine L. A. WHITNEY 4 Associate Plant Inspector, Board of Corn. of Agriculture and Forestry (Before the Pan-Pacific Science Council) • .1 r,,-- —:— , --- . ...... T/11,N 1Tel T(11 teltilill ULa II La1112111nU=Lrfi nfini'l

It has been graphically and truly stated To those who are not familiar with the by the most eminent economic entomol- subject, such a statement may seem far ogist in the United States, if not in the fetched, but if a bit of intelligent thought entire world ; a man who has had over is given to it, I can conceive of no one fifty years' experience in war on insects ; questioning the authenticity of this asser- a man who has been loved and revered tion. To the observer it is readily ap- by all who have had the privilege of his parent that though man is the dominant friendship, Dr. L. 0. Howard, until re- animal on our planet, he is far less better cently Chief of the U. S. Bureau of equipped to cope with conditions as they Entomology, that the greatest war of all are than are the insects. It is estimated time is that of "Man Against the Insect." by those competent to judge that insects 42 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 43 were at home on this globe millions of spends more than $45,000,000 annually years before the advent of man and down for insect control, a sum more than suf- through the ages have gradually adapted ficient to finance the government of the themselves to survive and multiply under Territory of Hawaii for several bien- circumstances that would be utterly im- niums. possible for the human. Some insects live Insects eat a proportion of everything in wood, some in the water, some in the we raise, harrass our livestock, attack our ground, some spend portions of their life stored foods. destroy our clothes and cycle in the soil or water and the re- buildings, attack us personally, carry dis- mainder in the open air. In most cases eases from plant to plant and from human they are exceedingly injurious. Their rate to human. In fact, there isn't an endeavor of reproduction is prodigous and the in which we engage that is not influenced quantity of food they consume is enor- by insect activity to a greater or less de- mous, and the toll they take from the agri- gree. culturist is stupendous. Dr. Howard cal- In the natural state, insect life is not culates that the progeny of one pair of as prolific as it has become in our spe- houseflies over a period of nine months, cialized and complex civilization, nor as if all females should produce their full prolific as it will become as our civiliza- quota of eggs, would amount to more than tion advances and increases in complexity. six trillion individuals. A French scientist In the past few decades in the United carefully observed the life cycle of the States alone man has brought great re- cabbage aphis for sixteen generations. He gions of land under intensive cultivation. found that each female gave birth town In many sections great areas are devoted average of 21 young and by simple math- to specialized crops and the better to adapt ematical calculation deduced, that at the them to our uses he clutivates them, irri- end of that period, the progeny of one gates them, fertilizes them, improves them female would total the staggering sum of by artificial selection, all of which renders 564 odd quadrillion, or reduced to weight them more luxuriant and fruitful, but at on an average of 1.4 milligrams per in- the same time a hundredfold more sus- sect, a total of well over 822 million tons, ceptible to insect attack. We search the nearly ten times the weight of the entire ends of the earth for new plants and fruits population of the earth. Another scientist to satisfy our aesthetic desires and to from observations made on the caterpillar improve our economic security and in of a large moth (Telex Polyphemus) reck- most cases take no particular thought oned that it consumed 86,000 times its of what pests may be inadvertently intro- original weight in food in the few weeks duced therewith, at least not until a rela- of its growth and that when full grown it tively few years ago. weighed 4,000 times as much as when it In the foregoing I presume I have emerged from the egg. Still another in- painted rather a ghastly picture. How- vestigator observed that the larva of a ever, as the old proverb goes, "There is a flesh feeding fly consumed 200 times its Silver Lining to Every Cloud" ; also there weight in food the first 24 hours of its is an element of truth in Dean Swift's existence. amusing jingle, that goes as follows : The toll taken by insects in the United The little fleas that do us tease States alone is appalling. It is estimated Have other fleas to bite 'em, that this amounts to upwards of two And these in turn have other fleas billion dollars annually. This amount of And so it goes ad infinitum. course includes actual damage to crops, What I have said before, however, is cost of control, et cetera. Statistics indi- not the entire story. We may take solace cate that the State of California alone in the fact that approximately half the in- 44 THE MID-PACIFIC

sects in the world live on plants, and ani- introduce an injurious form in a new mals, and that the other half live on in- locality and often difficult if not impos- sects. Some insects are internal parasites sible to establish its natural check, or in their early stages. That is, they spend parasite regardless of how efficient it may the larval stage of their life within the have been in its native habitat. A notable body of their host. They have the un- example of this is our so-called Japanese canny ability of proceeding in a more or beetle. Numerous efforts have been made less orderly fashion with the business of to introduce its biologic controls from the going through the larval period of their Orient, with no apparent success to date. life within the body of the host insect, However, we shall keep on trying and carefully avoiding the vitals thereof until in the meantime the damage done by ready to transform, when they either kill the beetle and the toll its takes will go on the individual outright and leave its body, indefinitely. to pupate in the soil, or wait until it forms It is well established that in its home its chrysalis and then leaves. In any event, an injurious insect or disease, plant or the host insect is prevented from going animal is usually of no especial conse- through its complete life cycle, that is, quence, for the reason that nature has issuing as an adult, ready at the proper provided a natural check of one sort or time to help produce its kind, and in the another. In the case of insects it is usually process mankind is benefited. One of the other insects. In the case of plant and spectacular examples of parasitism in the animal diseases it is an increased resist- Territory is the Philippine Scolia wasp ance of the individual built up over long that has almost completely eliminated the periods of time. As an actual example of Oriental Anomala beetle, that once prom- plant diseases consider the chestnut. One ised to be a major pest, of our sugar of the spectacular scourages that has come cane. So complete is the control of this to the United States from the Orient is species by the wasp that it is said to be the chestnut bark disease or chestnut now difficult to obtain specimens of the blight, brought in with chestnut trees from beetle for the collections of the entomol- Japan or China, with the idea of com- ogists. The other great class of parasites pleting a collection of the chestnuts of are predatory, that is, they attack and the world by one of the Eastern educa- devour their hosts. Notable among this tional institutions. This disease became group are the larvae of the ladybird epidemic and practically destroyed all of beetles that feed on mealybugs, scale in- our native American chestnut on the East sects and plant lice, also the larvae of the coast. The Oriental types of trees have Syrphid flies that attack and devour plant survived, due to the resistance built up lice and other soft bodied insects. in their nativity through untold genera- In the interchange of horticultural ma- tions of contact with the disease. Again, terial and the consequent distribution of citrus canker, one of the most virulent injurious species, the biological balance is diseases known to effect citrus was estab- frequently upset, then the problem of con- lished in Florida a number of years ago. trol arises, and the troubles of the agri- It became epidemic in 1912 and since that culturist begins. In many instances in- time the Florida authorities have actually finite patience and time and vast amounts condemned and burned 15,243 grove trees of monies are expended to find and intro- and 342,260 nursery trees. I hesitate to duce enemies of injurious species in new hazard an opinion as to what this disease localities, with negative results. What the has cost the growers of Florida in value reasons for this phenomena are we do not of trees destroyed and time lost and actual clearly understand. Experience, however, money expended ; however, it appears cer- has proved that it is relatively easy to tain that had summary action not been THE MID-PACIFIC 45 taken, a few years would have witnessed ravages were checked. Finally, after a the destruction of the Florida citrus in- prolonged and hazardous search, an ef- dustry. Regarding insect depredations, ficient parasite was found for it. consider the European corn-borer in the I might go on indefinitely and cite in- eastern United States. That insect was stances of damage done by imported or introduced into Massachusetts about 1909 introduced insects and diseases. However, in a shipment of broom corn imported I believe the cases I have noted above for from Europe for manufacturing purposes. the United States in general and for It is known to have been brought in sub- Hawaii in particular will demonstrate sequently with other shipments as well. that there is an unwarranted risk involved However, it has now spread over the bet- in the unrestricted traffic in plant mate- ter part of thirteen states and is said to rial. be one of the most pernicious insects ever Statistics will bear out the statement introduced into the United States. It cost that fully half the damage done to agri- the Federal government $10,000,000 last cultural crops in the United States is done year to combat it, in addition to the by insects of foreign origin. As for the monies expended by the state agencies Territory, the percentage is much higher. concerned—and it is still spreading. Great We know that the number of injurious sums of money are being expended to native insects in the Territory are far devise adequate methods of control, both less than the number of imported species. artificial and natural, with no great degree The reason for all this is obvious. As I of success as yet. Again, take the. Jap- noted before, an insect in its native home anese beetle (Popillia japonica Newn.) is seldom a pest, due to the fact that it is introduced into New Jersey a number of held in check by its natural enemies or years ago ; so far as we know, in a ship- parasites. However, transplant or trans- ment of Iris roots in soil. This insect has port the injurious form to a new locality also spread over several states, has been or environment, where an abundant food the object of much time, effort and money supply is usually available, and it is a expended in conotrol, both artificial and relatively easy matter for it to establish biologic, with no especial success. It has itself. On the other hand, it is often ex- also been made the subject of Federal and ceedingly difficult to establish the bene- state regulatory measures in an effort to ficial form for the reason that the food limit its dispersal, also with little success, supply is not as abundant as in its native and the damage still goes on. Locally, I home, differences in cultural practice and might cite the sugarcane leaf-hopper. This other factors on which I haven't the time insect was inadvertently introduced from to elaborate. Queensland and became so prolific in a Suffice it to say that a consideration of few years that it made the production of all the factors involved has resulted in the sugar on a number of our plantations un- establishment and practice by the leading profitable. Happily the specific enemies agricultural states of the United States were successfully introduced and estab- and by the Federal government of a sys- lished and while it is still present on our tem of plant inspection and quarantine. plantations, it is held so well in check that It was argued that if it was true that these it is not now considered of much im- bugs went on a spree, so to speak, when portance. Also the sugarcane beetle borer. introduced into a new locality, and it was This is another insect that came to us possible to detect them on the horticul- from abroad. It is said to have been orig- tural importations offered for entry, that inally a palm insect. However, it adapted was the obvious thing to do. The hypoth- itself to sugarcane and took a tremendous esis was advanced that it was positively toll from the industry for years before its impossible to adequately inspect unlimited 46 THE MID-PACIFIC

Two infected banana plants were found in this package of a Filipino immigrant.

horticultural importations and be assured those on the seaboards who have contact that all that passed the quarantine lines with foreign countries. For while it is were clean. This in a measure has proved true that we have within our borders true. It was found from experience that many insects of an injurious nature that certain commodities could not be certified would undoubtedly cause irreparable dam- as free even though they were apparently age should they become widely distributed, so on inspection ; hence has grown our our greatest danger lies in the unknown practice of absolutely prohibiting entry of hordes in foreign countries, and it is them certain classes of products, while permit- that we fear the most. While there are ting others admission with inspection. about 600,000 species of insects known to Authority for this work is, of course, science, it is estimated by men who are derived from the government. Every po- competent to judge that there is a far litical subdivision, as you are no doubt greater number yet to be discovered and aware, and also the Federal government, classified. In other words, we have scarce- has one administrative branch entrusted ly scratched the surface of this tremen- with fostering the development of agri- dous problem as yet. culture in all its phases. Plant inspection Quarantine was practiced in relation to and quarantine was rightfully and natural- public health as long as 600 years ago. It ly entrusted to those departments, and, as was not adapted to plants and plant mate- noted before, is one function of most all rial, however, until the latter part of the the principal agricultural states, especially last century, when several European coun- THE MID -PACIFIC 47

tries promulgated almost complete em- waterfront, where we can keep in close bargos on several commodities from the contact with shipping at all times. It is a United States, foremost of which was an 365 day in the year job and one or more embargo on American apples on account men are on duty at all times (I am now of the San Jose scale, which, by the way, referring to Saturday afternoons, Sun- was an insect introduced into the United days and holidays). Our working hours States from the Orient. It received its must necessarily conform to the shipping common name from the fact that it was schedule, and it is frequent that conditions first troublesome in the San Jose region over which we have no control intervene of California. Note that I said embargo, and throw a nicely balanced schedule out not inspection. of gear. In other words, to efficiently and California was perhaps the first to satisfactorily serve the public, who in the inaugurate plant inspection and quaran- final analysis are our employers, we are tine in substantially the form we know it practically on call day and night. Again, today. This followed as a natural result much of the material that passes through of the inadvertent introduction of the San our hands is of a highly perishable nature Jose scale and the Cottny cushion scale in and we must be equipped and prepared to the 70's. The first mentioned had become handle these items with the greatest dis- a serious factor in the production of de- patch and the most safety to the com- ciduous fruit and as I said before had munity. resulted in the closing of the markets of Our records show that an average of some European countries to California 30,000 parcels of horticultural material apples. The latter threatened to eliminate are passed as free from pests, treated be- citrus as an agricultural crop in the state. f ore release, refused entry or destroyed Many acres of trees were abandoned or by our office each week. From 10 to 14 uprooted before adequate relief was se- foreign vessels enter Honolulu harbor cured in the nature of a ladybird beetle each week and these may be anything from Australia, where the scale was from ocean going yachts and ships calling known, but was not important. Please for fuel and supplies to giant ocean liners note another instance when an insect be- from which are discharged hundreds of came epidemic when introduced into a new passengers and thousands of parcels of locality without its natural check. freight, express and mail. They all have Hawaii was not long in following Cali- to be met on arrival and attended to. fornia's lead and under the Monarchy With some it is only a matter of thirty laws were passed, principally in the inter- minutes or so, with others it means a sur- est of the at that time infant coffee in- veillance for several hours on the baggage, dustry. These laws were revised from and a detail of from one to several days time to time, their authority enlarged, et checking over and inspecting the freight cetera. However, the department did not items. In the meantime there are the assume substantially its present form until parcels post packages to attend to, which 1903, when the Territorial legislature ex- may mean from a few parcels to several tensively revised the horticultural laws, bags. Every parcel must be opened and created thereunder a Board of Commis- its contents inspected and if found okeh sioners of Agriculture and Forestry, who the parcels rewrapped and returned to the subdivided the functions delegated to it postoffice. In addition we have the inter- into several bureaus or divisions, the En- island traffic in plant material to care for. tomological division of which was charged The board has promulgated several rules with the responsibility of plant inspection. governing the inter-island movement of At present plant inspection headquar- plant material and we are charged with ters are strategically located near the carrying them out. To effectively do so 48 THE MID -PACIFIC one or more inspectors must be stationed control, but in closed markets for our sur- on each inter-island boat at least one hour plus, which is the most serious factor of before sailing. These departures, for the all. As a striking example of closed mar- best interests of inter-island traffic, are kets, consider for a moment what has made at night. Five sailings are made reg- happened to the Territory on account of ularly each week, all after official office the unfortunate introduction of the Med- hours, which means that one or more in- iterranean fruit fly and the melon fly. spectors are on duty five nights out of This has resulted in the closing of all each week as late as 8 p. m. As a matter available markets for our fruits and vege- of record, I would like to state that dur- tables, the production and exportation of ing the calendar year 1927 our books show which would ultimately mean millions in that 1,541,405 parcels of horticultural ma- increased revenue for the Territory, the terial entering the Territory were dis- development of thousands of acres of land posed of by our office, 1,435,8033/4 of in small farms and provide gainful and pleasant employment for thousands of our which were passed as free from pests, young people. 1,891 were fumigated or otherwise treated The economic value of plant quarantine before entry was permitted, 615 were re- cannot be estimated in any but an ab- turned to point of orign and 3,0953/4 stract way. By that I mean that there are were confiscated and destroyed. Also dur- no tangible results visible. A merchant, ing the period 40,470 passengers with a for instance, can at the proper season total of 103,905 pieces of baggage dis- balance his books and have something to embarked at the port of Honolulu. show for his efforts, be it favorable or In the foregoing I have endeavored to otherwise ; not so with the plant inspector, draw a generalized picture of plant quar- he has nothing definite to show. antine in relation to the other agricultural In closing I would like to reiterate that sciences. In so doing I have tried to make the potential economic value of plant the point that it is our sole desire and quarantine is uncomputable and in the object to protect our agriculture from in- conscientious performance of our duties vasion by the hordes of foreign pests that we are only striving to provide the same are awaiting an opportune moment to safeguards for our agriculture and horti- come to us with importations of plant culture that we are endeavoring to provide material and put a perpetual tax on us, for our people through our various health not only in the way of diminished crops, bureaus and boards, the functions of costly and often ineffective methods of whom are regulatory, as are ours. THE MID-PACIFIC 49 • ,un,-- • IE. : Government • • Forest Work • • • in • Hawaii • By C. S. JUDD, i Territorial Forester ix Tiiic act' I —Th

The practice of forestry in the Terri- tory of Hawaii is prompted by the need for a dependable water supply. Water rather than wood is the chief forest pro- duct, the production of wood supplies taking a very minor position. The forest is a prime factor in the maintenance of economic prosperity in the Territory because of the beneficial in- fluence which it exerts as a protective cover in maintaining the sources of water supply. These supplies are essential to the main industry of the islands, the pro- duction of sugar cane ; for irrigation in Queensland Kauri Pine at Waiahole, Oahu. the dry regions, for fluming cane to the Five years old and 12 feet high. mills in the wet regions, and for domestic use throughout all sections. appointing a trained forester to start the It became evident years ago, that to pioneering work in accordance with ac- maintain these water supplies it was cepted forestry principles. necessary to protect, and build up the The first thing to be done was to de- forest cover on the important watersheds from which water is diverted for eco- limit the areas on the mountains where nomic use. It is an index of the intel- the forest cover should be protected and lectual standing of a community when permanently maintained, this to be fol- the people take measures looking to its lowed by a riddance of destroying future welfare and the local government agencies and a regeneration of the forest took active steps 24 years ago to enlarge on denuded areas. upon the efforts, previously made by it- Prof. Ralph S. Hosmer, the first self and by private parties chiefly along Superintendent of Forestry and now tree planting and forest protection lines, Dean of the Forest School at Cornell by creating a Division of Forestry in the University, did a splendid piece of work Board of Agriculture and Forestry and in examining forest reserve areas and 50 THE MID-PACIFIC

Punaluu Ranger Station at 6,000 feet on Mauna Loa, Hawaii. Hog Proof Fence on Boun- dary of Forest Reserve, Olaa, Hawaii. Planted Grove of Norfolk Island Pines at Waia- hole, Oahu. Trees are five years old and 12 feet high. THE MID-PACIFIC 51

Young Trees Ready for Planting. Left to right—Swamp Ironwood, Christmas Berry, Vinegar Tree, Koa, Ash, Paperbark, and Silk Oak. assembling data so that they could be set The native Hawaiian forest is delicate apart and dedicated to the purpose of and very easily destroyed when subjected water conservation by proclamation of to injuries by stock or men and to main- the Governor. During his regime of ten tain the most satisfactory forest cover it years, he caused 37 forest reserves on the is necessary to give the forest absolute five main islands, aggregating 798,214 protection and to keep it undisturbed. acres, to be set aside. Since then the Fortunately fires rarely do damage number of reserves has been brought up owing to favorable moisture conditions, to 57 with a total area of 916,977 acres. but to guard against damage by tame Additional reserves, soon to be set aside, stock outside of and adjacent to the will bring this total up almost to 1,000,- forest reserves, it has been necessary to 000 acres, which will be about one construct 15o miles of forest boundary quarter of the total land area of the eight fences during the past 18 years and to main islands in the group but the mini- wage constant warfare on the wild' stock mum area limit at which it is felt the re- within and near the forest reserves. serves should be maintained in order to insure adequate water supplies. Wild pigs which do considerable damage The force of men necessary to ad- at the vital headwaters of our streams minister this vast but scattered and are killed in large numbers each month largely inaccessible estate has gradually and it is necessary often to conduct or- been built up in the past 24 years from ganized drives of the wild goats which one man to the total of 88 men who are infest the wilderness and destructively on the payroll today. These comprise 6 invade the neighboring forests. The technically trained foresters, 17 forest available record which is by no means rangers, 3 nurserymen, 2 seed collectors, complete, shows that 5,372 goats, 2,300 24 nursery laborers, and 36 tree planters. sheep, 935 pigs, 59 cattle, and 2 horses, 52 THE MID -PACIFIC all wild, were either killed or removed scattering seeds far and wide. As a re- from or near forest reserves during the sult, young forests are coining up in calendar year 1927. The removal of many places and these often so inacces- marauding stock in such quantities has sibly located that the artificial planting of a very beneficial effect upon the cover, them would have been extremely difficult. for trees which have been constantly To supplement the above, the tree nibbled are freed from growth inhibition planters of the Division of Forestry are and in places extensive forests have put constantly at work setting out trees in on vigorous growth and new seedlings places where the forest has been so com- are coming up as a result of this ben- pletely removed that nature needs help. eficial work. All forest rangers soon be- During 1927, 158,652 trees were planted come good shots in this service. in forest reserves. These consisted of To provide planting stock for use in as many as 124 different species in order reforesting denuded areas in the reserves not only to fit the tree to the planting site and for the general use of the public, but also to try out a number of different four tree nurseries are maintained on the trees for each site to determine which largest islands. From these almost half will grow the best. During the present a million trees of over 150 different year open places in the reserves are be- species were distributed for planting last ing replanted at the average monthly rate year. The total number of trees planted of 21,265 trees which means that with each year throughout the Territory has the used spacing of 15 by 15 feet, 110 averaged 785,600 trees for the past four acres are being covered with new forests years and 1,009,485 trees were reported each month. to have been planted out during 1927. This work is all carried on by the Ter- In the forest reserves natural regen- ritory of Hawaii on its own initiative and eration is taking place in a great many without financial assistance from the fed- regions where protection is afforded eral government except for a contribu- against damaging stock and the wind and tion of about $2,000 per annum for pro- birds are helping in the good work by ducing and distributing trees to farmers. THE MID-PACIFIC 3

A PERPETUAL CAI CL(YE-FACE-

VOW:71TM The Universal Calendar Letter from B. Richmond. VeNtra • • • • trestraVY•

The writer has recently come into which no doubt presents a very full pro- touch with two of your publications, gramme. The former is of more im- "The Bulletin of the Pan-Pacific Union" mediate interest in its intention to bring and "The Journal of the Pan-Pacific Re- about better understanding amongst na- search Institution". The latter aims to tions by co-operative effort for the ad- improve methods of production and dis- vancement of common interests. To facil- tribution, communication and sanitation, itate such development the adoption of 54 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 55 similar standards as regards weights, medans nor Buddhists will ever consent, measures, money, the calendar and pos- en masse, to the adoption of a calendar sibly language is almost sure to be part that is merely a modification of the Gre- of the programme. It seems likely that gorian. The adoption of a new calendar there has been no period in history where will be guided by its conformity with the desire for some such co-operative ef- present day needs and simplicity of op- fort has been so much felt'. That the eration : a perpetual calendar is greatly to idea is not new though is evinced in a be desired. With this as a premise there curious extract from the works of Con- should not be much difficulty in making fucius. suggestions along common-sense lines ; if, In a book entitled "Spring and Au- on the other hand, too much attention is tumn, Confucius outlines a proposal for given to the obstructionist, conservative the general organization of a so-called influences of tradition and religions the universal government. In the year 1918 road only leads to confusion of issue. Senator Chen Huan-Chang, who was also The aim of this letter is to create a president of the Confucian Association discussion in your Journal by making a of China, directed the attention of the proposal which can be the basis of crit- Chinese Senate to these proposals, which icism and suggestion. The proposal will he outlined in 25 articles. Numbers 5 be known as the "Sun" Calendar and un- and 13 of these articles were on the sub- der that head it is discussed herewith : ject of the institution of a universal cal- The year, as represented by the time it endar. It was submitted that present cal- takes the earth to make a complete rev- endars employed by different sects and olution of the Sun, is estimated as 365.- nations be regarded as private ones for 2422166 days in length. By Solar cal- the use of such groups but can- culation the time of seasons is reckoned. not be regarded as universal for the As the revolution, though, does not rep- whole world. Article 13 contains this resent a complete number of days, cor- passage : "Communications, transit, lan- rect solar calendars insert an intercalary guages, customs and culture of the whole day once in a given number of years. world should gradually become univer- The moon of 29.53059 days for com- sal." There is much to be said for the pletion of its orbit is not an exact pro- broad-minded way in which the President portion of the solar orbit. Less advanced of the Confucian Association of China and primitive peoples are inclined to approached subjects in which you have so reckon events by the phases of the moon. much interest. With regard to the calen- The Chinese treat these phenomena in dar in particular his attitude is worthy of two calendars (a) the solar for calcula- note. A contrast is the debate of the tion of seasons (b) the lunar for observa- same matter by the League of Nations in tion of events of a religious nature. In all 1926 which mainly resolved itself into a ages the moon seems to have been associ- discussion of the stabilization of Easter ated with matters of a religious nature or though it did make two recommendations as a sales agent by those who would influ- for the Reform of the Calendar for fu- ence the superstitions. Nevertheless the ture consideration. The League's atti- solar calendar has come to be regarded as tude towards non-Christian communities essential in Christian countries though was summarised in this sentence, "The there is an endeavour to perpetuate the non-Christian religious communities do lunar event by so-called months which, not seem to be directly concerned in the in fact, have no relation to the actual question and they have only been consult- phases of the moon, though certain fasts ed incidentally." and feasts of the Christians are still reg- We know here, as will also be evident ulated thereby. to you, that neither Hindus nor Moham- The following is a comparison of the 56 THE MID -PACIFIC

Gregorian Calendar and the Sun Calen- and Jews which is said to have originated dar. with the Chaldean astronomers. (2) The The Gregorian Calendar feast, fast and festival days of all peoples 1 second is 1-86,400th part of a revol- and religions which are irregularly dis- ution of the earth. persed over the year in respect of the 1 minute is 60 seconds. various communities. Days of rest at 1 hour is 60 minutes. certain intervals are considered essential 1 day and night is 24 hours. amongst western nations though not so 1 week is 7 clays. with the Chinese. Hindus choose a day 1 month is 28, 29, 30 or 31 days. for new moon and one for full moon of 1 quarter is 90, 91, or 92 days. each month. The ancient Aztecs at the 1 half year is 181, 182 or 184 days. time of the Spanish intrusion were said to keep every fifth day as a rest or re- The Sun Calendar creation day. Extra days for recreation, 1 second is 1-120,000th part of a rev- the fast, feast or festival days of olution of the earth. various races, have never been regularised 1 minute is 100 seconds. in the same way as the weekly rest days. 1 hour is 100 minutes. By following closely the diagram at- 1 day and night is 12 hours. tached, of the "Sun" Calendar, the fol- 1 week is 12 parts (6 nights and 6 lowing will get your attention. The year days). is of 60 weeks of 6 days each. There are 1 term is 12 weeks. 5 terms of 12 weeks each in the year. To 1 year is 5 terms. each term there is a term day which It is generally considered that a cal- makes for extra rest days of all peoples. endar divisible by 10 is ideal. Leap year would be inserted at exactly A review of the Gregorian Calendar the half year (end of 30th week) and in shows that half years, quarters and that year make an additional long rest months are of unequal duration. Each interval. There would be 60 five day year commences on a different week day. working periods in the year leaving 65 The weeks do not, with sole exception of free days. The five terms in the year al- February, divide equally into the months. low for decimal working as each term is 24 hours is an awkward division of the divisible by two and also by three and day and night as is observed from the four if such division is necessary. fact that the clock face is of twelve hours The intention of a six day week is for only which must be repeated twice during one full day off each sixth day. The pres- the 24 hour space. Division of hours and ent tendency is for 1 1-2 days free in each minutes follow, as did the old system of seven or 78 free days in a year. The European weights and measures, the half day is so awkward in some places somewhat clumsy computations of anoth- where machinery is used that two days a er age. Quarters are supposed to indi- week free has become usual in certain cate the division of the year into seasons trades. though the seasons are reversed as be- The simplicity of a six day week and tween Northern and Southern hemis- five term year which make up a perpet- pheres, while the short Arctic or Ant- ual calendar must get your attention if arctic summer increases as it reaches the the subject has any interest for you. It equator to a point where perpetual sum- is by no means the last word in the mak- mer exists. ing of a common-sense, workable propo- In the preparation of a calendar there sition but it invites discussion to the end are two items concerning which custom of better understanding between peoples, will be insistent—(1) the weekly rest not only of the Pacific but of the whole day of the Christians, Mohammedans world. THE MID-PACIFIC 57

titARtti AND c,),' !Lis

MAUI .Area in StoTate Sauer, lAtie6 728 ength 48114s.- BreQeith 30 t-td e Highest Deviation too3;.• Feet Lat9est Extinct CroieemtheWort d TPopul ct ion over /5.006 Distance from tionok.W. 7,. Moles leVen 6.5er ,

A relief map of the Island of Maui

/ , • •,a, 999999 li• • 191/IM• 1/ • • IC7r 9999 WV)/ VW/P WIPP • 21_ • ••PCTIK:Th • .MM1

Geography of the Island of MauiMaui Llc By LAWRENCE HITE DAINGERrIELD rc R • — .,.., • • • 6 raix,.,,,,

PHYSICAL FEATURES : Area, 728 see in photographs showing the face of square miles. The "House of the Sun," the moon. that great extinct crater, where the people Two giant gaps, cut the rim of Hale- of the long ago worshipped, rises on akala: the Ko-o-lau gap on the north and Mau-i. It was on this crater, Ha-le-a- the Kau-po on the southeast. ka-la, that Maui, the god, snared the sun, From this great central mass of old according to the old legend. lava, so old that no one may know when The great crater, rising on its western it came forth from the earth, Maui slopes rim to the sublime height of 10,032 feet, away to the sea. The north and east covers an area of about twenty square slopes are cut by enormous gulches, which miles. The floor of the vast crater is carry streams of considerable size to the 2,500 feet beneath the rim in places. sea. The largest of the gulches and Within it a dozen smaller cones lift their streams are Wai-a-ka-moi, Pu-o-ho-ka- cinder pits from the lava floor, giving mo-a, Ho-no-ma-nu, and, especially, Ke- the same wierd appearance that we may a-nae, which comes from the Koolau Gap 58 THE MID-PACIFIC

Crater of Haleakala showing extinct crater cones that are hundreds of feet in height.

The "Needle" in lao valley, which few have ascended. lao valley is the Yosemite of Hawaii. THE MID-PACIFIC 59 of the great crater of Haleakala. The at Mt. E-ke and Pu-u Ku-kui, just as famous East • Maui Ditch Trail crosses Mt. Waialeale rises on Kauai. The con- these gulches and their intervening ridges, verging Iao and Waihee valleys head as well as many smaller gulches and against pali walls reaching upward sev- ridges. It is an extremely interesting eral thousand feet, on the windward sides country, forest-clad and wet. On the of Puu Kukui and Mt. Eke, just as the west, the great crater drops to the North and South Wai-lu-a streams do on isthmus, which connects East and West Kauai. Maui. As like causes produce like effects, to- Skirting the coast and Ka-hu-lu-i bay rential rains result at the heads of the on the north side of the Maui isthmus, two Maui streams, just as at the heads of we arrive at the great mountain mass that the Wailua streams on Kauai. Over 365 forms West Maui. At the head of I-a-o inches (over 30 feet) of water falls dur- valley, which opens toward the sea near ing a normal year at the summit of Puu Wai-lu-ku, the county seat, and the prin- Kukui and nearly as much on Mt. Eke. cipal town of Maui, stands Pu-u Ku-kui. If you could be dropped from clouds This volcano-made mountain rises 5,788 into this wet realm, where you could look feet above the sea. It is the wettest spot down on all sides, you would first see on Maui, and, probably the second wet- swamp grasses, sedges, and dwarfed trees, test spot in the whole Territory. It will mixed with occasional ponds or small be recalled that Mt. Waialeale, Kauai, is lakes, in old craters or in other depres- the wettest spot in the Territory and, sions. In the valley heads and down the probably, in the world. diverging ridges, where the rainfall is The first gulch north of I-a-o, known abundant, a dense growth of ohia lehua, as Wai-he-e, is equally wonderful with with many ferns and vines appear, fed by another high peak at its head. This is the abundant moisture. A little further known as Mt. E-ke, a twin peak to Puu down the slopes, where the rainfall les- Kukui, and nearly as lofty and wet. They sens, the koa trees dominate the forest, are separated by the great Ho-mo-ka-hau and far down the palis in the deep valleys, gulch, that is supposed to be impassible the pale kukuis may be seen. Silvery, at this point. These twin peaks are the winding streams are visible in the floors centers of the great mountain mass of of the many valleys. We feel certain West Maui. They are deeply cut by that many lofty waterfalls are tumbling gulches, the most famous of which are through thousands of feet over the palis I-a-o, Wai-he-e, Ko-ha-ku-lo-a, Honoka- into the abyss. hau, Ho-no-ka-wai, Ka-ho-ma, Lau-ni-o- The trees disappear far down the slopes to the north, west, south, and po-ko; 0-10-wa-lu, and Wai-ka-pu. southeast, where we can see the arid, red It may thus be seen that this is an ex- lands. Much of this dry country has been tremely rough and rugged region. The given a cloth of green, easily recognized I-a-o and Wai-he-e streams, on the wind- as sugar cane. Fields of pineapples cover ward side, probably carry the largest the lower north and northeast slopes. amounts of water of any of the valley Since only twenty to thirty inches of rain streams, while the leeward streams carry falls in a year over the lower slopes, we the least. know that the great fields of cane must CLIMATE AND FOREST COVER : be artificially watered. We remember that If we look at the physical maps of Kauai the water for irrigation comes either from and West Maui we shall see at once that the many valley streams or from wells they they have many things in common. driven into the porous, volcanic rock. Ob- There is the high central mountain mass serving the Maui isthmus to the east and in West Maui, rising to over 5,000 feet southeast, we note that the soil is red and 60 THE MID-PACIFIC

extremely arid. Yet great fields of cane beyond the lofty summit of the snowy wave in the passing trade winds. peak that lifted its head into the clouds Far away to the southeast, where vast (Haleakala). One day Maui started on a Cumulus clouds are rising, we see the long, hard journey up the rocky slope. monster mountain, Ha-le-a-ka-la, the Then he hid himself in a deep cave at the "House of the Sun." Let us ascend summit, where he might watch and wait Haleakala by the trail from Olinda. for the sun. Standing on the rim, we look down into There he decided what to do. "I will the great crater. It looks arid because the snare the sun," he said to himself. rugged depths are scantily clad with vege- Each day, after the sun had come up tation. The broken Cumulus clouds oc- above the lofty peak, Maui went in search casionally sweep in through Ko-o-lau gap of cocoanut fiber. At night he wove the on the north rim, bringing a dash of rain. fiber into strong rope. At last his rope More rarely the clouds come in through was long and firm. Then he made a Kau-po gap on the south. Sometimes noose. With this he went up to the sum- these wind-borne clouds converge within mit, where he hid among the rocks to the vast walls of the crater, and we have watch and wait. the far-famed "Battle of the Clouds." When the first long beam appeared, Rainfall is rarely heavy within the crater Maui was ready. With a swift, sure aim, rim. What actually happens to the clouds he cast the noose far over the longest when the winds that bear them sweep over beam and with his stone adz he cut it. the rim and descend into the crater Maui did this again and again, each depths ? The air is warmed by compres- time cutting the longest beam. Then he sion, of course. The capacity for mois- shouted in triumph, "Thou art my cap- ture increases with a decreasing supply. tive, oh Sun! now I will kill thee for thy The clouds simply dissipate as invisible swift going !" vapor in the thirsty air. But the sun said, "Let me live and thou There are many interesting legends shalt see me go more slowly. Behold, concerning the mountains of Hawaii. thou hast cut off all my strong beams and None of these legends exceed in beauty left me only the weak ones !" of thought the story of "SNARING Then Maui was sorry for the crippled THE SUN." Maui had watched his sun ; so he permitted him to pursue his grandmother, day after day, as she tried course. But from that time onward the to make her tapa, the cloth that was to sun moves more slowly. Thus ends the be used in her garments and his. legend. Each day at dawn the grandmother be- Suppose we look far down the slopes gan her work. She spread the moistened outside the great crater, the "House of fiber in the wooden trough, pounding it the Sun." The nights are so extremely with her wooden mallet until it was soft cold up here that snow frequently falls in and pliable. Then she spread it deftly on mid-winter. Away to the west, southwest, the rocks for the sunshine to dry it. and south, steep slopes and sublime depths Daily, before her work was done, the sun greet us. In the lower reaches they are was low in the sky. At dark, the grand- dry, hot, and red. A scanty growth of mother, tired and discouraged, took up scrubby trees cover the upper slopes. This the fiber from the rocks, still wet and is plainly an arid region—a region cut off dripping. from the trade winds by the mountain Maui was angry when he saw how his barrier. Note, too, that the slope of the grandmother's work failed each day. He land exposes it fully to the hot afternoon made up his mind that he would conquer sun. How should this affect the tempera- the sun and make him do his bidding. ture, especially when the clouds are Maui knew where the sun dwelt, away scarce ? THE MID- PACIFIC 61

When we turn about, however, and plantations that are located where so little look toward the northeast, east, and rainfall occurs ? southeast, we find a strange and wonder- We recall the enormous amount of ful contrast. Down those gulch-scarred, water that is precipitated from the clouds rugged slopes, below the lava fields, we that are uplifted when the trade winds see great wet forests of ohia lehua amid blow over the central mountain mass of jungles of ferns and vines and a-pe-a-pe. West Maui and the windward slope of In this solitude of sobbing clouds and Haleakala in East Maui. The streams festooned moss, leaping waterfalls and from these mountains do not, as a general rushing torrents, all Nature tells the thing, pass through the vast cane fields. ceaseless story of the rain. It is by great irrigation systems that the Dropping down the northeast slope water from the high mountains reaches to an elevation of about 4,300 feet above these fields. There are many miles of the sea, we arrive at Wai-a-ka-moi and tunnels, pipes, flumes, and ditches leading Pu-o-ho-ka-moa, the wettest region of from near the great stream heads, far up east Maui. Here the annual rainfall near the hearts of the mountains and out reaches about 300 inches. We are in the along the mountain sides. Through sharp midst of a real jungle, with great fern spurs, around palis, and, finally, out over trees, spreading their fronds about us. the cane-clad slopes, these tunnels, flumes, and ditches carry the life-giving water Here we find the giant a-pe a-pe, which is really a geranium-like plant, with leaves into the valleys and lowlands, even to the five feet or more in diameter. The a-pe coast line. There are hundreds of miles of ditches carrying the precious water to a-pe might well be called the "umbrella of the wild." This strange botanical giant the thirsty cane fields, making the Maui isthmus a veritable sugar bowl. Explain is needed here, where heavy rains occur how irrigation is done in the cane fields. almost daily. How may water be brought to the cane Through this jungle of wetness lies the fields aside from the mountain streams ? famous "Ku-la Pipe Line," which carries By wells ! This method is practiced here, water to that thirsty region on the north- also, and elsewhere on the island, espe- west slope of Haleakala. The extreme cially on Oahu. wetness does not end at this 4,000-foot The Alakai swamp on the island of level. Far down the windward slope, to Kauai is another example of how vast even less than a thousand feet above the stores of water are held for useful pur- sea, the region of heavy rainfall persists poses. This region acts as a great reser- and the tree life is abundant. For many voir in which most of the streams of miles along the shoulder of the mountain, Kauai that carry the water to the low- at about 1,200 feet above the sea, the lands find their heads. In this wide Ko-o-lau or East Maui Ditch extends. It swamp area there is a deep deposit of carries water from the many wet gulches black loam or soil derived from the vege- out over the thirsty plains of the low- tation of many year's growth. Here the lands, even over the wide cane fields of water is held and allowed to enter the the Maui isthmus. streams gradually from the great swamp- CROPS : The Maui isthmus and the land reservoir. leeward side of East Maui lie in the arid Now let us examine the rock formation and semi-arid zones that are shown on of the Territory. What do we usually the rainfall map. Yet much of the 140,- find ? We observe that the rocks are full 000 tons of sugar that is annually pro- of tiny holes — extremely porous and duced on Maui grows on these dry lands. much like a sponge. How did these holes We know that sugar requires much mois- happen to form in the rocks ? Imagine a ture. How is that water brought to these great field of red-hot lava, such as we 62 THE MID-PACIFIC

A sugar mill set in the vast sea of growing cane. shall see when we visit the volcano of the irrigation ditches with a covering of Ki-lau-e-a, on the island of Hawaii. concrete, thus preventing loss by seepage. What is burning so fiercely in the molten In this way most of the water that is lava ? Gas ! All through the vast fields taken from the streams to the ditches of lava the gas is flaming, even within finally reaches the cane fields. In times the lava itself. What happens when the of long drought, even this method of lava cools and the gas is finally burned saving irrigation water may be insufficient out ? Millions of tiny holes, once occu- for the crops ; hence wells and pumping pied by the flaming gas, are left in the stations are being depended on more and great mass of lava, even piled high into more to supply the lack of water. mountains. What has this to do with Compare irrigation in Hawaii with wells and underground water ? Only this : methods of irrigation elsewhere in the the porous lava permits enormous world. Irrigation was practiced in ancient amounts of water to be absorbed, acting days in Egypt, Babylonia, and Peru. like a great reservoir, ready and waiting After consulting your general geography, to be tapped. Water has thus strangely determine in what ways did ancient irri- usurped the ancient home of fire. gation resemble and differ from irrigation Vast amounts of the water, falling as of today. In what states of the mainland rain over the windward slopes of Halea- or the United States is irrigation exten- kala and West Maui, even to the summits sively practiced What crops are thus of Mt. Eke and Puu Kukui, sink into the raised ? porous rock which forms the mountains, Over the uplands, just above the cane to seep out as springs into the streams. fields of some sections of West Maui and Owing to this porous rock, it has been the windward slope of Haleakala, con- found necessary to line or coat many of siderable areas are planted to pineapples. THE MID-PACIFIC 63

In these regions the rainfall is moderate, Oriental people, however, are in business ranging from 60 to 80 inches a year. for themselves. Here the sunshine is abundant. Compare Proceeding around the coast, we pass these regions with the pineapple regions through the Hawaiian villages of Ka-a- of Oahu. Haiku is the pineapple center nae, and Na-hi-ku, to Ha-na, the mill of Maui. town of the "Kae-le-ku Sugar Company." Still further up on the north slope of This is near the eastern end of Maui, Haleakala, from about 2,500 to 4,000 feet About ten miles around this point is Ki- in elevation, Indian corn or maise is pa-hu-lu. Sugar has been produced for grown successfully, where there is a mod- many years on these plantations at Hana erate rainfall of from 40 to 60 inches and Kipahulu. Recently the introduction annually, with temperature conditions not of pineapples in the Kipahulu district has unlike those of the middle western states materially increased the pine output of of the mainland. Maui. Here many Orientals live amid Over the grass lands on the slopes of the native Hawaiians. Haleakala, even to the summit in places, Passing through several deep gulches and down to the sea on the dry leeward by trail for about five miles, we arrive at side, extensive cattle grazing is practiced. the picturesque Hawaiian village of Kau- Much of this cattle grazing region is arid po, by the sea, below the great Kaupo and the vegetation is sparse. In certain Gap of Haleakala. Lau-ha-la mat and sections, as on Molokai and Lanai, the hat weaving is still practiced here by the cactus has been introduced. The cattle Hawaiian people. Cattle grazing is the graze on the succulent leaves and pears. chief industry of the country around and Excellent bananas are grown on the low west of Kaupo. levels of windward East Maui, where the Up on the west shoulder of Haleakala, rainfall is heavy and the temperature is at an elevation of 3,000 feet, where the high. The lack of proper shipping facili- air is clear and cool, is the famous Ku-la ties in the past has prevented the proper Sanitarium, where tubercular patients re- POPULATION : Wai-lu-ku, the coun- ceive treatment. A few miles farther ty seat, near Ka-hu-lui Bay, on the north around Haleakala on the northwest slope side of the isthmus, is the largest town. we come to Ma-ka-wa-o, and the head- It is beautifully located near the mouth quarters of the "Haleakala Ranch Com- of the famous I-a-o valley, and overlook- pany." Farther down the slope to the ing the bay. It is one of the terminals of westward lies the Raymond cattle ranch. the Ka-hu-lui Railway, and it is the sugar Proceeding along the west coast, through mill town of the Wailuku Sugar Com- the little Hawaiian fishing village of Ki- pany. Kahului is the main port, being on he-i on Ma-alae-a Bay, we pass through the bay of the same name. Pu-u-ne-ne the mill town of the "0-10-wa-lu Sugar lies a few miles to the east of Kahului. Plantation." It may be reached by automobile as well In La-hai-na we find one of the prin- as by rail. Puunene is the mill town of cipal ports of the island. The main activi- the "Hawaiian and Commercial Sugar ties of the "Pioneer Mill Company," one Company," the largest producer in the of the chief sugar producers, are located Territory. Just east of Puunene is Pa-i-a, here. Above the town, on the mountain the center of the "Maui Agricultural side, is the La-hai-na-lu-na school. This Company." Continuing on through the is one of the earliest of the educational village of Ha-ma-kua-po-ko, we reach the institutions that were established by the railway terminal at Kaiku, in the pine- missionaries. It is interesting to note that apple district. All of these towns possess the first printing press west of the Rocky a large Oriental population, employed on Mountains was established here in the the various plantations. Some of these Lahainaluna School. 64 THE MID-PACIFIC

There is another landing at Ka-a-na- in Wailuku, in which the judge of the pa-li, a short distance above Lahaina. Circuit Court has his office. Small villages are located, also, at Ho-no- A plant inspector looks after the agri- lua and Ho-no-ko-hau, on the north end cultural products and an animal inspector of West Maui, in the pineapple and cattle protects the ranches against livestock dis- raising district. In all of this West Maui eases. A county engineer and a sanitary district the population is largely Oriental, inspector also are provided to maintain with some Hawaiian and Portuguese. the general welfare and to insure the If we proceed around by trail on the health of the citizens. windward coast of West Maui to Ka-ha- The complete public school is under ku-loa, we shall find a delightful little the direction of the Superintendent of Hawaiian village, where grass huts still Public Instruction, located in Honolulu. persist. Beside the public schools, there are a Means of travel are lacking in many number of private schools, including the parts of Maui. While there are excellent Lahainaluna school, which is the oldest in automobile roads from Lahaina to Wai- the Territory. luku and thence to Haiku, as well as from PLACES AND POINTS OF IN- Hana to Kipahulu, dirt roads are more TEREST : The crater of Haleakala is common, and trails are the only routes one of the real wonders of the Territory. followed on the long stretches up the An all-day trip by automobile to Olinda, slopes of Haleakala and on the mountains thence over the trail on horseback, will of West Maui. Some of these trails grow bring the traveler to the "Rest House" dim and disappear as one penetrates the on the rim, in time to view the superb deep valleys and jungle-clad ridges. sunset and to look into the pitted abyss The total population of the island in of the House of the Sun. A night camp 1920 was about 36,000 people, with about at the "Rest House" and an early rising the same percentages of the various races is repaid by a rare sunrise. Often circular as elsewhere in Hawaii. rainbows play in the clouds that fill the crater. COMMERCE AND INDUSTRIES : The trip may be continued by following As on Kauai and Oahu, we have seen that the trail through the bed of the crater, Maui is a highly specialized island. That winding around a number of the cones is, it produces but few crops. Sugar, as that rise from the crater's lava floor. we have seen, leads. Pineapples are be- This trail leads down through Kaupo coming a second and increasingly im- Gap to Kaupo, thence through several portant crop. Cattle raising and the gulches of sublime grandeur opening into growing of corn also are important in- the sea en route to Kipahulu. dustries. Sugar and canned pineapples are Then one may enter that marvelous the principal exports, of course, while the East Maui Ditch Trail near Nahiku and cattle are consumed locally or in Hono- travel through jungles of tropical beauty lulu. Imports are similar to those of and along palis abounding in stupendous Honolulu. waterfalls, down into that super-valley of GOVERNMENT : Wailuku is the Keanae, thence to Pogues. county seat of Maui county, which in- A shorter trip leads from Wailuku up cludes the islands of Maui, Molokai, Iao valley, from which the famous Lanai, and Kahoolawe. The various of- "Needle" rises and with the long water- ficers are located in Wailuku. These of- falls coming from Puu Kukui at its head. ficers are elected by the direct vote of the There are a dozen other trips to points people. The county court house is located of great interest or exquisite grandeur. .4- VOLUME IV JANUARY-MARCH, 1929 No. 1

JOURNAL

OF THE Pan-Pacific Research Institution

A Periodical Record of Investigations Bearing on Problems of Food Production, Distribution, Conservation and Consumption, as well as on Public Health, and Race and Population Problems as Related to the Countries Bordering on the Pacific.

Fishes from Russian Pacific Waters By V. K. Soldatov

Agenda World Engineering Congress, Japan

Problems Relating to a Botanical Survey of Hawaii By Herbert F. Bergman

A Conservation Congress in Siberia

World's Engineering Congress in Tokyo

AT PRESENT PUBLISHED QUARTERLY AT HONOLULU, HAWAII BY THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION

More frequent publication as acceptable material is contributed. 2 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION At the Pan-Pacific Institution The work at the Pan-Pacific Institu- authors in different Pacific lands. While tion is developing along a number of the board of editors of the Journal of lines. Scientists from America and other the Pan-Pacific Research Institution are Pacific lands continue to occupy its guest in no way responsible for this quarterly house while pursuing botanical research edition of the magazine, they glady co- work in Hawaii. There are a few resi- operate in securing for it the popular sci- dent science workers, and the house for ence papers read or prepared as lectures Junior scientists attending science courses at the Institution. In this way lectures at the University of Hawaii is filling up. given by some of the most distinguished At present China, Japan, America and scientists of Pacific lands, visiting Ha- Siam are represented by student resi- waii, find their way into print and are of dents. use to students. Science dinners are held in the main Scientists interested in food and popu- building almost nightly. The research lation problems of the Pacific are invited workers of the Pan-Pacific Women's as guests at the Pan-Pacific Research In- Conference meet and dine here together stitution during their research work in on Tuesdays, the scientists interested in Hawaii. calling the Second Pan-Pacific Food Con- The Junior Scientists at the Institute servation Conference hold their dinner have accumulated a valuable equipment meetings here on Wednesdays, the regu- of machinery for the work of promot- lar popular science suppers on Friday ing visual education ; cameras, movie ma- evenings, and the Junior Scientists be- chines, microscopes, microphotographic gan two years ago holding their dinner instruments, projection machines of sev- meets on Saturday evenings. eral kinds ; for both motion and still pic- After the popular science suppers on tures. All of these they are learning to Friday nights at the Pan-Pacific Re- use and are beginning to turn out stand- search Institution, illustrated lectures are ard sized film pictures of scientific and given and the Junior Scientists are plan- educational subjects. They have access ning their series of Saturday night popu- to a library of some ten thousand photo- lar science lectures. graphs from Pacific lands ; for these they The Junior Architects are remodeling are printing captions and descriptions. one of the buildings as a lecture hall, then reproducing the whole on strips of where they will hold their meetings and film for distribution to educational in- where the regular science lectures will be stitutions. For their use the Pan-Pacific held. Union asks for pictures of educational The editorial board of the "Journal of value from every Pacific land. the Pan-Pacific Research Institution" is The Junior Scientists have been placed still gathering data on the fish of the in charge of the mosquito survey in Pacific and under the guidance of Dr. Honolulu, and their elders, among the David Starr Jordan, president of the In- older scientists, believe they now see a stitution, the check list of the Fish of the way to eradicate the mosquito in the Pacific is being published, first in the city. Journal, the type being held for book The Pan-Pacific Science Council work- publication when the check list is com- ers are still interested in the plans for a pleted. Pan-Pacific Botanic Garden and they are It is possible now to send for correc- now preparing the tentative agenda for tion the proof sheets of papers to be the Second Pan-Pacific Food Conserva- published in the quarterly science num- tion Conference to gather in Honolulu ber of the Mid-Pacific Magazine to the during August, 1931. JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 3 A Check List of Fishes Recorded from Russian Pacific Waters By V. K. SOLDATOV, Academy of Agriculture, Moscow

In the following list are enumerated Sea were described by Prof. L. S. Berg, the families, genera, and species of fishes P. J. Schmidt, V. K. Soldatov, M. N. inhabiting the Russian Pacific waters : Pavlenko, G. U. Lindberg and others. the Possiet Bay, Peter the Great Bay, In the present list all these records are Gulf of Tartary, Okhotsk Sea along the brought together to the date of February, coast of Siberia northward to the coast 1928. of Kamchatka. The principal literature consulted is as In the list are included some of the follows : fresh water fishes, entering the brackish 1896-1900—Jordan and Evermann: Fishes of North and Middle America, Bull. U. S. waters or inhabiting the rivers near to Nat. Mus., pts. I-IV. their mouths. 1902—Jordan and Snyder: A Review of the Blennoid Fishes of Japan, Proc. U. S. The list is not presumed to be com- Nat. Mus., Vol. XXV, p. 441-504. plete, since large collections of fishes, 1903—Jordan and Starks: A Review of made by the expedition of the Depart- the Fishes of Japan belonging to the Family ment of Agriculture in the years 1906- of Hexagrammidae, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXVI, p. 1003-1013. 1916, those of 'the North Pacific Hydro- 1904—Jordan and Starks: A Review of graphical Expedition and very interesting the Cottidae of Japan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., new collections of the Pacific Biological Vol. XXVII, p. 231-335. 1904—Jordan and Starks: A Review of Station at Vladivostok are not yet de- the Scorpaenoid Fishes of Japan, Proc. U. scribed and without doubt contain many S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXVII, p. 91-175. 1904—A Review of the Japanese Fishes unrecorded fishes. The fish fauna of the of the Family of Agonidae, Proc. U. S. Nat. deep sea in our waters is yet to be made Mus., Vol. XXVII, p. 575-579. known and a very interesting phenom- 1904—P. Schmidt: Pisces Marium Orient- alium Imperii Rossici, p. 1-466. enon of the continuous penetrating of 1906—Jordan and Starks: A Review of fishes in our waters from the south was the Flounders and Soles of Japan, Proc. U. observed during last year by the investi- S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXXI, p. 161-246. gators of the Biological Station at Vladi- 1907—Berg, L.: A Review of Species of Pygosteus from East Asia, Proc. U. S. Nat. vostok and others. Therefore, to the ma- Mus., Vol. XXXII, p. 451-454. rine species enumerated I suppose some 1908—Tanaka, Shigeho: Ann. Zool. Jap. VI, pt. 4. other new ones should have probably 1909—Berg, Leo S.: Ichthyologia Amur- been added. enzis, Mem. Acad. Imp. des Sci., St. Peters- The first systematic catalogue of fishes burg, Vol. XXIV, No. 9, p. 1-269. 1910—Pavlenko, M. N.: Fishes of Peter known from Russian Pacific waters is the Great Bay, 1-72. contained in the great work of Peter 1912—Gilbert and Burke: Fishes from Schmidt : "Pisces Marium Orientalium Bering Sea and Kamchatka, Bull. Bureau of Fisheries, Vol. XXX, p. 31-96. Imperii Rossici," published at St. Peters- 1912—Burke, C. V.: A new genius and six burg, 1904, by the Russian Geographical new species of the family Cyclopteridae, Society. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 43, p. 567-574. 1913—Jordan, Tanaka and Snyder: A Since the publications of the mono- Catalogue of the Fishes of Japan. Journal graph of Peter Schmidt, the young ich- of the College of Science, Tokyo, Vol. XXXIII, thyologist M. N. Pavlenko (now de- p. 1-497. 1914—Jordan and Thompson, W. F.: ceased), described in 1907 the fishes of Record of the Fishes obtained in Japan in Peter the Great Bay. Subsequently 1911, Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum, Vol. fishes from different parts of Okhotsk VI, No. 4. 4 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

1914-Berg, Leo S.: Les poissons du fleuve 1927-Lindberg, G. U.: The Food Fishes Toumen-oula (Coree) collectionnee par A. I. of Far East and their Fisheries. Report of Czerski, Ann. du Mus. Zool. de l'Academie the First Food Conservation Conference at des Sciences de Petersb., Vol. XIX, p. 554- Khabarovsk. 561. Family I. PETROMYZONIDAE 1915-Peter J. Schmidt: Ichthyological 1. Lampetra fluviatilis japonica Martens. Notes, Ann. du Mus. Zool. de l'Acad. Imper. Family II. SQUALIDAE des Sciences, St. Petersb., Vol. XX, p. 611- 2. Squalus acanthias Linnaeus. 630. Family III. CARCHARIIDAE 1915-Peter J. Schmidt: On the Pacific 3. Mustelus mustelus manazo Bleeker. species of Hippoglossoides, Ann. Mag. Nat. 4. Triakis scyllium Muller and Henle.* Hist. Ser. 8, Vol. XVI. Family IV. SPHYRNIDAE 1915-V. K. Soldatov and M. N. Pavlenko: 5. Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus). Two new genera of Cottidae from Tartary Family V. DALATIIDAE Strait and Okhotsk Sea, Ann. Mus. Zool. 6. Somniosus microcephalus (Bloch). de l'Acad. Imp. des Sciences, St. Petersb., Family VI. LAMNIDAE Vol. XX, p. 149-154. 7. Lamna cornubica (Gmelin). 1915-V. K. Soldatov: Two new species Family VII. RAJIDAE of Artediellus from Tartary Strait and 8. Raja binoculata Girard. Kamchatka, ibidem, p. 155-161. 9. Raja kenojei Muller and Henle. 1915-Soldatov and Pavlenko: Descrip- 10. Raja parmifera Bean. tion of a new species of family Rajidae from 11. Raja aleutica Gilbert. Okhotsk Sea, ibidem, p. 162-163. 12. Raja roseispinis Gill and Townsend. 1915-Soldatov: A new genus of Blen- 13. Raja interrupta Gill and Townsend. niidae from Peter the Great Bay, ibidem, p. 14. Raja smirnovi Soldatov and Pavlenko. 635-637. Family VIII. DASYATIDAE 1915-Soldatov and Pavlenko: A new 15. Dasyatis akajei (Milner and Henle). genus of Blenniidae-Kasatkia, ibidem, p. 16. Urolophus giganteus Lindberg. 638-640. Family IX. ACIPENSERIDAE 1916-Soldatov: A new species of Lycodes 17. Huso dauricus (Georgi). from Okhotsk Sea, ibidem, Vol. XXI, p. 214- 18. Acipenser schrenki (Brandt). 216. 19. Acipenser medirostris Ayres. 1916-Soldatov: Description of a new Family X. CLUPEIDAE species of genus Crossias, from Okhotsk 20. Clupea harengus pallasii (Cuv. & Val.). Sea, ibidem, p. 217-221. 21. Harengula zunasi (Bleeker). 1917-Soldatov: Notes on two new species 22. Sardinella melanosticta (Temminck of Lycodes from Okhotsk Sea, ibidem, Vol. and Schlegel). XXII, p. 112-117. Family XI. ENGRAULIDAE 1918-Soldatov: Description of a new 23. Engraulis japonicus Temminck and species of Krusensterniella Schmidt, ibidem, Schlegel. Vol. XXIII, p. 157-159. Family XII. DOROSOMATIDAE 1918-Soldatov: On a new genus and 24. Clupanadon punctatus (Temminck and three species of Zoareidae from Okhtosk Schlegel). Sea, ibidem, p. 160-163. Family XIII. SALMONIDAE 1921-Soldatov: Description of a new 25. Salmo mykiss Walbaum. species of Artediellus from Okhotsk Sea, 26. Oncorhynchus masu Brevoort. ibidem, Vol. XXIII, p. 321-324. 27. Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walb.). 1921-Soldatov and Pavlenko: Notes on 28. Oncorhynchus ketd (Walb.). a new species of Myoxocephalus from Ok- 29. Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walb.). hotsk Sea, ibidem, p. 339-344. 30. Oncorhynchus nerka (Walb.). 1922-Soldatov, V. K.: A new genus and 31. Oncorhynchus tschawytscha (Walb.). species of Cottidae from Peter the Great 32. Salvelinus alpinus malma (Walb.). Bay, ibidem, p. 352-354. 33. Salvelinus leucomaenis (Pallas). 1925--Jordan and Hubbs, C. L.: Record 34. Hucho perryi (Brevoort). of fishes obtained by David Starr Jordan in 35. Brachymystax lenok (Pallas). Japan, 1922. Memoirs Carnegie Museum, 36. Coregonus ussuriensis Berg. Vol. X, No. 2, p. 93-346. 37. 1927-Soldatov, V. K.: Notes on two little Coregonus chadary Dybowski. known genera and species from Shantar 38. Thymallus arcticus grubei Dybowski. Islands, p. 399-404, from Festschrift fiir Family XIV. OSMERIDAE Prof. N. M. Knipowitsch. 39. Osmerus eperlanus dentex Steindach- 1927-Schmidt, P. J.: A revision of the ner. genus Icelus Kroyer with the description of 40. Mesopus olidus (Pallas). a new species from Okhotsk Sea, Ann. du Family XV. SALANGIDAE Musee Zool. de l'Acad. des Sciences de 41. Salangichthys microdon Bleeker. l'URSS, Vol. XXVIII, p. 1-8. Family XVI. CYPRINIDAE 1927-Schmidt: A revision of the genus 42. Leuciscus brandti (Dybowski). Gymnocanthus Swainson, Ann. du Musee 43. Leuciscus waleckii (Dybowski). Zoologique le l'Acad. des Sciences de l'URSS, Vol. XXVIII, p. 25-32. * Probably a new species. JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACI FIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 5

44. Phoxinus percnurus mantschuricus 82. Spheroides borealis Jordan and Sny- Berg. der. 45. Phoxinus percnurus sachalinensis Berg. 83. Spheroides niphobles Jordan and Sny- 46. Phoxinus lagowskii Dybowski. der. 47. Phoxinus lagowskii variegatus (Gun- 84. Spheroides pardalis (Temminck and ther). Schlegel). 48. Pseudaspius leptocephaluS (Pallas). Family XXIV. SCORPAENIDAE 49. Gobio gobio (Linnaeus). 85. Sebastodes glaucus (Hilgendorf). 50. Hemibarbus labeo (Pallas). 86. Sebastodes schlegeli (Hilgendorf). 51. Hemibarbus labeo maculatus Bleeker. 87. Sebastodes ciliatus (Tilesius). 52. Parabramis pekinensis (Basilewski). 88. Sebastodes ruber Pavlenko. 53. Culter erythropterus Basilewsky. 89. Sebastichthys trivittatus (Hilgendorf). 54. Culter mongolicus Basilewsky. Family XXXV. HEXAGRAMMIDAE 55. Carassius carassius (Linnaeus). 90. Hexagrammus octogrammus (Pallas). 56. Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus. 91. Hexagrammus stelleri Tilesius. 57. Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valen- 92. Hexagrammus lagocephalus (Pallas). ciennes). 93. Pleurogrammus monopterygius (Pal- Family XVII. COBITIDAE las). 58. Nemachilus barbatulus toni (Dybow- Family XXXVI. COTTIDAE ski). 94. Icelus spiniger Gilbert. 59. Misgurnus fossilis anguillicaudatus 95. Icelus uncinatus Gilbert and Burke. (Cantor). 96. Icelus spatula Gilbert and Burke. 60. Cobitis taenia Linnaeus. 97. Icelus ochotensis Schmidt. Family XVIII. SILURIDAE 98. Ochotskia armata Schmidt. 61. Parasilurus asotus (Linnaeus). 99. Artediellus ochotensis Gilbert and Family XIX. BAGRIDAE Burke. 62. Pelteobagrus fulvi-draco (Richardson). 100. Artediellus camchaticus Gilbert and 63. Liocassis brashnikovi Berg. Burke. Family XX. ESOCIDAE 101. Artediellus aporosus Soldatov. 64. Esox reicherti Dybowski. 102. Artediellus dydymovi Soldatov. Family XXI. HEMIRHAMPHIDAE 103. Artediellus schmidti Soldatov. 65. Hyporhamphus sajori (Temminck and 104. Artedielloides auriculatus Soldatov. Schlegel). 105. Triglops beani Gilbert. Family XXII. SCOMBRESOCIDAE 106. Triglops jordani (Schmidt).. 66. Cololabis saira (Brevoort). 107. Triglops macellus (Bean). Family XXIII. BELONIDAE 108. Triglops scepticus (Gilbert). 67. Tylosurus anastomella (Cuvier and 1.09. Stegistrum stejnegeri Jordan and Gil- Valenciennes) . bert. Family XXIV. MUGILIDAE 110. Hemilepidotus hemilepidotus Tilesius. 68. Mugil haematochilus Temminck and 111. Hemilepidotus jordani Bean. Schlegel. 112. Hemilepidotus gilberti Jordan and Family XXV. SCOMBRIDAE Starks. 69. Pneumatophorus japonicus Houttuyn. 113. Melletes. papilio Bean. 70. Auxis thazard (Lacepede). 114. Ceratocottus diceraus (Pallas). 71. Thunnus thynnus (Linnaeus). 115. Ceratocottus namiyei Jordan and 72. Scomberomorus niphonius Cuvier and Starks. Valenciennes. 116. Dasycottus setiger Bean. Family XXVI. TRICHIURIDAE 117. Cottus poecilopus Heckel. 73. Trichiurus japonicus (Temminck and 118. Cottus amblystomopsis Schmidt. Schlegel). 119. Cottus paltschevskii Schmidt. Family XXVII. CARANGIDAE 120. Cottus czerskii Berg. 74. Seri ola aureovittata Temminck and 121. Mesocottus haitej Dybowski. Schlegel. 122. Myoxocephalus quadr ic or nis (Lin- 75. Trachurus japonicus (Temminck and naeus). Schlegel). 123. Myoxocephalus jaok (C. and V.). Family XXVIII. PRIACANTIDAE 124. Myoxocephalus polyacanthocephalus 76. Priacanthus japonicus Cuvier and Va- (Pallas). lenciennes. 125. Myoxocephalus stelleri Tilesius. Family XXIX. STROMATEIDAE 126. Myoxocephalus tuberculatus Soldatov 77. Reprilus paru (L.). and Pavlenko. Family XXX. SERRANIDAE 127. Myoxocephalus nivosus (Herzenstein). 78. Lateolabrax japonicus (Cuvier and 128. Myoxocephalus ranin1s Jordan and Valenciennes). Starks. Family XXXI. SPARIDAE 129. Myoxocephalus brandti Steindachner. 79. Sparus swinhonis czerskii Berg. 130. Myoxocephalus ensiger (Jordan and Family XXXII. MONACANTHIDAE Starks). 80. Cantherines modestus (Gunther). Family XXXIII. TETRAODONTIDAE 131. Myoxocephalus (Porpcottus) sellaris 81. Spheroides rubripes (Temminck and (Gilbert). Schlegel). 132. Megalocottus platycephalus (Pallas). 6 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

133. Taurocottus bergii Soldatov and Pav- Family XL. ELEOTRIDAE lenko. 185. Percottus gleni Dybo wski. 134. Trichocottus brashnikovi Soldatov and Family XLI. GOBIIDAE Pavlenko. 186. Rhinogobius hadropterus (Jordan and 135. Malacocottus zonurus Bean. Snyder). 136. Eurymen gyrinus Gilbert and Burke. 187. Chaenogobius macrognathos (Bleeker). 137. Gilbertidia ochotensis Schmidt. 188. Tridentiger obscurus (Schlegel). 138. Phychrolutes paradoxus Giinther. 189. Chloea aino Schmidt. 139. Argyrocottus zanderi Herzenstein. Family XLII. BATHYMASTERIDAE 140. Gymnocanthus pistilliger (Pallas). 141. Gymnocanthus intermedius (Temminck 190. Bathymaster signatus Cope. and Schlegel). Family XLIII. TRICHODONTIDAE 142. Gymnocanthus galeatus herzensteini 191. Arctoscopus japonicus (Steindachner). Jordan and Starks. Family XLIV. BLENNIIDAE 143. Gymnocanthus galeatus detrusus Gil- 192. Bryostemma polyastocephalum (Pal- bert and Burke. las). 144. Cottiusculus gonez Schmidt. 193. Enedrias nebulosus (Temminck and 145. Crossias allisi Jordan and Starks. Schlegel). 146. Crossias beringi Soldatov. 194. Pholis pictus (Kner). 147. Elapichthys elongatus (Steindachner). 195. Pholis dolichogaster (Pallas). 148. Alcichthys alcicornis (Herzenstein). 196. Pholis taczanowskii (Steindachner). 149. Bero elegans (Steindachner). 197. Pholis ornatus (Girard). 150. Histiocottus bilobus (Cuvier and Va- 198. Pholis fasciatus (Bloch & Schneider). lenciennes). 199. Alectrias alectrolophus (Pallas). 151. Blepsias draciscus Jordan and Starks. 200. Neozoarces pulcher Steindachner. 152. Nautiscus pribilovius (Jordan and Gil- 201. Neozoarces steindachneri Jordan and bert). Snyder. 153. Hemitripterus villosus (Pallas). 202. Opisthocentrus ocellatus (Tilesius). Family XXXVII. AGONIDAE 203. Opisthocentrus zonope Jordan and 154. Tilesina gibbosa Schmidt. Snyder. 155. Percis japonicus Pallas. 204. Kasatkia memorabilia Soldatov and 156. Agonomalus proboscidalis Valencien- Pavlenko. nes. 205. Abryois azumae Jordan and Snyder. 157. Agonomalus jordani Schmidt. 206. Pholidapus dybowski (Steindachier). 158. Agonomalus brashnikovi Pavlenko. 207. Askoldia variegata Pavlenko. 159. Hypsagonus quadricornis C. and V. 208. Askoldia variegata knipowitschi Sol- 160. Occa dodecaedron (Tilesius). datov. 161. Brachyopsis rostratus (Tilesius). 209. Ernogramnus enneagrammus (Kner). 162. Pallasina barbata (Steindachner). 210. Ernogrammus hexagrammus (Tem- 163. Podothecus gilberti (Collet). minck and Schlegel). 164. Podothecus thompsoni Jordan and Gil- 211. Ernogrammus epallax Jordan and bert. Snyder. 165. Podothecus accipiter Jordan and 212. Ernogrammus storoshi Schmidt. Starks. 213. Ozorthe nevelskoi Schmidt. 166. Podothecus veternus Jordan and Starks 214. Stichaeus punctatus (Fabricius). 167. Sarritor frenatus Gilbert. 215. Stichaeus nozawae Jordan and Snyder. 168. Sarritor leptorhynchus Gilbert. 216. Stichaeopsis nana Kner and Steind- 169. Aspidophoroides bartoni Gilbert. achner. 170. Anoplagonus inermis (Giinther). 217. Dinogunellus grigorjewi (Herzenstein). Family XXXVIII. CYCLOPTERIDAE 218. Lumpenus anguillaris (Pallas). 171. Cyclopterichthys ventricosus Pallas. 219. Lumpenus fowleri Jordan and Starks. 172. Eumicrotremus orbis (Gunther). 220. Lumpenus medius Reinhardt. 173. Eumicrotremus pacificus Schmidt.' 221. Lumpenopsis pavlenkoi Soldatov. 174. Eumicrotremus brashnikovi Schmidt. Family XLV. ANARHICHADIDAE Family XXXIX. LIPARIDIDAE 222. Anarhichas lepturus Bean. 175. Liparis puichellus Aures. Family XLVI. ZOARCIDAE 176. Liparis ochotensis Schmidt. 223. 177. Liparis agassizii Putnam. Zoarces elongatus Kner. 224. Krusensterniella notabilis Schmidt. 178. Liparis owstoni (Jordan and Snyder). 225. 179. Neoliparis grebnitzkii Schmidt. Krusensterniella multispinosa Solda- 180. tov. Careproctus mederi Schmidt. 226. 181. Careproctus acanthodes Gilbert and Lycodes heinemanni Soldatov. 227. Lycodes brashnikovi Soldatov. Burke. 228. 182. Careproctus trachysoma Gilbert and Lycodes schmidti Soldatov. 229. Lycenchelys brachyrhynchus Schmidt. Burke. 230. 183. Careproctus entargyreus Gilbert and Lycenchelys fasciatus Schmidt. Burke. 231. Lycenchelys lacertinus Pavlenko. 232. Lycenchelys ornatus Soldatov. 184. Crystallias matsusimae Jordan and 233. Hadropareia middendorfii Schmidt. Snyder. 234. Gymnelis viridis Fabriciris. JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 7

235. Gymnelopsis ocellatus Soldatov. 265. Glyptocephalus ostroumovi Pavlenko. 236. Gymnelopsis brashnikovi Soldatov. 266. Kareius bicoloratus Basilewski. 237. Lycogrammoides schmidti Soldatov Family L. SOLEIDAE and Lindberg. 267. Symphurus orientalis (Bleeker). Family XLVII. AMMODYTIDAE Family LI. SYNGNATHIDAE 238. Ammodytes personatus Girard. 268. Syngnathus schlegeli Kaup. 239. Hypoptychus dybowskii Steindachner. 269.. Hippocampus japonicus Kaup. Family XLVIII. GADIDAE 240. Boreogadus saida (Lepechin). Family LII. GASTEROSTEIDAE 241. Theragra chalcogramma (Pallas). 270. Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus), 242. Gadus morrhua macrocephalus (Tile- 271. Pungitius pungitius (Linnaeus). sins). 272. Pungitius sinensis (Guichenot). 243. Eleginus navaga gracilis (Tilesius). 273. Pungitius tymensis (Nikolsky). 244. Lota Iota L. In the list of fishes are not included Family XLIX. PLEURONECTIDAE the following fishes which were recorded 245. Hippoglossus stenolepis Schmidt. 246. Hippoglossoides elassodon dubius for our waters : (1) Myoxocephalus Schmidt. axillaris (Gill), recorded erroneously 247. Hippoglossoides elassodon robustus from brackish waters of the Amur Estu- (Gill & Townsend). (Gill) ; 248. Hippoglossoides elassodon elassodon ary as Myoxocephalus axillaris (Jordan and Gilbert). on the basis of specimens of Megalocottus 249. Protopsetta herzensteini (Schmidt). platycephalus with the somewhat shorter 250. Acanthopsetta nadeshnyi Schmidt. 251. Verasper variegatus (Temminck and lower jaws. (2) Porocottus nigrescens Schlegel). Tanaka and Porocottus ijimai Tanaka 252. Lepidopsetta bilineata (Ayres). both based on specimens ofMegalocottus 253. Limanda angustirostris Kitahara. 254. Limanda schrenki Schmidt. platycephalus in the spawning dress. (3) 255. Limanda yokohamae (Gunther). Porocottus tentaculatus Kner : the fishes 256. Limanda iridorum Jordan and Starks. recorded in the Russian ichthyological 257. Limanda aspera (Pallas). 258. Limanda proboscidea Jordan and Gil- literature as Porocottus tentaculatus Kner bert. belong to another genus (Crossias) and 259. Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus Pal- among numerous collections of fishes from las. 260. Liopsetta pinnifasciata (Kner). Russian Pacific waters I could not find 261. Liopsetta obscura (Herzenstein). any specimens of Porocottus tentaculatus 262. Liopsetta glacialis Pallas. Kner. 263. Platichthys stellatus (Pallas). 264. Microstomus stelleri Schmidt. V. K. SOLDATOV. A California Big Tree at the University of Amoy

Through the courtesy of Professor E. 1915. At that time the age was estimated D. Merrill, Dean of the College of Agri- as 1995 years. That means, this was al- culture, University of California, and ready a sturdy tree when Christ was Colonel John R. White, Superintendent born. of the Sequoia National Park, California, This section has a diameter of 9 feet a section of Sequoia gigantea, the so- io inches and a thickness of io inches. called Big Tree of California, has been It is now placed on exhibition at the en- donated by the latter gentleman to the trance to the Biology building of the Department of Botany of the University University of Amoy. Colonel White has of Amoy for display in its Museum of also kindly promised to send specimens Economic Botany. So far as known, this of the bark, foliage, cones and seeds as is the first section of this world famous well as photographs of groves of stand- tree to be brought to China for educa- ing trees as they appear in the forest to tional purposes. be exhibited along side with the wood According to Colonel White, the tree section, thus giving a complete story of from which this section was cut fell in the tree. 8 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION World Engineering Congress in Tokyo October, 1929 1. General Problems Concerning En- Machines for Conveyance, Ordnance, gineering: Education, Administration, Mechanism and Machine Design, Heat- Statistics, Standardization, International ing and Ventilation, etc. Cooperation of Engineers, etc. 13. Refrigerating Industry: Refrig- 2. Engineering Science: Strength of erating Plants, Insulation, Cold Storage, Materials, Thermodynamics, Hydraulics, Ice-Making Industry, Transportation of Electricity and Magnetism, and other Refrigerated Goods, Refrigeration in Scientific Researches. Chemical Industry, Agriculture, Hygiene. 3. Precision Machines and Instru- 14. Textile Industry: Textile Raw ments. Materials, General Spinning, Silk 4. Architecture and Structural En- Throwing, Rayon Spinning, Weaving, gineering: Architectural Designing, De- Knitting, Textile Finishing, Textile Ma- velopment of Modern Architecture, chinery, Mill Management, etc. Preservation of National Memorials, 15. Shipbuilding and Marine Eng- Housing Problems, Bridge Engineering, ineering: Theoretical Naval Architec- Fire Protection, Earthquake-Proof Con- ture, Construction of Ships, Govern- struction, Framed Structure, Masonry mental and Classification Society's Reg- Construction, Reinforced-Concrete Con- ulation Rules for Shipbuilding and struction, Earth Problem, Mechanical Marine Engineering, Main and Auxil- and Electric Equipments of Buildings. iary Machinery, Equipments of Ship- 5. Public Works: Harbour Engineer- building Yards, Ship Equipments, Life- ing, River Engineering, Canals, High- Saving Appliances, etc. ways, Irrigation, Waterworks, Sewages, 16. Aeronautical Engineering: Aero- City Planning, etc. dynamics, Aeroplanes, Dirigibles, Air 6. Railway Engineering: Location, Propellers, Equipments, Instruments. Construction, .Operation, Rolling Stocks, 17. Automotive Engineering: Chassis, Machinery, Signalling and Safety Ap- Bodies, Automotive Engines, Motor Car pliances, Electrification, Street Railway. Equipments, etc. 7. Transportation: Land, Water and 18. Chemical Industry: Aerial Transportation. Acid and Al- kali Industry, Artificial Fertilizer and 8. Communication: Telegraph, Tele- Fixed Nitrogen, Electrochemical In- phone, Wireless Telegraph and Tele- dustry, Compressed and Liquified Gas phone, Radio Broadcasting. Industry, Ceramics, Explosives and 9. Power: Resources, Waterpower Coal Tar Products, Cellulose Industry Plant, Steampower Plant, Utilization of (Paper, Celluloid, Artificial Silk), Sugar Natural Steam, Tidal Power, Trans- Industry, Brewing and Alcoholic In- mission and Distribution, etc. dustry, Fat and Soap, Paint and Var- 10. Electrical Engineering: Generators nish, Rubber Industry, etc. and Motors, Transformers and Convert- 19. Fuel and Combustion Engineer- ers, Measuring Instruments, Electric ing: Solid, Liquid and Gaseous Fuel, Switch Gears, Power Cables, Vacuum and their Appliances. Tubes, Electrical Heating Appliances. 20. Mining and Metallurgy: Economic 11. Illuminating Engineering: Electric Geology, Mining (Ores, Coal and Pe- Lamps, Illumination, etc. troleum), Dressing, Iron and Steel. 12. Mechanical Engineering: Heat Metal and Alloys, Mechanical Tech- Engines and Boilers, Hydraulic Machin- nology, etc. 21. Engineering Materials. ery, Pneumatic Machinery, Machine 22. Scientific Management. 23. Miscel- Tools and Machines, for Manufacturing, laneous. JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 9 Some Problems Relating to a Botanical Survey and Ways in which the Botanical Society May Aid in Their Solution' HERBERT F. BERGMAN. The need of a complete, thorough bo- these to species based on natural, funda- tanical survey of a region would no doubt mental differences. This can be accom- be granted by every botanist within the plished, only by having a classification in region concerned. The first and funda- which the units are based upon a definite mental work of a botanical survey is the concept which may be analyzed and tested classification of the plants of the region. by observation and experiment instead of This has been done, in a large measure, being left to the judgment or preference for the Hawaiian Islands, by Hillebrand of some individual. Methods of classifi- in his highly valuable "Flora of the Ha- cation have long been subject to contro- waiian Islands" (6). The work of. Hil- versy. It has been repeatedly pointed lebrand has been supplemented by the out by workers in various phases of more recent publications of Rock on "In- botanical activity and of many different digenous Trees of Hawaii" (12), "Mon- countries,, that a classification based ograph of the Lobeliodeae" (13), "Cy- solely or primarily on herbarium speci- trandreae Hawaiiensis" (14, 15, 16, 17), mens without adequate field study is and several lesser contributions. Beccari usually quite unsatisfactory, and, espe- and Rock's "Monograph of the Genus cially in certain groups, tends to con- Pritchardia" (1), Hitchcock's "Grasses fusion rather than to clarification. This of Hawaii" (7), and several lesser contri- inadequacy of the ordinary taxonomic butions of other workers. Undoubtedly, procedure centers about the lack of new species will yet be discovered, but agreement as to what constitutes a the work of exploration has progressed species, and reveals itself not only in the so far that the discovery and description necessarily incomplete analysis of poly- of new species must now be regarded as morphic groups, but also in the more a minor part of future work. fundamental matters of the absence of With due appreciation of the valuable clearly defined principles of procedure foundational work of Hillebrand and the in the determination of species and in excellent contributions of Rock, it must the inconsistency of the procedure be said that their publications do not adopted. complete the work of the classification of The work of Hillebrand, and of some the plants of the Islands, and even after other contributors to Hawaiian floristic the classification is completed many other botany, has been based primarily on the problems remain to be attacked. Although study of herbarium specimens. Because of the work of Hillebrand and Rock may be the inherent impossibility of a complete complete and accurate in many cases, and and accurate analysis of polymorphic hence final, there are groups in which the groups by the study of herbarium speci- classification is obviously incomplete, in- accurate, and inconsistent. In these mens unsupported by careful, extensive groups there is need of further, more field work the treatment of certain groups careful study and of revision. by these authors is unsatisfactory. Mr. Rock's work on various groups of Ha- The purpose of taxonomy is to provide waiian plants is based much more exten- a true classification, to determine the sively on field studies than that of other actual status of individuals, and to assign botanists. In spite of a marked improve- Address of the retiring president of the Ha- ment in this respect he did not take into waiian Botanical Society, December 5, 1927. 10 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

consideration the possible effects of hy- ognizing their similarity or that they be- bridization in polymorphic groups, nor long to a distinct race or group. In other did he correlate diversity of form in such cases a group may consist of two to many groups with known habitat conditions. It closely allied forms between which a is with reference to problems involved great similarity exists but which also in the analysis of various polymorphic manifest more or less well defined dif- groups, as well as of the matter of taxo- ferences. These differences are not all nomic procedure as a whole, and of ways of the same rank or value and may be in which members of this society may the result of any one of a number of fac- contribute to the solution of these prob- tors or of combinations thereof. Dif- lems, that I wish to direct your atten- ferences of whatever rank or value may tion this evening. The number and the be considered under the term "polymor- nature of the problems involved demands phy". Polymorphy may be defined as the active, earnest cooperation of many the existence of many forms or types workers in various branches of botany of any member, e.g., leaves, of an indi- and will require many years of persist- vidual plant or the existence of different ent and painstaking effort for their solu- forms or types of the members in plants tion. Nevertheless there seems to be no in groups of related individuals, i.e., of other method of reaching a satisfactory the same variety or species. solution of the problems confronting us. Polymorphism may be due to a num- ber of definite, recognizable causes or in THE DISAGREEMENT ON THE CONCEPT other instances no cause can be assigned OF' THE SPECIES for its occurrence. Some of the more The concept of a species varies greatly important of the definitely assignable with individuals. The criteria used in causes are hybridism and response to en- the determination of a species may be in- vironmental conditions. The latter may definite or elastic resulting in the inclu- be included under a single term "ephar- sion of an array of diverse forms as a mony". In addition to these may be add- single species. Such a species is various- ed polymorphy due to heredity. The ly designated as a Linnaean, aggregate cause of hereditary differences is not ap- or compound species or may be referred parent and it must be recognized that the to in taxonomic descriptions as a "var- expression of these hereditary differ- iable" species. Within such a species ences may be modified by environmental groups of relatively uniform and stable conditions. character may be recognized. On the other hand a species may be based on POLYMORPHY DUE TO HYBRIDISM very slight differences discernable in her- The extent to which hybridism occurs barium specimens without regard to the in nature has in the past not been appre- reliability or constancy of these differ- ciated fully. Natural hybrids have long ences in the field. New species are too been known to occur, but the frequency frequently founded on very inadequate of the occurrence and the importance of specimens representing isolated collec- hybridism in connection with taxonomic tions, without supplementary data by the studies has not been recognized. Within collector and entirely 4.vithout field knowl- the last decade or so, however, a reali- edge of the plant on the part of the tax- zation of the prevalence of hybrids in onomist describing the species. nature and of the importance of natural hybridism with reference to the species POLYMORPHY AND ITS CAUSES concept has come about. The multiplic- In certain groups of plants one indi- ity of forms in the genus Rosa in the vidual resembles any other individual so west European area has been attributed closely that there is no difficulty in rec- by Tackholm (19), and by Blackburn and JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 11

Harrison (2), to the frequency of occur- of Antennaria, Hieracium and Alchem- rence of hybridism. Longley (10) has illa and possibly occurs in other genera. come to the same conclusion as a result Jeffrey (l.c.) after a study of the cyto- of the study of the genus Crataegus in logical behavior of parthenogenetic spe- America. Hybridism has been found cies comes to the conclusion that "On to be common not only in Crataegus, but the basis of detailed agreement in essen- also in all the larger genera of the Rosa- tial features with known hybrids, there ceae and in many other families. Brain- seems to be no reasonable doubt that erd (4) has described many hybrids parthenogenesis in plants may be a favor- among the violets. able variation following previous hybri- Cockayne and Allen (5) as a result of dization". a study with reference to hybridism in In view of the evidence presented the New Zealand plants, have found that out probability of the occurrence of hybrid- of 125 genera, with 2-5 species, 42 ism in many genera of Hawaiian plants, species or 34% possess hybrids ; in gen- and the importance of taking hybridism, era with 6-10 species, of 33 examined, and its associated phenomenon of parthe- 17 species, or 52% were found to pos- nogenesis, into consideration in a floristic sess hybrids ; of 15 genera, with 11-20 study of the Hawaiian area becomes ob- species, 13 species, or 87% possess hy- vious. brids ; and in 16 genera, with over 20 HYBRIDISM IN HAWAIIAN PLANTS species, all of the species possess hybrids. A few genera in which hybridism is to Jeffrey (9, p. 458) in referring to a be expected may now be indicated. An recent address by Osborn (11), on evolu- examination of Hillebrand's Manual in- tion, states that isolated species "are in dicates that hybridism occurs in the genus general distinguished by the fact that Sida of the Malvaceae. Under Sida they do not intergrade with their more fallax, after the description of the spe- nearly related species". Jeffrey attrib- cies, Hillebrand describes two varieties. utes this to the absence of the possibility With reference to the secondary variety of hybridism. He also says, "On the Hillebrand says : "A variety really much other hand, where species grow in prox- resembling S. rotundifolia Cay. and not imity, they may naturally be connected separable by good characters from the with every possible sort of hybrid inter- following species, (S. cordifolia L,.)." Re- gradation." ferring to S. cordifolia Hillebrand Mutation, as a method of origin of says : "Generally associated with S. fal- species, has received much attention since lax and S. rotundifolia. The three spe- the time of DeVries. Classical examples cies seem to pass into each other where of mutation are the evening primrose they occur together." The admitted ex- (Oenothera) and the fruit fly (Droso- istence of intergrading forms connecting phila melanogaster). Jeffrey (9, p. 461) S. fallax with S. cordifolia and S. rotun- after a brief statement of experimental difolia is very strong presumptive evi- and cytological evidence indicating a hy- dence of hybridism between at least two brid origin of the mutating forms of species and possibly among several relat- thee organisms states that "There can ed species. The actual number of the scarcely be any reasonable doubt that so- species involved can not be determined called mutation in general is associated without careful study. with previous hybridization." In the genus Kadua (Rubiaceae) Hille- Another factor involved in a floristic brand finds forms intermediate between study of any area is the possibility of the K. glomerata and K. centranthoides. Un- occurrence of parthenogenesis. This der the description of the latter he states phenomenon is known to occur in species that the two species "cannot always be 12 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

strictly separated". The integrading tinct to constitute a "species". The con- forms are probably due to hybridism. fusion which this causes in taxonomic The numerous forms of the species ( ?) work has been pointed out by Turesson described by Hillebrand under the name (20) and has been emphasized strongly Metrosideros polymorpha and in Rock's by Cockayne and Allen (5). These revision of the genus under the name habitat forms are inconstant as they are M. collina, var. polymorpha (13) is an induced entirely by local habitat condi- outstanding example of diversity or poly- tions and are capable of undergoing wide morphism within a group of related changes with change in the habitat con- forms. Mr. Rock's revision is a very ditions as was shown by the experiments scholarly and helpful attempt to disen- of Bonnier (3). Turesson (20) in Swe- tangle a puzzling array of forms and to den has, within recent years, carried on arrange them according to their relation- extensive experimental studies on the ship. Mr. Rock himself does not claim modification of plants by habitat condi- that his classification of the various tions, and the relation of such response forms in the group is final. Whatever to the conception of the species. Cock- subsequent investigation may reveal as ayne and Allen in New Zealand for to the accuracy of his judgment in clas- many years, have been engaged in the sification, it must be recognized that in study of the response of plants to habi- his revision of the group a serious and tat conditions and the relation of ephar- praiseworthy effort has been made to monic response and of other factors in properly correlate the many existing relation to taxonomic conceptions. They forms in a group of extreme diversity. have recently published (5) the data Of it he says : "Hybridization has prob- and conclusions reached as a result of ably been the main factor next to loca- their studies. The work of Turesson tion and environment, in producing these and particularly of Cockayne and Allen varieties." It is to be regretted that he indicates the fundamental importance of did not attempt to relate the various giving due consideration to epharmonic forms to environmental conditions or to response in any taxonomic study. establish the existence of hybridism and the effect of hybridism on the diversity POLYMORPHY DUE TO EPHARMONIC of forms in the group and thus put the RESPONSE IN HAWAIIAN PLANTS classification on a secure basis. The occurrence of polymorphism, in Many other genera might be named as many groups of Hawaiian plants, as a possible loci of hybridism but an ex- result of response to environmental con- tended citation of examples is hardly ditions is unquestionable. An outstand- desirable. Any genus with five or more ing example of diversity due to this species may be expected to show hybrid- cause is to be found in the genus Metro- ism between two or more species and sideros, as is pointed out by Mr. Rock. should be critically examined for it. Whether or not Mr. Rock's classification of this group is to stand remains to be EPHARMONY AS A CAUSE OP determined by subsequent study. The POLYMORPHY group, however, should be subjected to The response to differences in the en- a critical field study in order to pace vironment also causes much diversity in the classification on a secure and per- the character of individuals comprising manent basis. a group. These habitat forms or ephar- Many other groups, particularly those mones may in some cases be quite dis- of wide distribution so that they are tinct from the form commonly accepted brought within the influence of different as the "normal" and might in such in- environments may also be expected to stance be regarded as sufficiently dis- exhibit polymorphism due to epharmony. JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 13

Genera such as Gouldia, Kadua, Pelea and called species with their numerous hy- Bidens, to mention only a few examples, brids, subspecies, varieties and forms. are worthy of study with reference to The taxonomic units proposed and used this feature. Nearly all of the species by Hurst and others are subject to ex- of these genera have from two to sev- perimental verification by four distinct eral recognized varietal forms. Of methods, taxonomic, cytological, geneti- course, it can not be determined, with- cal, and ecological. The application of out careful study, whether such differ- genetical, cytological and ecological meth- ences may be due to hybridism alone, to ods to taxonomic problems offers, I be- hybridism plus epharmony, or to the lat- lieve, not only the most promising but ter alone, but it is at least highly prob- the only promising line of attack in the ably that response to environment is an solution of problems of classification of important factor in the production of plants. diversity in species of these genera and METHOD OP PROCEDURE AND HOW THE of numerous others. BOTANICAL SOCIETY MAY CONTRIBUTE THE CRITERIA OR A SPECIES In making a study of the vegetation of The absence of definite criteria by an area with reference to polymorphy which a species may be recognized has, of any group as a result of hybridism, in the past, been the principal cause of of epharmony or of some other unas- the lack of agreement in the classifica- signed cause, it is, first of all, necessary tion of polymorphic groups. Many defi- to determine the groups within which di- nitions of the term "species" have been versity of form occurs, and to ascertain propounded but the interpretation of the distribution of the various forms such definitions has always depended on within the group. the personal judgment and inclination of It is in obtaining this information the taxonomist concerned. In order to that members of the Botanical Society reach a solution of taxonomic problems may be of much value. Specimens of plants it is necessary to have criteria based should be taken from many different local- upon objective characters so that personal ities and under as diverse habitat con- judgment is eliminated. This has been ditions as possible. In collecting the attained apparently as a result of geneti- specimens, the collector should first of cal and cytological investigations. Hurst all try to make sure that the specimen (8) says : "In the light of recent experi- or specimens collected are representative. ments and researches in genetics, cytol- Flowers or fruits, or if possible, both, ogy and taxonomy it is now possible to should be collected. Specimens should present a more precise conception of a be taken from one plant only at a time species. A species is a group of indi- and the collector should observe this viduals of common descent with certain plant carefully to ascertain whether or constant characteristics in common which not there is any diversity in leaves, flow- are represented in the nucleus of each ers or other parts of the individual from cell by constant and characteristic sets which specimens are taken. If diversity of chromosomes." of form of any member of the plant This definition seems to present the body occurs within an individual plant necessary preciseness and objectivity that specimens should be taken to represent criteria, in order to be acceptable to such diversity. Each plant should be workers in various lines of botanical ac- designated by a number or letter and tivity, should possess. Its application in each specimen taken from the plant the genus Rosa by Blackburn and Har- should be marked with a tag giving the rison (2), and by Hurst (8), has result- number or letter assigned to the plant. ed in an orderly arrangement of the Specimens from an individual plant previously existing puzzling array of so- should be kept separate from specimens 14 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION from any other individual particularly of have shown the great utility of the de- the same or related species. An accu- termination of chromosome numbers in rate record of the locality and time of providing an objective conception of a collection should be made. A descrip- species. It has been found in all cases tion of the habitat conditions and of the examined that the number of chromo- plants associated with the individual from somes or chromosome sets is constant which the specimens are collected should and characteristic for each species. In accompany the locality record. In re- some cases all the species of a genus may cording this information the number or have the same number of chromosomes. letter by which the individual plant is In a case of this kind a determination of designated should be clearly indicated the chromosome number would, in it- so that there is no possibility of apply- self, be of very little value as a method ing the data to any other individual than of distinguishing species. In other cases that to which it belongs. different species of the same genus may If diversity of form occurs within a have different chromosome numbers so species it will soon become apparent from that a chromosome count is a valuable the specimens collected. At the same basis of separation. time a record of the distribution of the The prevalence of hybridism between species and of the diversity and environ- groups of individuals depends not only mental conditions under which the plant on a community of range, either com- grows will be indicated by the informa- plete or partial, or at least on a contig- tion accompanying the specimens. uity of the areas occupied by these groups When a polymorphic group is found but also upon a community or an over- attempts may be made to determine the lap of flowering period. It is obvious cause of the diversity of form. Here that hybridism would not occur between again, members of the Botanical Society species, or groups, of widely separated may give valuable assistance. As prev- range or between species, or groups with iously indicated polymorphy is generally very different flowering periods. brought about by hybridism, or ephar- With reference to the possibility of mony or by a combination of the two. hybridism then, accurate information as Evidence of hybridism could be secured to distribution and as to the time of flow- by an examination of the pollen. It has ering of species, especially those of large been shown repeatedly that hybrid plants genera in which polymorphism is more are characterized by showing a high per- apt to occur, should be available. In- centage of sterile and abortive pollen formation on both of these points could grains. An examination of the pollen be accumulated and recorded by the Bo- of a considerable number of plants of tanical Society. any polymorphic group would indicate The mode of pollination of flowers is the probable presence or absence of hy- an important factor with reference to bridism. The actual proof of hybridism hybridism. The mode of pollination to and the percentage of the hybrids could, which the various species are adapted ; of course, be determined only by a gen- the location of plants of wind pollinated etic study. This should eventually be types with reference to each other and done in all cases where hybridism ap- to the direction of the prevailing winds ; parently occurs. the extent to which there is community Along with this work a study should of the flowering periods of closely re- be made of the chromosome number of lated species or to which they overlap ; plants especially of genera in which sev- the agents of pollination of insect polli- eral closely related species occur. The nated flowers, the frequency of insect researches of Tfickholm (19) of Black- visitation ; whether insects confine their burn and Harrison (2) and of Hurst (8) visits to a single species or variety or if JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION 15 they visit several species or varieties, 5. Cockayne, L. and H. H. Allen. The bear ing of ecological studies in New Zea- growing in close proximity, indiscrimi- land on botanical taxonomic concep- nately; and the possibility of self polli- tions and procedure. Journal of Ecology nation, are some of the points with which 15: 234-277. 1927. members who are entomologists might 6. Hillebrand, Wm. Flora of the Hawaiian profitably direct some attention. Islands. Heidelberg 1888. Another line of activity, in which the 7. Hitchcock, A. S. The grasses of Hawaii. Botanical Society might well engage it- Memoirs of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop self has to do with the occurrence and Museum 8:1ot-233. 5 pls., 110 figs. distribution of introduced plants. The Honolulu 1922. extension of information along this line 8. Hurst, C. C. The conception of a species. has no direct bearing on the problems Science 65:271-273. 1927. previously suggested. Nevertheless the 9. Jeffrey, E. G. New lights on evolution. accumulation of such information is Science 55 :458-462. 1927. necessary if our knowledge with refer- to. Longley, A. E. Cytological studies in the ence to plant life in the Islands is to be genus Crataegus. Amer. Jour. Rot. complete and accurate. Lists of intro- 11:295-317. 3 pls., 8 figs. 1924. duced plants and additions thereto have 11. Osborn, H. F. The problem of the ori- been published from time to time by gin of species as it appeared to Dar- win in 1859 and as it appears to us to- various organizations engaged in botani- day. Science 64:337-341. 1926. cal work. It seems to me, however, that a centralization of this information and 12. Rock, Joseph F. Indigenous trees of the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu 1913. the compilation of a list of introduced plants, with as accurate a statement as 13. The Ohia Lehua trees of possible as to the distribution of each Hawaii. A revision of the Hawaiian species of the genus Metrosideros Banks, plant, is very desirable and that the Bo- with special reference to the varieties tanical Society is the proper organization and forms of Metrosideros collina (For- ster) A. Gray subspecies polymorpha to undertake this task. (Gaud.) Rock. Terr. Hawaii Board of These problems provide opportunity Agriculture and Forestry Bot. Bull. No. for workers of varied interests and 4. 31 pls. Honolulu 1917. range in complexity from mere collec- 14. Revision of the Ha- tion, carefully done, to problems requir- waiian species of the genus Cyrtandra, Section Cylindrocalyces Hillebr. Amer. ing exacting, extensive and prolonged in- 207. 6 pls. 1918. vestigation. They provide opportunity Jour. Bot. 5 :259- not only for workers individually but also 15. Cyrtandreae Hawaiiensis, Section Cylindrocalyces Hillebr. Amer. for cooperation in their solution. Will Jour. Bot. 5:259-297. 6 pls. 1918. the opportunity be neglected? 16. Cyrtandreae Hawaiiensis, LITERATURE CITED Section Schizocalyces Hillebr., and Chae- tocalyces Hillebr. Amer. Jour. Bot. 6 :47- 1. Beccari, 0. and Jos. F. Rock. A mono- 68. 6 pls. 1919. graphic study of the genus Pritchardia. Memoirs of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop 17. Cyrtandreae Hawaiiensis, Museum 8:1-80. 24 pls. 1921. Section Microcalyces Hillebr. Amer. ' Jour. Bot. 6 :181-202. 4 pls. 1919. 2. Blackburn, K. B. and J. W. H. Harrison. The status of the British Rose forms 18. A monographic study of as determined by their cytological be- the Hawaiian species of the tribe Lobel- havior. Ann. Bot. 35: 159-189. 5 figs. ioideae, Family Campanulaceae. Mem- 1921. oirs of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Mus- eum 7. 217 pls. Honolulu 1919. 3. Bonnier, G. Cultures experimentales dans les Alpes. Rev. Gen. Bot. 2:514. 189o. 19. Tackholm, G. On the cytology of the genus Rosa. Pr. Note. Svensk. hot. 4. Brainerd, Ezra. Some natural violet hy- Tidskrift 14 :300-311. 3 figs. 192o. brids of North America. Vermont Agric. Exper. Sta. Bull. 239. 82 pls. 2o. Turesson, GOte. The scope and import of genewogy. Hereditas 4:171-176. 1923. 1924. 16 JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION

A Siberian Production Conference

In view of the calling of a second Pan- ber of National Research Council ; China Pacific Food Conservation Conference to sent no delegates on account of the vigour convene in Honolulu, August, 1931, the of the strife there. following communication, from a mem- The conference had an opening session, ber of the Pan-Pacific Science Council two plenary sessions, commissions meet- in Vladivostok, is of interest : ings, a session for adoption of resolutions I attended the First Conference on the and election of the Organization Re- Russian Far East Production Problems. search Bureau. Supposing it may be of interest for the In the plenary sessions general reports Pan-Pacific Union, I send you a short were given. Contents were as follows : account of the conference and a list of reports given. 1. The general economic policy of the Russian Far East. THE FIRST CONFERENCE ON RUSSIAN PAR . 2. EAST PRODUCTION PROBLEMS The colonization in regard to the economic policy. The aim of the conference was to bring 3. The plan of the colonization. together Russian Far East Scientists for 4. The population as a production mutual information about scientific work factor. in different kinds of Far Eastern knowl- 5. The Russian population of the Far edge, for discussion, which parts of the East. country and which branches of its in- 6. The organization of research insti- dustry are not explorated enough, and for tutions in Europe, America and planning next research work. Russia. There were invited delegates from the 7. The Research Institute of the State Far Eastern University, Far Eastern Re- Far Eastern University. search Institute, Russian Geographical 8. Aims and organizations of geological Society and its branches, Far Eastern survey on Russian Far scientific bodies, as the Vladivostok me- East. 9. Results of botanic investigations. teorological observatory, Pacific Hydro- 10. Organization of agricultural re- graphic Expedition, Geological Commit- search. tee of Russian Far East. Maritime agri- 11. Plans of biological study of Pacific cultural Station, Pacific Biological Sta- Seas. tion, Veterenarian Experiment Institute 1 2. Opportunities of the local forestry. and some government offices, carrying on research work, Foreign representatives— The conference was divided into six from China and Japan—were also in- commissions where special reports were vited. held. The commissions were as follows : The conference was held April 10-18 1. Surface, climate, mineral wealth. at Habarovsk. There were about 150 2. Plants and forests. members and about 180 reports were pro- 3. Game, fishes, animal husbandry. posed. Among the members of the con- 4. Population and health. ference not less than thirty were pro- 5. Trade and transportation. fessors of high schools : the Leningrad 6. Organization of research. academic center was represented by Pro- The Organization Research Bureau fessor Veinberg, the celebrated physician, must print the works of the conference, who had visited Hawaii in 1919 ; Japan plan the research activity of the differ- was represented by three professors and ent scientific bodies and prepare the next among them Professor °gull, the mem- conference. V 5 I5V5 vc./5' 1V I5V55 45 s ,IV 0.7 Aft , V. V .7 VtlIVJ V

BULLETIN OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION An unofficial organization, the agent of no government, but with the good will of all In bringing the peoples of the Pacific together into better understanding and cooperative effort for the advancement of the interests common to the Pacific area.

CONTENTS New Series No. 107, January, 1929

Report from Australian Women 3 Pan-Pacific Educational Films 4 The Second Pan-Pacific Women's Conference, August, 1930 - 5 A Visit from President Calles' Daughter 6 A Report from Dr. George W. Swift on the Pan-Pacific Surgical Conference 7 Research Work for Women of the Pacific - 11 The President of China Becomes a Trustee of the Pan-Pacific Union 13 Food Preservation in the Philippines 14 A Second Pan-Pacific Food Conservation Conference 15 The Sugar Conference in Java, June, 1929 16

OFFICERS OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION

HONORARY PRESIDENTS Calvin Coolidge President of the United States S. M. Bruce Prime Minister, Australia J. G. Coates. Prime Minister, New Zealand Chiang Kai Shek President of China Dr. D. Fock Governor-General of Netherlands East Indies W. L. Mackenzie King Prime Minister of Canada Prince I. Tokugawa President House of Peers, Japan King of Siam His Majesty, Prachatipok. President of Mexico P. Elias Calles Don Augusto B. Leguia President of Peru HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENT Governor of the Philippines H. L. S Unison OFFICERS IN HONOLULU President—Hon. Wallace R. Farrington Governor of Hawaii Director—Alexander Hume Ford Honolulu HONOLULU Published monthly by the Pan-Pacific Union 1929

• 'TV "iiilirintret• • • • • lAhtlANth niWItrint• • IrfA AIMS OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION

From year to year the scope of the work before the Pan-Pacific Union has broadened, until today it assumes some of the aspects of a friendly un- official Pan-Pacific League of Nations, a destiny that both the late Franklin K. Lane and Henry Cabot Lodge predicted for it. The Pan-Pacific Union has conducted a number of successful conferences ; scientific, educational, journalistic, commercial, fisheries, and most vital of all, that on the conservation of food and food products in the Pacific area, for the Pacific regions from now on must insure the world against the horrors of food shortage and its inevitable conclusion. The real serious human action of the Pan-Pacific Union begins. It is fol- lowing up the work of the Pan-Pacific Food Conservation Conference by the establishment of a Pan-Pacific Research Institution where primarily the study and work will be along the lines necessary in solving the problems of food production and conservation in the Pacific Area,—land and sea. Added to this, will be the study of race and population problems that so vitally affect our vast area of the Pacific, the home of more than half of the peoples who in- habit this planet. The thoughts and actions of these peoples and races toward each other as they are today, and as they should be, for the welfare of all, will be a most important problem before the Union, as well as the problem of feeding in the future those teeming swarms of races, that must be well fed to preserve a peaceful attitude toward each other. The Pan-Pacific Union is an organization in no way the agency of any Pacific Government, yet having the goodwill of all, with the Presidents and Premiers of Pacific lands as its honorary heads. Affiliated and working with the Pan-Pacific Union are Chambers of Commerce, educational, scientific and other bodies. It is supported in part by government and private appropria- tions and subscriptions. Its central office is in Honolulu, because of its loca- tion at the ocean's crossroads. Its management is under an international board. The following are the chief aims and objects of the Pan-Pacific Union : 1. To bring together from time to time, in friendly conference, leaders in all lines of thought and action in the Pacific area, that they may become better acquainted ; to assist in pointing them toward cooperative effort for the advancement of those interests that are common to all the peoples. 2. To bring together ethical leaders from every Pacific land who will meet for the study of problems of fair dealings and ways to advance interna- tional justice in the Pacific area, that misunderstanding may be cleared. 3. To bring together from time to time scientific and other leaders from Pacific lands who will present the great vital Pan-Pacific scientific problems including those of race and population, that must be confronted, and if pos- sible, solved by the present generation of Pacific peoples and those to follow. 4. To follow out the recommendations of the scientific and other leaders in the encouragement of all scientific research work of value to Pacific peo- ples ; in the establishment of a Research Institution where such need seems to exist, or in aiding in the establishment of such institutions. 5. To secure and collate accurate information concerning the material re- sources of Pacific lands ; to study the ideas and opinions that mould public opinion among the peoples of the several Pacific races, and to bring men to- gether who can understandingly discuss these in a spirit of fairness that they may point out a true course of justice in dealing with them internationally. 6. To bring together in round table discussion in every Pacific land those of all races resident therein who desire to bring about better understand- ing and cooperative effort among the peoples and races of the Pacific for their common advancement, material and spiritual. 7. To bring all nations and peoples about the Pacific Ocean into closer friendly commercial contact and relationship. To aid and assist those in all Pacific communities to better understand each other, and, through them. spread abroad about the Pacific the friendly spirit of inter-racial cooperation PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 3 Report from Australian Women

The Australian delegation has already during the afternoon session and gave published a 32-page booklet containing an interesting word picture of the vari- their report on the First Pan-Pacific ous methods used in Hawaii to elimin- Women's Conference. The pamphlet is ate the use of hard liquor even before well gotten out with illustrations, and prohibition. The Governor averred that is .a splendidly complimentary publica- prohibition had had a favorable effect, tion that gives the Pan-Pacific Union that bootlegging was not a new trade and every confidence in going ahead in the was known in Hawaii when high license calling of the Second Pan-Pacific Wom- was in effect. That there is less liquor en's Conference to meet in Honolulu in consumed today than before the 18th 1930. Amendment, despite everything that is Following the report of the Confer- said to the contrary, was the opinion of ence, the Australian chairman, Mrs. speakers addressing the W. C. T. U. B. M. Rischbieth, speaks of the Interna- Conference of world leaders. Mrs. Bri- tional Conferences which followed the tomarte James, J. P., of Victoria, con- Pan-Pacific Women's Conference, as veyed greetings to the gathering from follows : Australia. "On August 19th, in spite of the "During Conference Week a meeting heavy week's work which had just was called by Dr. Valeria Parker, Presi- closed, various international organiza- dent of the American National Council tions made use of the opportunity to get of Women, when members from other their members together for further con- countries were invited to attend, and ferences, and important international Mrs. E. D. Amos represented the Na- conferences took place in Honolulu. tional Council of Australia at this meet- "Jane Addams, International Presi- ing. dent of the Women's Peace and Free- "The American League of Women dom League, called a meeting of that Voters, which is affiliated with the In- body and others interested who were ternational Alliance of Women for Suf- in Honolulu at the time. An all-day frage and Equal Citizenship, called a session was held in the Community Hall, two days' conference, at which members Y. W. C. A. Short reports from inter- from sister bodies in other lands attend- national members from Japan, New Zea- ed, including the Australian Federation land, Australia and United States were of Women Voters. given. Miss Eleanor Moore, one of the delegates representing this organization "At a public session, Miss Jane Ad- in Australia, submitted a valuable re- dams outlined the work of the American port, while Mrs. Denton Leach of New Federation, and Mrs. Rischbieth spoke Zealand, Honorary Secretary of the on the work of the Australian Federa- League of Nations Union, and Mrs. A. tion of Women Voters, pointing out that V. Roberts, member of the executive of these two national bodies, American and the Sydney Union, were invited to give Australian, would meet at the same In- short addresses outlining the work of ternational Congress next June in Ber- the League of Nations Union of New lin, which has been arranged by the Zealand and Australia. International Suffrage Alliance, to which they are both affiliated. "The International W. C. T. U. ar- ranged a conference which was also at- "We thus see that the Pan-Pacific tended by leaders from several countries. Women's Conference was unique in that Governor Wallace R. Farrington spoke it called out the women of more than 4 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

one nationally organized body in each Mrs. Rischbieth also spoke of the country and they met at Honolulu. Indi- Captain Cook Celebration, which took vidual national bodies are used to sending place during the Pan-Pacific Women's a delegation to international congresses Conference, as follows : representing their own particular world "Different nations paid tribute to the movement, but this is a new phase of memory of Captain Cook on the occa- international representation which calls sion of the 150th anniversary of his dis- delegates from more than one national covery of the Hawaiian Islands, but movement, and the chairman of each Australian delegates to the Women's national delegation was deputed on her Pan-Pacific Conference, acting on be- return home to confer with the repre- half of Australian women, placed the sentative national bodies with a view to only wreath directly representing women developing some sort of joint machinery on the monument to Captain Cook at for selecting delegates for the next Kealakekua Bay, Hawaii, at the celebra- Women's Pan-Pacific Conference." tion on the 21st of August. Pan-Pacific Educational Films

The Pan-Pacific Union is preparing a manity as it is carried forward in each film of 150 still pictures of the first Pacific land. The Pan-Pacific Union Pan-Pacific Women's Conference for will be more than glad to receive from circulation among the various women's any Pacific land photographs of any organizations in Pacific lands. The pic- kind, with captions, that seem fitted for torial Christmas number of The Mid- the education and enlightenment of the Pacific Magazine gives some idea of general public. With these films pic- what the pictures will be, and will be tures may be thrown on the screen up sent with the films as a guide to any to eight by ten feet in size, and these lecture on the first Pan-Pacific Women's may be shown in the theaters and larger Conference and the probable outline of lecture halls. the next, which is to be held in Hono- The Pan-Pacific Union is calling a lulu, August, 1930, under the auspices Pan-Pacific Surgical Conference to of the Pan-Pacific Union. meet in Honolulu in August, 1929; the These pictures are reproduced with second Pan-Pacific Women's Confer- appropriate captions under each, on ence, Honolulu, August, 1930 ; a second standard size film, and the Pan-Pacific Pan-Pacific Food Conservation Confer- Union will send to the central commit- ence, Honolulu, 1931 ; a Pan-Pacific tee of the Union in each Pacific land, a Ethical Conference, Honolulu, August, projection machine for general use and 1932. The World Anti-Narcotic Con- to be loaned to any organization wish- ference will be held in Honolulu in ing to project the pictures on the film 1933 ; while a Pan-Pacific Students Con- of the first Pan-Pacific Women's Con- ference, a Press Conference, and one on ference and others to follow. Education are yet to be scheduled. It is hoped that the showing of these Pictures on agriculture in all its films will tempt each Pacific country to phases, on schools, hospitals, and kin- send photographs of women's work in dred subjects, and of leading men and sufficient number to the Pan-Pacific women of each Pacific country will be Union in Honolulu that its Junior Sci- welcomed, and the plan of making us ence Group may manufacture similar better acquainted with each other car- films of women and their work for hu- ried forward on the picture screen. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 5 The Next Pan-Pacific Women's Conference , Honolulu, August, 1930

The Proceedings of the first Pan- to Sydney, and excursions of many hun- Pacific Women's Conference are now on dreds of miles by rail and water were the press, and may be secured from the tendered the delegates. It is but a Pan-Pacific Union, publisher, at $1.25 a week-end trip from Nagasaki to Shang- copy. hai, and from there but a few hours to Preparations for the second Confer- Nanking, the new Capital of China. It ence (August, 1930) in Honolulu, under is but a night's run from Shimonoseki, the auspices of the Pan-Pacific Union, Japan, to Fusan, Korea, and thence by are now going on. rail to Seoul, Mukden, Tientsin, and Pe- In Honolulu the members of the com- king is but a three days' ride, and from mittees organized by the Pan-Pacific Peking to Shanghai by rail not so long. Union to carry on the work suggested Suggestions have been made to the by the first Pan-Pacific Union Confer- Pan-Pacific Union that resolutions at ence have grouped on Education, the next Women's Conference be pre- Health, Women in Industry and the sented the day previous to the final ses- Professions, Government, and Social sion, and that they be put in printed Service, these groups meet fortnightly form, in order that the delegates may around the big dining table at the Pan- have time for thoughtful consideration. Pacific Research Institution to compare This suggestion will be earnestly placed notes and to plan additional work. Sev- before the women of the next Confer- eral of the local women's organizations ence. have been approached and have agreed It has been suggested that, as in the to take up research work on some of case of the Pan-Pacific Science Confer- the women's problems to be discussed at ences and other conference bodies first the next Conference. organized by the Union, the country The Hawaiian Executive Committee, calling the conference assume full au- Mrs. F. M. Swanzy, Mrs. A. L. Andrews thority and provide its own staff of and Miss Alice Brown, with Miss Ann workers. Australia, Japan, and now Satterthwaite, Secretary of the Pan-Pa- Java have done this so far as the Sci- cific Union, hold regular meetings to ence Conferences are concerned. This suggest the work to be carried out by will be a matter for the next Women's the Pan-Pacific Union and its staff in Conference to decide, as it is hoped that forwarding the plans for the next the delegates will then organize an au- women's conference. tonomous body that will undertake the From about the Pacific inquiries of calling of its own future conferences of every sort are coming to the Pan-Pa- the women of the Pacific. cific Union. Some of the women of The Pan-Pacific Union, in organizing Japan wish to know what it costs to call local research work in problems of vital a conference. Some of the Oriental interest to women, expects to maintain women ask if it is feasible to hold a this as a permanent part of the work of week of the Conference in Japan in 1932, the Union : it may serve a wider field followed by a week's session in China. than that of Hawaii, and the Union will This may be feasible. The second Pan- always be glad to maintain at the cross- Pacific Science Conference was held in roads of the Pacific a central exchange Melbourne for a week, then transferred of information for women's organiza- 6 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

tions in the Pacific, and a place where have found themselves and to have ac- visiting outstanding women of the Pa- quired the needed confidence to carry cific may be entertained as honored on the projects outlined for their seri- guests. It has already housed women ous consideration and study' by the first research workers, and hopes to accom- modate others. Pan-Pacific Women's Conference. The It is hoped that within a few months Hawaiian Executive Committee is direct- arrangements may be made to have as ing the Secretary in the necessary cor- guests of the Union in Honolulu, one respondence, and the request is made or two outstanding women from each that all correspondence be addressed to Pacific land to meet and agree on ten- the Pan-Pacific Union, Honolulu ; and it tative plans for the agenda of the next will immediately find its way to the sev- Women's Conference, and it is hoped eral committee chairmen, or others for that they may spend a month together whom chiefly intended, while carbon and with the local women workers. copies will be placed on file in the cen- The work in Honolulu is moving tral office, and manifolded for distri- smoothly and efficiently. The women, bution to the corresponding secretaries through the dinner gatherings, seem to in the several Pacific countries. A Visit from Pres. Calles' Daughter

Mrs. Jorge Almada, daughter of Pres- honorary presidents of the Pan-Pacific ident Calles of Mexico, was the honored Union, was very much interested in the guest at the Pan-Pacific Research Insti- work. She spoke of child welfare work tute November 27th at a supper meeting in Mexico City, under the direction of a of women interested in the continuation work of the Pan-Pacific Women's con- large and influential mother's group, of ference. These meetings are held on the which her sister is honorary president. second and fourth Tuesdays of the She also stated that women in Mexico month, and are attended by a number of so far do not have the right of suffrage. delegates to the last conference held in Mr. and Mrs. Almada expect to con- August, and others interested in the dif- tinue their trip to China, Japan and the ferent research projects under way. The Philippines in two weeks, and on their Hawaiian executive committee of the return trip Mrs. Almada will take infor- next Pan-Pacific Women's conference, mation concerning the Pan-Pacific Wo- to be held in 1930, consists of Mrs. F. M. men's conference back to the leading Swanzy, chairman ; Mrs. A. L. Andrews,, women in Mexico. Miss Alice Brown, Miss Ann Y. Sat- Miss Fusaye Ichikawa, of the Japan terthwaite, secretary, and Miss Eleanor Women's Suffrage Alliance, and Secre- Hinder, honorary secretary. The inter- tary of the Commission on Women's La- national executive committee is tempo- bor Problems of the Japanese Associa- rarily composed of the heads of the va- tion on International Labor, recently rious delegations in attendance at the spent a day in Honolulu renewing ac- conference last August. quaintances made as a delegate to the At the November 27 meeting, various Pan-Pacific Women's Conference in Au- reports were given from communica- gust. Since that time Miss Ichikawa tions received from national chairmen in has been visiting suffrage organizations China, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, on theUnited States mainland, including the Philippines and the United States. the National League of Women Voters Mrs. Almada, whose father is one of the in Washington. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 7 A Report from Dr. Geo. W. Swift Pan-Pacific Surgical Conference Pacific Coast Chairman

More than one hundred of the lead- good plan to have the papers all print- ing surgeons of the Pacific Coast have ed, so that when the men get there, they notified the Pan-Pacific Union of their can have a program with the papers in. intention to attend the first Pan-Pacific If they want to include prints, that Surgical Conference, to be held in Hono- would take a little longer and probably lulu under the auspices of the Union in could not be put in the Preliminary Pro- August, 14 to 24, 1929. gram. After the papers have been pre- Some forty of these surgeons are al- sented and the discussion has been ready at work preparing papers and ex- made, those taking part in the discus- hibits for this Conference. It is hoped sion could, of course, correct it while that another hundred of the leading sur- in Honolulu, and then the discussion geons from the Orient and Australasia could be printed along with the trans- will also be in attendance, and prepara- actions. tions are being made on a large scale "I had the `Malolo' steamship repre- for the entertainment of several hundred sentative in the office this morning, and of the surgical men of the Pacific when we have reserved twenty-five staterooms they arrive in Honolulu. on "C" deck for the Seattle contingent. Dr. George W. Swift, who is the So far I have twenty-seven names from Chairman of the Pacific Coast section Seattle. If as many go from the other of the Conference, has already engaged cities as from Seattle, you will have ap- twenty-five cabins on the S. S. Malolo, proximately one hundred from the coast. sailing for Honolulu early in August ; That will be a pretty good contingent. this, for his contingent from the Pacific Of course, there may be a great many Northwest. go that do not let me know about it, in Perhaps an indication of the impor- which case there will be additional num- tance of this can be gathered from the bers. I think a hundred, however, will following extracts from a letter from be about as many as you can count on Dr. Swift to the Pan-Pacific Union from the Pacific Coast states. through Dr. Nils P. Larsen, General "Dr. Speidel will demonstrate 'Blood Chairman, and Dr. N. M. Benyas, Cor- Transfusion' for you, and I think Dr. responding Secretary, of the local com- Lundy will demonstrate 'Local Anaes- mittee : thesia.' That will be two very nice "I received to day the Preliminary demonstrations to put on at the hos- Program of the Conference. It certainly pitals. I will get others as time goes looks fine in print. on. I wouldn't be surprised if we could "Papers are coming in rapidly now. get several nice operative clinics also. I will soon have some of the Symposi- It might he a good plan for you to ums completed. As soon as one is write to Dr. Franklin Martin, urging completed, I will send a copy to you him to try to get the American Gyneco- and to the Chairman, and that will make logical Society to be present. the final adjustment. I have asked that "It looks now as though we will have the papers be in by the fifteenth of a wonderful thyroid program. One man March. I think it would be a good plan will demonstrate with the movie the as soon as any of the papers are in, to technique of his operation. The tech- shoot them through so that they can nical sectional papers will outline the con- be set up for the preliminary transac- ditions along the Pacific Coast as to the tions. It seems to me that it would be a incidence of goiter, and some very fine B PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN experimental work will be reported for papers along lines perhaps near or re- the first time. motely connected with his own special "Our symposium on gynecology is branch. It also gives the man in gen- also taking shape. Thoracic surgery will eral surgery an opportunity to partici- be a knockout ; gall bladder surgery will pate in all branches of surgery. There be complete, having already some fine are so many things to see and so many papers, as you will note. Surgery of the places to visit in the Islands that a num- intestine, orthopedic surgery, industrial ber of men undoubtedly will be inter- surgery are all nearly complete at the ested only in the symposiums pertaining present time ; eye, ear, nose and throat to their own particular field, and will section is going slowly, but already five want to visit these interesting places or six wonderful papers have been during the remainder of the meeting. promised and are being prepared. For that reason the program has been "I am beginning my campaign now of arranged rather in sequence so that this speaking before the various societies, can be accomplished if so desired. and begin at the Orthopedic Hospital "There are approximately two hun- next week to give the first talk on dred men who must of necessity do all Hawaii. kinds of surgery in the various city and "It might be a good plan to state that plantation hospitals connected with the Dr. John Lundy is the only man from various Islands. These men are antici- the East who has been requested to pre- pating the meeting of the visiting sur- sent papers in the Conference, but that geons and are looking forward to a fine his original work on 'Anaesthesia' was presentation of every surgical subject done in Seattle, Wash., from whence he listed. went to the Mayo Clinic, and this, we "Many prominent men whose names thought, entitled him to participate in are not listed on the program will take the Conference. Dr. Lundy began his part in the discussion of the various practice in Seattle shortly after the war, symposiums. Chairmen have been se- limiting his practice to 'Anaesthesia' and lected who have a wide acquaintance became so efficient that he gained the at- with the men who have been doing the tention of Dr. Will Mayo. particular type of surgery with which "Another little squib might be used to their symposium deals. In this way the outline the purpose of the Symposium. chairmen will be able to get a fairly In a meeting such as this conference accurate expression of the subject from will be, it is almost impossible to ar- many different localities. The commit- range the program so as to cover the tee hopes that the symposium idea will entire subject of surgery without di- work out as satisfactorily as they now viding the body into natural regions and anticipate." then having symposiums which fairly Dr. Swift Writes Later well cover the entire subject. Unless papers are so arranged, it is almost im- "The Symposiums are rapidly filling. possible for the men interested in par- I am very anxious now to take up an- ticular fields of surgery to so arrange other phase. I think I can safely say their time as to hear papers they are that the Symposiums as outlined in my particularly interested in. The sympo- last two or three letters will be pre- sium idea, when properly organized, is sented practically in toto. Dr. Lundy is for each surgeon about the country to preparing a fine series of articles on be present and to hear the papers that `Anaesthesia,' and will fit in wherever he is particularly interested in. Also, occasion demands. So that part will it gives him an opportunity, if he so be taken care of nicely. Dr. Tate Ma- desires, to listen to the presentation of son will have charge of the Symposium, PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 9 and he tells me that he will have a 'hum- four of us could get a cottage at Gray's dinger.' or Halekulani. "From now on I think we had better "As it looks now most of the men begin to plan our evening programs. will sail on the `Malolo,' sailing on the Dr. Edgar Gilcreest of San Francisco 10th and arriving on the 14th ; so about at one time had a very fine oration that all that should be done on the 14th, I he delivered at the time of the celebra- should think, would be registration, and tion in honor of Lister, and he has an then have the first symposium begin on oration now on the life of John Hunter. the morning of the 15th. Most of the It will cover from twenty-five to thirty men that I have talked to will come minutes, no longer. As next year will back on the `Malolo' on the 30th, al- be the year to celebrate the Hunter an- though a number of them will leave the niversary, it might be a good plan to following week, remaining just a week have a banquet given at which time we in the islands. can ask Dr. Gilcreest to give an ora- "As soon as we get the symposiums tion on the life of John Hunter. I all completed, I will shoot them over to think it would also be a good plan to you, and then at a later date I will have at some dinner in the evening a send over the time on the schedule that series of good snappy talks on some the different chairmen prefer. In that surgical subject ; for instance, I thought way we can possibly run off the entire it might he a good plan to have Dr. program in such a way as to let those Naffziger of San Francisco give a talk who desire to go early get away, and on 'Spinal Cord Tumors.' He presents those who are going to stay anyway can his stuff in a nice way, and should hold come on later in the program. This, I the interest of both the men and the think, will be a very satisfactory solu- women. Possibly we could get one or tion of our problem and from that two others to present papers on equally standpoint. interesting subjects in general surgery. "Dr. MacEachern writes me that Think this over at your leisure, and then everything is coming along fine for the let me know what you think about it. Standardization Meeting. He will be We could arrange, I think, for three here on Thanksgiving Day, and we will evening programs very easily. go over the entire program in detail, "The men are asking me about the and then the next day I will shoot it on reservations in Honolulu. I think it to you, so that you can get started on would he a very good plan for you to the public meetings and the hospitals, get out a little circular on where the superintendents, trustees and get that different ones can stay. Find out how end of things fixed up in fine shape. I many can stay, for instance, up at the think it would be a very good plan for Pan-Pacific Research Institution rather Dr. MacEachern to visit the hospital at than down at the hotel or in one of the Hilo and also to check on the different cottages. Dr. Benyas very kindly in- hospitals on the main Island while he is vited us to stay at his home, but it over there. If you want to put on a will be better for us either to have a campaign to help out the children's hos- cottage or to go with the other dele- pital, it would be a very fine time to gates. I wish you would give this mat- do that also. He could be used for that ter a little thought and in some of your purpose. letters let me know about that. "I think it would be a very nice thing "Dr. and Mrs. Hepler of Seattle are some time during the period to give a going to share our suite on the `Malolo,' little testimonial dinner to the presidents and it might be more satisfactory if the of the various societies represented. 10 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

That can be done by heading the list The Queen's Hospital Bulletin gives with Dr. Martin of the College of Sur- the following report on the conference : geons and Dr. Lobingier of the Pacific "On November 2, the Executive Com- Coast Surgical and the others as they mittee of the Pan-Pacific Surgical Con- show up. If the Gynecological Club ference met at a luncheon given by meets, why, of course, their man would Alexander Hume Ford. Mr. Ford out- be included. It might be a good plan lined the present status of the confer- on that occasion also to honor the Gov- ence which the Pan-Pacific Union is un- ernor of the Island. dertaking as its major conference pro- "The entertainment for the ladies also ject for 1929. must be considered at some early date. "Invitations have gone out to all the I don't think that they will expect any different Pacific countries. Definite re- entertainment except to have plenty of plies are beginning to come in. Japan time to swim and possibly to have is the first country to send word defi- enough dances thrown in so as to have nitely that she will take part. The name a little social life at night. Most of the and number of her personnel has not yet men are taking their wives. I think it been announced. However, when Japan would be a mistake to make any effort takes part, she sends her best. whatsoever to put on a regular enter- "Dr. Mix of Chicago recently passed tainment for them. Many of them are through Honolulu. His delightful en- taking their children along, too, and thusiasm was as ever present. When he they will want to play on the beach and reached Japan he sent back word to have a good time. I do not think it is make reservations at the hotel from a good plan to have so much social August 10th on. With his keen medical activity as to tire them all out. I know point of view and his many years of as- Mrs. Swift was so busy last time that sociation with John B. Murphy, his pres- she was about all in when she got on ence will be a real addition. He saw sur- the boat. You folks can stand that gery rise from zero to its present status `high pressure' entertainment in a cli- in America. More than one generation mate such as yours, but we poor simps has thrilled at his delightful lectures. coining over find it rather hard to keep "Dr. Swift also called attention to a up the pace. We must consider that, I fact that it is well for all the local men think, in arranging for the entertainment to remember and emphasize, namely : during the period." `That the preliminary program is entire- Other letters are being received from ly tentative and subject to an indefinite every part of the Pacific, and the Pan- number of changes and additions.' Pacific Union has transmitted its invita- "There will undoubtedly be many tion through the State Department. Re- other changes and additions, and when ceipt of these has been acknowledged the papers from the foreign delegates by the embassies of the different Pacific arrive, they will be arranged into the countries, and it is expected that the different sections. delegates from the Pacific lands will "It is the first Pan-Pacific Surgical soon be named. In the meantime con- Conference. It will certainly emphasize stant meetings are being held here by in the medical world, as it already has the local committees in charge of the been done in other fields, that remark- Conference. Dr. Swift has motion pic- able western feeling that we of the Pa- ture reels of scenery in Hawaii, provided cific area all belong to one large country by the Pan-Pacific Union, which he is —and feel more keen to get together to showing up and down the coast, and compare notes and learn to know each these will be sent to other Pacific coun- tries. other than many other earth's areas of much smaller dimensions. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 11 Research Work for Women of the Pacific Farewell Address of Miss Eleanor Hinder, at a luncheon tendered her by the Pan-Pacific Union. NOTE: Miss Hinder was an employee proved. Indeed, so far as is known, no of the Pan-Pacific Union for six months, such attempt has ever been made. In being assigned largely to work in connec- tion with the first Pan-Pacific Women's this study, two things are necessary : first, Conference, of which she was program sec- a preliminary analysis and plan which retary. can be sent out through the Executive Committee to those people in the various Five months and five days ago today countries whose names will be communi- I came into the city of Honolulu as the cated from them to the Executive. In first delegate to the Pan-Pacific Women's each country the Chairman of the Na- Conference. Since then it has been my tional Delegation present at the first Con- good fortune to experience one of the ference has been asked to name a corre- most vital intellectual happenings of my spondent who will be interested in the whole life. Indeed, I count it the most particular study which is outlined, and it kindly fate, that the Pan-Pacific Union will be to her that the analysis and plan made it possible for me to be associated will be sent for consideration. Subse- with the program aspects of the first quently in each country there remains the Women's Conference. problem of having the study undertaken Because you were my fellow-delegates, by an agency qualified to do it. In some you will be interested, I know, in what countries Government agencies make steps have been taken in the two months such studies. In others, they are asso- which have intervened since the dispersal ciated with the Universities and academic of the Conference. You will remember institutions. In yet others, Parliamentary the Conference asked for the promotion organizations may subsidize them. In by the Executive Committee, of research the case of the Cost of Living and Diet projects which arose out of needs which study, the Executive Committee has presented themselves to the Conference. asked that Dr. Louise Stanley of the U. There are four main studies that have S. Department of Agriculture will con- been asked for. The first of these seeks sult with Miss Carey Miller of the Uni- to examine the Cost of Living in Pacific versity of Hawaii, now doing graduate Countries, with special reference to diet research work in the Department of content. The second wishes to examine Physiological Chemistry at Yale Univer- the cost of living in relation to wage rates sity, and with Dr. Ethel Osborne, from ruling for women in these countries. The Australia, who will be returning from third desires to study certain basic aspects Europe toward the end of the year, and of the health of women employed in in- who in her own country has been inter- dustry. The fourth, suggested by the ested in aspects of industry. These three Women in Government Section, wishes experts will make the plan for the diet to make examination, amongst other study, which will be communicated by the things, of the legal status of women in Executive to other countries. Pacific countries. Miss Mary Anderson, who as head of The plan is that upon an agreed upon the Women's Bureau of the Federal De- basis a similar study during approxi- partment of Labor of the United States, mately the same period may be instituted was a most valuable member of the Con- in different countries. The attempt is a ference, is being asked by the Executive bold one. Conditions vary so exceedingly to outline a plan in consultation with Dr. that whether or not material of compara- Osborne for studies of Cost of Living tive value can be gathered as yet is to be in relation to Wages. 12 PAN-PACIFIC U NION BULLETIN

In the third study, concerned with ganizations, an attempt will be made to aspects of Industrial Hygiene as applied analyse the methods that they use and to women, the experience of Dr. Ethel the purpose they have in view in their Osborne, now returning from a world's own international gatherings. Thus it is conference on industrial diseases in Buda- hoped that between now and the next pest, will be used in consultation with Conference, something may be learned of Miss Anderson and Dr. Alice Hamilton, how an Education Section of the next a well-known authority in the east of the Conference may best function. The publi- United States. cations of the Pan-Pacific Union will be For the question arising out of the available for dissemination of informa- Women in Government Section, a com- tion which may be gathered in the course mittee set up by the National League of of this committee. Women Voters in Honolulu will make The same plan will be pursued in re- some analysis and will institute corre- lation to the Industry Clearing House spondence relating to study in other Committee, to which Miss Alice Brown, countries. a member of the Hawaiian Executive, Finally, the Conference asked for two will be closely related. These are days clearing house committees to be the of vital happenings for women engaged means of collecting information concern- in industry in the Pacific Countries. ing progress and experience in matters of Their coming into the Industrial arena education and relating to industry in the in Japan and in China in increasing num- Pacific countries. The necessity for these bers is of enormous significance. It was can be amply demonstrated. Some of the my own personal experience when im- sections of the Women's Conference portant happenings as affecting women in were admittedly weaker than they might industry occurred in China, that I felt I have been. The Education Section, for would burst unless I could communicate example, found itself laboring under par- them and their vital significance to other ticular difficulties. To assemble thirty or women. In those days there was no forty women together having interest in clearing house here in the Pacific, but if certain specified phases of education, and one could be effectively brought into be- expect them to find a common basis, is ing, it would be the means of widening particularly difficult. Education is as the interests of all of us in this area. wide as life itself. Indeed, as to what is Thus you will see that a beginning has the function and methods to be employed been made. It is a matter of great re- in an Education Section in an Inter- gret to me personally that I am unable to national Conference there is room for be associated with the further develop- considerable thought. The Executive ment of this work, but I am in the posi- Committee has taken the stand here, as tion of being an "enemy alien" in your in other places, that when an existing or- country, and there are some personal ganization of women in this city has in- problems also involved. However, enough terests along the line of any of the out- preliminary work has been done for cer- comes of the Conference, it has been tain follow-up work to proceed. The asked to concern itself with them by ap- potentialities for this work for the women pointing a committee to act in relation to of the Pacific are very great, indeed. I the Executive. Thus the American Asso- myself, at times, have been one of the ciation of University Women in Hawaii doubters as to the place of a women's has been asked to take the responsibility group in the Pacific. But those of us for carrying out the desires of the Edu- who have been on the inside of this Con- cation Section of the Conference. Fur- ference, and have realized something of thermore, by correspondence carried on t he problems of the women of the coun- with existing international educational or- t ries bordering on the Pacific, begin to PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 13 know that there is a great and strong and in the mandated territories of Australia, moral influence of international public New Zealand and Japan in this area calls opinion can be focussed toward the re- for study and understanding by women moval of some of the disparities under of nations of greater privilege. Wherever which women work. The Japanese the next Conference may be held, it can women in this audience will corroborate be, and will, of enormous value as far as my statement when I remind them that the womanhood of this area is con- in Japan it is not possible for a woman sidered. to institute independent legal proceed- You have seen the Director of the ings : that a woman has no legal right in Pan-Pacific Union present to me, on be- her children. I have watched great half of the Union, a clock, for which I changes take place in industrial legisla- would desire to express my gratitude. It tion in Japan in the last ten years, as the is electrically controlled and began to run direct result of the pressure of interna- during the Women's Conference, and it tional opinion working into that country. will continue to run for a period of four The gathering at intervals of two or years through, he says, two more Wom- three years of a conference of women in en's Conferences. My fellow delegates, the Pacific directing studied attention to it is my hope that the inspiration of the these questions could have a most com- Conference we have experienced together, pelling effect in many countries. which was so very great, may continue The program content of the next con- unspent through four years and forty. ference will be very largely determined Note: Miss Hinder erroneously al- by the progress that can be made in mat- ludes to herself as an enemy alien. She ters arising out of the projects and studies is on the quota as a future immigrant, which have been referred to. and will find a welcome, but until she is reached in the quota she is subject to the It has been my privilege to work upon following immigration regulation with the proceedings of the Conference, and to which she is unable to comply : find there material contributed in a writ- ten form which was unable to be pre- "(d) An immigrant who continuously for at least two years immediately pre- sented orally in the Conference. I refer ceding the time of his application for particularly to the smaller countries: admission to the United States has been, from Fiji ; from Samoa ; from Korea. and who asks to enter the United States solely for the purpose of carrying on Indeed, the Samoan delegate had a very the vocation of a minister of any re- definite statement to make concerning the ligious denomination, or professor of a responsibility she considered the Federal college, academy, seminary, or univer- sity; and his wife and his unmarried Government of the United States had in children under 18 years of age, if ac- that country. And the status of women companying or following to join him."

The President of China Becomes a Trustee of the Pan-Pacific Union

President Chiang Kai Shek has re- tion. He thanks the Union for its good plied to the Pan-Pacific Union accepting wishes for China and writes an appre- Honorary Presidency of the organiza- ciation of the valuable work of the Union. 14 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN Food Preservation in the Philippines Miss Maria Orosa, Chief of the Food new department and now has sixteen Preservation Division of the Bureau of women demonstrators who continually Science of the Philippine Islands, was travel through the islands giving free in- the guest of honor at the Pan-Pacific Re- struction in food canning, while in the search Institution, where she addressed laboratory new and improved methods the Honolulu women interested in the are being tried out. When this work follow-up work of the Pan-Pacific first began in the Philippines Miss Orosa Women's Conference. Miss Orosa is a stated Mason jars were practically un- graduate of the University of Washing- known and could only be procured at 60 ton, and is now making a world trip of centavos each. With the increase in de- investigation as to methods of food can- mand the price has been lowered to 17 ning and preserving. She is accompanied centavos, and considerable resulting trade by Miss Isabel de Santos, the owner and has been given to glass manufacture in manager of the De Santos Fruit Pack- the United States. As yet they are can- ing Company, Manila, the only factory ning no fruits in tins. for fruit preservation in the Philippines. Miss Orosa is traveling as a "Pensio- Miss Orosa stated that on her return nado," equivalent to a fellow or scholar from studying in the United States she of the government. Each department of realized that Filipino women knew noth- the government has five or six bureaus. ing about home fruit and vegetable can- The Department of Agriculture and Nat- ning over which American housewives ural Resources has five bureaus each of spent so many hours in the summer which recommends two eligible for the months, and she felt it would be interest- pensionado reward, although only two ing to introduce such work in the Philip- out of the ten are chosen by the Depart- pine Islands. Her leisure moments at the ment of State by means of competitive Bureau of Science were devoted to the examinations. With this enviable record study of fruit and vegetable preserving, of research work it is hoped that Miss and the investigation was done at her own Orosa will be appointed by the Govern- expense. The Bureau of Science encour- ment as one of the delegates to the next aged her efforts chiefly through the Fili- Pan-Pacific Women's Conference to pino Annual Carnival, whose main object meet in Honolulu in August, 1930. is to encourage industries in the various Miss Ramona Terona, head of the provinces by exhibits. After the first Home Economics Department of the exhibit of Miss Orosa's work so many in- University of the Philippines, has been quiries came to the Bureau of Science as asked by Mrs. Sofia R. de Veyra, chair- to the methods used in preserving fruits man of the Filipino delegation to the that at last the Bureau invited visitors Pan-Pacific Women's Conference, to to teach the work, and in 1927 a new department of Food Preservation was head the Committee on the Study of Diet created in the Bureau of Science, which and Standards of Living in the Philip- is a scientific bureau of the government pines, the combined reports for the vari- designed for research work in all ous Pacific countries to be presented at branches of science. The Bureau is one the next Women's Conference in Au- of the five institutions of the Department gust, 1930. She will also direct the of Agriculture and Natural Resources. work of an Educational Clearing House Other bureaus are the Bureau of Agri- Committee called for by the Conference culture, the Weather Bureau, the Bureau Resolutions, and will be assisted on both of Lands, and the Bureau of Forestry. committees by Mrs. Josef a Martinez of Miss Orosa was put in charge of the the Public Welfare Commission. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 15 2nd Food Conservation Conference Honolulu, August, 1931. A second Pan-Pacific Science Confer- the University of Hawaii where they re- ence will be held in Honolulu during ceive. training as future entomologists, August, 1931. Already the Pan-Pacific plant pathologists, nematologists, and in Science Council in Hawaii is meeting agricultural scientists. weekly and has in preparation a tentative The Pan-Pacific Science Council is agenda which will be sent to the Pan- undertaking a series of fifty Friday night Pacific Science Councils in each country lectures at the University on food and about the greatest of oceans for correc- population problems of the Pacific. A tion, amendment or approval. number of distinguished scientists care- There will be twelve sections to the fully prepare papers for this series of Second Pan-Pacific Food Conservation illustrated lectures and from time to time Conference,-1. Sugar ; 2. Field Crops, the best of these are published in Tut Production and Improvement ; 3. Horti- Mm-PACIFIC MAGAZINE. The current culture; 4. Plant Industry ; 5. Soils, Fer- number contains a number of scientific tilizers, Land Improvement ; 6. Recla- papers read at or prepared for the Pan- mation ; 7. Forests ; 8. Animal Industry ; Pacific Research Institution by men as 9. Fisheries ; 10. Economics ; 11. Inter- C. L. Shear (Plant Pathologist) ; Thos. national Law and Agreements ; 12. Per- E. Snyder (Termites) ; Arao Itano, manent Organization. Ph.D. ; George M. Darrow (the straw- The Conference is being called by the berry) ; C. S. Judd (Forestry) ; E. H. Pan-Pacific Union at the request first of Bryan, Jr. (Botany of Hawaii) ; Law- several botanists who wished to have a rence Hite Daingerfield (Geography of Pan-Pacific Botanic Conference held in Hawaii). Honolulu but after a conference with Quarterly THE MID-PACIFIC MAGA- fellow scientists in Hawaii agreed that ZINE gives space to these papers of lead- the calling of a second Pan-Pacific Food ing Pacific scientists. Conservation Conference would be of An interesting feature of the Wednes- greater service. day dinners of the scientists interested in The group that is planning the Con- the calling of a second Pan-Pacific Food ference is an outgrowth of the Popular Conservation Conference is that there is Science suppers that have been held not an executive in the group of twenty weekly at the Pan-Pacific Research In- and these scientists voluntarily take turns stitution for more than four years. in presiding at these preparatory din- Usually there are thirty to forty women ners. This brings out men who have been research workers dining at the Pan- looked upon as of retiring disposition and Pacific Research Institution Tuesday eve- they soon learn the game to the benefit nings, as many Food Scientists Wednes- of themselves and their coworkers. Ow- day, an equal number of popular science ing to the fact that a number of this members on Friday evenings, and some group has been meeting together about twenty Junior Scientists Saturday eve- the dinner table weekly for years, the nings, some of whom spend the weekend tentative agenda for the Second Pan- at the Biological Station across the island, Pacific Food Conservation Conference located adjacent to the grounds set aside was drawn up promptly and with perfect for agricultural experiments and the in- accord and agreement. It is expected troduction of new food plants in Ha- that it will be presented for criticism and waii by the Junior Pan-Pacific Scientists, amendment through the next number of young men mostly in attendance still at the Bulletin of the Pan-Pacific Union. 16 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN The Sugar Conference in Java (From the Honolulu Star-Bulletin)

The Pan-Pacific Union has been asked dustry in agricultural, chemical and by the sugar experiment station in Java technical respect. to publish the invitation to the third 2. International regulation of the ex- convention of the International Society port of cane sorts. of Sugar Cane Technologists, which 3. Irrigation. originated at the first Pan-Pacific food 4. Cooperation between factory and conservation conference called by the plantation. union and held in Honolulu. Moreover, three days are appointed An invitation will be sent on by the for the meetings of the sections, where delegates to the sugar technologists to agricultural, chemical and technical once more meet in Honolulu as guests problems of current interest are to be of the union, taking charge of the sugar discussed. section of the second Pan-Pacific food On the last day the chairmen of the ,.:onservation conference in 1931. sections will, in a general meeting, dis- The following communication is from close the conclusions reached in the dif- the secretary of the sugar experiment ferent meetings. station in Pasoeroean, Java : The convention week will be followed The third convention of the Interna- by a week devoted to sundry excursions. tional Society of Sugar Cane Technolo- The preliminary program shows a visit gists will be held from June 7-14, 1929, to the experiment station to some work- in Sourabaya under the auspices of the ing sugar mills and to some important "Algemeen Syndicaat van Suikerf abri- irrigation works. kanten." The preceding convention in The language of the convention will Havana has chosen as chairman Profes- be English, and, possibly, also Spanish. sor Jeswiet from Wageningen. Papers read in the latter language will In order to make the necessary prep- be translated by interpreters. arations for this congress a commission The International Society of Sugar has been formed consisting of two rep- Cane Technologists was founded at the resentatives of the syndicate, the direc- Pan-Pacific Food conference, held in Au- tors of the experiment station at Pasoe- gust, 1924, at Honolulu. One of the sec- roean and of the sub-department at Che- tions of that conference was treating on ribon and the chairmen of the three sec- sugar industry. The meetings of this tions of the association of advisers of the section aroused so much interest that a sugar industry on Java. resolution was passed to establish a spe- Chairman of this commission is Prof. cial society. I. E. C. von Pritzelwitz van der Horst, The section, which had already issued chairman of the body of directors of the its own program and which was styled experiment station ; the secretariate is in "First International Conference of Su- the hands of W. D. B. H. Mulder, secre- gar Men" established in one of its last tary of the experiment station. On the meetings the International Society of occasion of a visit Professor Jeswiet Sugar Cane Technologists. This new paid in October to Java, this commission society held its second convention in has held a meeting, in which the pro- March, 1927, in Cuba, where it was re- gram of the convention was outlined. solved to hold the third convention in It is intended to devote three days to Java. the discussion of general subjects, name- The Hawaiian sugar industry expects ly- to have a large representation at the con- 1. Development of the Java sugar in- ference. ADVERTISING SECTION TH E MID-PACIFIC 1

c_AnAtri R. CRAWFORD, ecvmr,soder of le"flor,-ing

M.S."Aorangi," Queen of the Pacific. From Vancouver via Honolulu, Suva, Auckland to Sydney The Canadian-Australasian Royal Mail Union Steam Ship Co. boats for other line of steamers maintains a regular cruises. four-weekly service by palatial steamers The Niagara of the Canadian-Austra- between the Canadian-Pacific Railway lasian Royal Mail Line is one of the terminus at Vancouver, B. C., and Syd- finest vessels afloat on the Pacific. The ney, Australia, via Honolulu, Suva, Fiji, M.S. "Aorangi," the largest motorship in the world, makes the trip from Van- and Auckland, New Zealand. couver to Sydney in about three weeks. In itself this is a South Sea cruise de Either from Australia or Canada luxe, but at Suva one may rest a bit, there are tempting visits across the Pa- cruise by local steamer among the Fi- cific via the South Sea Islands. From jian Islands, then take a Union Steam Australia this is the richest and most Ship Co. of New Zealand palatial flyer comfortable route to London and the for a visit to Samoa, Tonga, and New European Continent. Zealand, or if the trip by the Canadian- Both the Canadian-Australasian Royal Australasian vessel is continued to Auck- Mail Line and the Union Steam Ship Co. land, here again by the Union Steam Ship of New Zealand have offices in the chief Co. vessels are cruised to every part of cities of the Pacific. In Honolulu, Theo. New Zealand, to the Cook Islands, or to H. Davies & Co., Ltd., are the agents. Tahiti. In fact, one may return by The steamers of these lines are famous these steamers to San Francisco via for their red smokestacks. In fact, this Papeete, Tahiti, with a stop-over at the affiliated company is known as the Red famous French possession. Funnel Line. The red funnel is familiar If the trip from Vancouver is con- in every port of Australia and the tinued to its terminus, Sydney, here South Seas, to say nothing of California again one may secure bookings on the and Pacific Canada. ADVT. 7 THE MID-PACIFIC

The Moana Hotel at Waikiki

The Territorial Hotel Company, Ltd., score of years, which speaks for itself. maintains the splendid tourist hotel at Both transient tourists and permanent Waikiki Beach, the Moana, facing the guests are welcomed. surf, as well as the Seaside family hotel nearby, and the palatial Royal At Child's Blaisdell Hotel and Restau- Hawaiian Hotel, with its golf links at rant, at Fort Street and Chaplain Lane, Waialae. Child's Hotels and Apartment Service accommodations are masters at getting you settled in real home-like style. If you wish to live in town there is the Child's Blaisdell Hotel in the very heart of the city, with the palm garden restaurant where everything is served from a sand- wich to an elegant six-course dinner. If we haven't the accommodation you de- sire we will help you to get located. The City Transfer Company at 833 Nuuanu Street has its motor trucks meet all incoming steamers and it Famous Hau Tree Lanai gathers baggage from every part of the city for delivery to the out-going The Halekulani Hotel and Bunga- steamers. This company receives and lows, 2199 Kalia Road, "on the Beach puts in storage, until needed, excess at Waikiki." Include Jack London's baggage of visitors to Honolulu and Bungalows and House Without a Key. finds many ways to serve its patrons. Rates from $5.00 per day to $115.00 Honolulu is so healthy that people per month and up. American plan. don't usually die there, but when they do Clifford Kimball. they phone in advance to Henry H. Wil- liams, 1374 Nuuanu St., phone number Vida Villa Hotel and cottages are on 1408, and he arranges the after details. the King street car line above Thomas If you are a tourist and wish to be in- Square. This is the ideal location for terred in your own plot on the mainland, those who go to the city in the morn- Williams will embalm you ; or he will ar- ing and to the beach or golfing in the range all details for interment in Hono- afternoon. The grounds are spacious lulu. Don't leave the Paradise of the and the rates reasonable. This hotel has Pacific for any other, but if you must, let been under the same management for a your friends talk it over with Williams. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 3 OAHU RAILWAY AND LAND COMPANY

Leaving Honolulu daily at 9:15 A. M. given you three hours for luncheon and our modern gasoline motor cars take sightseeing at this most beautiful spot. you on a beautiful trip around the lee- You arrive at Honlulu at 5 :27 P. M. ward side of Oahu to Haleiwa. The train leaves Haleiwa, returning to No single trip could offer more, and Honolulu at 2 :52 P. M., after having the round trip fare is only $2.45. SEE OAHU BY RAIL

Lewers and Cooke, Ltd., Iwilei Yard

Lewers & Cooke, Limited, have, since They are also agents for many build- 1852, been headquarters for all varieties ing specialties, Celotex, Colormix, Bish- of building material, lumber, hollow opric Stucco, corrugated Zinc, Los tile, cement, brick, hardwoods, oak Angeles Pressed Brick Company prod- flooring ; as well as tools of the leading ucts and architectural Terra Cotta, manufacturers, wall papers, Armstrong linoleums, domestic and oriental rugs. David Lupton Sons Company, Steel and the superior paints made by W. P. Windows, the Kawneer Company line, Fuller & Co. and prepared roofings and roofing tile. ADVT. 4 THE MID-PACIFIC

THE WORLD'S MOST DELICIOUS PINEAPPLE Canned Hawaiian Pineapple is con- cooking. It is identical with the sliced sidered by epicures to possess the finest in quality and is canned by the same flavor in the world. Because of exceed- careful sanitary methods. ingly favorable conditions in soil and Many tasty recipes for serving Hawai- climate, and remarkable facilities for ian Pineapple in delicious desserts, salads canning immediately the sun-ripened and refreshing drinks are suggested in a fruit, the Hawaiian product has attained recipe book obtainable without cost at a superiority enjoyed by no other canned the Association of Hawaiian Pineapple fruit. Canners, P.O. Box 3166, Honolulu. Crushed Hawaiian Pineapple is meet- Readers are urged to write, asking for ing favor because of its convenience in this free book.

FERTILIZING THE SOIL Millions of dollars are spent in Hawaii fertilizing the cane and pineapple fields. The Pacific Guano and Fertilizer Com- pany, with large works and warehouses in Honolulu, imports from every part of the Globe the many ship loads of ammonia, nitrates, potash, sulphur and guano that go to make the special fertilizers needed for the varied soils and conditions of the isl- ands. Its chemists test the soils and then give the recipe for the particular blend of fertilizer that is needed. This great industry is one of the results of successful sugar planting in Hawaii, and without fertilizing, sugar growing in the Hawaiian Islands could not be successful. This company began operations in Mid- way Islands years ago, finally exhausting its guano beds, but securing others.

ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 5 MODERN BANKING IN HONOLULU

1111111 .11___11.11 111111111i

NEW HOME BANK OF BISHOP & CO., LTD.

The S. M. Damon Building pictured above is occupied by the Bank of Bishop & Co., the oldest bank in the Territory. Organized in 1858, the name Bishop & Co. has long been known by travelers for its service and welcome. Bishop Street, Honolulu, T. H.

The First National Bank of Hawaii ests of the government in the various demonstrates the many ways in which Liberty Loan drives and thrift cam- a bank can serve. It has recently paigns in which its President, Mr. L. moved into its own building, one of the Tenney Peck, served as chairman of the architectural splendors of Honolulu, on Territorial Central Committee. Bishop and Fort Streets, where both the First National Bank of Hawaii and the The Bank of Hawaii, Limited, incor- First American Savings and Trust porated in 1897, has reflected the solid, Company of Hawaii, Ltd., closely affili- substantial growth of the islands since ated with the First National Bank and the period of annexation to the United functioning as a savings bank, are con- States. Over this period its resources tinuing their growing business in a have grown to be the largest of any home built to meet their exact require- financial institution in the islands. In ments. 1899 a savings department was added to its other banking facilities. Its home It was less than four months after business office is at the corner of Bishop Hawaii became a territory of the United and King streets, and it maintains States that the First National Bank of branches on the islands of Hawaii, Hawaii opened its doors. During the Kauai, and Oahu, enabling it to give to war the First National Bank played a the public an extremely efficient Bank- prominent part in furthering the inter- ing Service. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC

The Home Building in Honolulu of the American Factors, Ltd., Plantation Agents and Wholesale Merchants.

Tasseled sugar cane almost ready for the cutting and crushing at the mills. AD VT. THE MID-PACIFIC 7 ALEXANDER & BALDWIN

A canefield in Hawaii years ago when the ox team was in use.

The firm of Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., Union Insurance Society of Canton, (known by everyone as "A. & B.") is Ltd., New Zealand Insurance Co., Ltd., looked upon as one of the most progres- Switzerland Marine Insurance Co. ive American corporations in Hawaii. Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., are The officers of this large and progres- sive firm, all of whom are staunch sup- agents for the largest sugar plantations porters of the Pan-Pacific and other of the Hawaiian Islands and second movements which are for the good of largest in the world, namely, the Ha- Hawaii, are as follows : waiian Commercial & Sugar Company W. M. Alexander, President ; J. Wa- at Puunene, Maui. They are also agents terhouse, Vice-President ; H. A. Baldwin, for many other plantations and concerns Vice-President ; C. R. Hemenway, Vice- of the Islands, among which are the President ; J. P. Cooke, Treasurer ; R. T. Maui Agricultural Company, Ltd., Ha- Rolph, Assistant-Treasurer ; R. G. Bell, waiian Sugar Company, McBryde Sugar Assistant-Treasurer ; R. E. Mist, Secre- Company, Ltd., Kahului Railway Com- tary ; D. L. Oleson, Assistant-Secretary ; pany, Kauai Railway Company, Ltd., Baldwin Packers, Ltd., Kauai Fruit & G. G. Kinney, Auditor. Directors : W. M. Alexander, J. Waterhouse, H. A. Land Company, Ltd., Haleakala Ranch Co., and Ulupalakun Ranch, Ltd. Baldwin, C. R. Hemenway, W. 0. Smith, C. R. Hemenway, F. F. Baldwin, J. R. In addition to their extensive sugar Galt, H. K. Castle, E. R. Adams, R. T. plantations, they are also agents for the following well-known and strong in- Rolph, S. S. Peck, J. P. Winne, J. P. surance companies : American Alliance Cooke. Insurance Association, Ltd., Common- Besides the home office in the Stan- wealth Insurance Company, Home In- genwald Building, Honolulu, Alexander surance Company of New York, Newark & Baldwin, Ltd., maintain offices in Fire Insurance Company, Springfield Seattle, in the Melhorn Building and in Fire and Marine Insurance Company, the Matson Building, San Francisca AD VT. 8 THE MID-PACIFIC

CASTLE & COOKE

The Matson Navigation Company, of the Hawaiian Islands. It acts as agent maintaining the premier ferry service for some of the most productive plan- between Honolulu and San Francisco, tations in the whole territory and has have their Hawaiian agencies with been marked by its progressive methods Castle & Cooke, Ltd., and here may be and all work connected with sugar pro- secured much varied information. Here duction in Hawaii. It occupies a spa- also the tourist may secure in the folder cious building at the corner of Merchant racks, booklets and pamphlets descrip- and Bishop Streets, Honolulu. The tive of almost every part of the great ground floor is used as local passenger ocean. and freight offices of the Matson Navi- Castle & Cooke, Ltd., is one of the gation Company. The adjoining offices oldest and most reliable firms in Hono- are used by the firm of their business lulu. It was founded in the early pioneer as sugar factors and insurance agents ; days and has been a part of the history Phone 1251.

C. BREWER & COMPANY

C. Brewer & Company, Limited, Honolulu, with a capital stock of $8,0oo,000, was established in 1826. It represents the following Sugar Plantations: Olowalu Company, Hilo Sugar Company, Onomea Sugar Company, Honomu Sugar Company, Wailuku Sugar Company, Pepeekeo Sugar Company, Waimanalo Sugar Company, Hakalau Plantation Company, Honolulu Plantation Company, Hawaiian Agricultural Company, Kilauea Sugar Plantation Company, Paauhau Sugar Plantation Company, Hutchinson Sugar Plantation Company, as well as the Baldwin Locomotive Works, Kapapala Ranch, and all kinds of insurance. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 9

The Honolulu Construction & Draying Co., Ltd., Bishop and Halekauwila Sts., Phone 4981, dealers in crushed stone, cement, cement pipe, brick, stone tile, and explosives, have the largest and best equipped draying and storage company in the Islands, and are prepared to handle anything from the smallest package to pieces weighing up to forty tons. The Waterhouse Co., Ltd., in the Thayer Piano Co., Ltd., at 116 S Alexander Young Building, on Bishop Hotel St., is Honolulu's grand piano street, make office equipment their spe- headquarters. In this new and spac- cialty, being the sole distributor for the ious store may be tested the Steinway National Cash Register Co., the Bur- and other makes of grands as well as roughs Adding Machine, the Art Metal uprights and player pianos. Here one Construction Co., the York Safe and may obtain Brunswick and Victor Lock Company and the Underwood phonographs and records from Bruns- Typewriter Co. They carry in stock wick, Victor and Columbia. They all kinds of steel desks and other equip- also handle a complete line of sheet ment for the office, so that one might music and band instruments. You will at a day's notice furnish his office safe feel at home while doing your musical against fire and all kinds of insects. shopping at Thayer's. Allen & Robinson have for genera- tions supplied the Hawaiian Islands Bergstrom Music Company, the lead- with lumber and other building ma- ing music store in Hawaii, is located at terials that are used for building in 1140 Fort Street. No home is complete Hawaii ; also paints. Their office and in Honolulu without an ukulele, a piano retail department are in their new and a Victor talking machine. The quarters at the corner of Fort and Mer- Bergstrom Music Company, with its big chant Sts., Honolulu, where they have store on Fort Street, will provide you been since June 1, 1925. The lumber with these ; a WEBER or a Steck piano yards are located at Ala Moana and for your mansion, or a tiny upright Ward Sts., where every kind of hard Boudoir for your cottage ; and if you and soft wood grown on the Pacific Coast is landed by steamships that ply are a transient it will rent you a piano from Puget Sound, and other Pacific The Bergstrom Music Company, Phcne and East Coast ports. 2294. ADVT. 10 THE MID-PACIFIC

Honolulu as Advertised

The Liberty House, Hawaii's pioneer dry goods store, established in 1850; it has grown apace with the times until today it is an institution of service rivaling the most progressive mainland establishments in the matter of its merchandising policies and business efficiency. The Mellen Associates, Successors to The Honolulu Dairymen's Associa- The Charles R. Frazier Company, old- tion supplies the pure milk used for est and most important advertising children and adults in Honolulu. It agency in the Pacific field, provide Ho- nolulu and the entire Territory of Ha- also supplies the city with ice cream wail with an advertising and publicity for desserts. Its main office is in the service of a very high order. The or- Purity Inn at Beretania and Keeaumoku ganization, under the personal direction streets. The milk of the Honolulu of George Mellen, maintains a staff of DDairymen's Association is pure, it is writers and artists of experience and rich, and it is pasteurized. The Asso- exceptional ability, and departments for ciation has had the experience of more handling all routine work connected than a generation, and it has called with placing of advertising locally, na- upon science in perfectC g its plant and tionally or internationally. The organi- its methods of handling milk and de- zation is distinguished especially for livering it in sealed bottles to its cus- originality in the creation and presenta- tomers. tion of merchandising ideas. The Honolulu Star-Bulletin, 125 Merchant Street, prints in its job depart to byStevedoring the firm of inMcCabe, Honolulu Hamilton is attended and ment the Mid-Pacific Magazine, and that speaks for itself. The Honolulu Star- Renny Co., Ltd., 20 South Queen Street. Bulletin, Ltd., conducts a complete com- Men of almost every Pacific race are mercial printing plant, where all the de- employed by this firm, and the men of tails of printing manufacture are per- each race seem fitted for some particular formed. It issues Hawaii's leading even- part of the work, so that quick and effi- ing newspaper and publishes many elabor- cient is the loading and unloading of ate editions of books. vessels in Honolulu. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 11

On Hawaii and Maui

Twice a week the Inter-Island Steam The First Trust Company of Hilo oc- Navigation Company dispatches its pala- cupies the modern up-to-date building tial steamer, the "Haleakala" to Hilo, adjoining the Bank of Hawaii on Keawe leaving Honolulu at 4 P.M. on Tuesdays Street. This is Hilo's financial institu- and Fridays, arriving at Hilo at 8 A.M. tion. It acts as trustees, executors, audit- the next morning. This vessel leaves ors, realty dealers, guardians, account- Hilo every Thursday and Sunday aft- ants, administrators, insurance agents, ernoon at four for Honolulu, a fifteen- and as your stock and bond brokers. hour run. From Honolulu, the Inter- You will need the services of the First Island Company dispatches almost daily Trust Company in Hilo whether you are excellent passenger vessels to the island a visitor, or whether you are to erect of Maui and three times a week to the a home or a business block. island of Kauai. There is no finer cruise in all the world than a visit to all of the Hawaii Consolidated Railway, Ltd., Hawaiian Islands on the steamers of the Hilo, Hawaii, the Scenic Railway of Inter-Island Steam Navigation Company. Hawaii, one of the most spectacular trips in the world, thirty-four miles, The head offices in Honolulu are on 10 Queen Street, where every information costing nearly $4,000,000; it crosses is available, or books on the different sugar plantations, 150 streams, 44 islands are sent on request. Tours of bridges, 14 of which are steel from 98 to 230 feet high and from 400 to 1,006 all the islands are arranged. feet long, and many precipitous gorges Connected with the Inter-Island Steam lined with tropical trees, and with wa- Navigation Company is the palatial Vol- terfalls galore ; sugar cane fields, vil- cano House overlooking the everlasting lages, hundreds of breadfruit and co- house of fire, as the crater of Halemau- conut trees and palms along the way, mau is justly named. A night's ride and miles of precipices. W. H. Huss- from Honolulu and an •hour by auto- man, general freight and passenger mobile, and you are at the Volcano agent. House, the only truly historic caravan- sary of the Hawaiian Islands, recently The Haleakala Ranch Company, with reconstructed and turned into a modern head offices at Makawao, on the Island up-to-date hotel of luxury for the tour- of Maui, is as its name indicates, a ist and those from Honolulu and Hilo cattle ranch on the slopes of the great spending vacations at the Volcano. mountain of Haleakala, rising 10,000 feet above the sea. This ranch breeds Should you wish to continue at leisure pure Hereford cattle and is looking to your sightseeing or business trip around a future when it will supply fine bred the Island of Hawaii, there are hotels cattle to the markets and breeders in every few miles. Hawaii. Building on the Island of Hawaii.— The Hawaiian Contracting Company The Paia Store, which is conducted maintains working offices at the great by the Maui Agricultural Co., Ltd., is Hilo pier, where all steamers discharge managed by Fred P. Rosecrans. This their freight for Hilo and the big island. is one of the very big plantation de- This concern, with branches throughout partment stores in Hawaii. Every con- the Territory, has for its aim building ceivable need of the housekeeper or for permanency. It contracts for build- homemaker is kept in stock. The store ings and highway construction, having a covers an area of more than a city corps of construction experts at its com- block in a metropolitan city, and is the mand. In Hilo, Frank H. West is in department store adapted to the needs charge of the company's affairs. of modern sugar plantation life. ADVT. 12 THE MID-PACIFIC Business in Honolulu

The Hawaiian Trust Company, Lim- owned and occupied by the Bishop ited, of Honolulu, is the oldest and Trust Company, Ltd., and the Bank of largest trust company in the Territory Bishop & Co., Ltd. One of the many of Hawaii. How successful it has be- attractive features of its new quarters is come may be gathered from the fact the Safe Deposit Vaults which are that it has real and personal property the largest, strongest and most conve- under its control and management with nient in the Territory. a conservative, approximate value of $50,000,000. The resources of this or- The Pacific Engineering Company, ganization as of Dec. 31, 1927, amounted Ltd., construction engineers and general to $3,718,923.49, with a capital stock of contractors, is splendidly equipped to $1,250,000.00; surplus, $1,000,000.00; handle all types of building construc- special reserve, $50,000, and undivided tion, and execute building projects in profits, $81,408.95, making the total sur- minimum time and to the utmost satis- plus of resources over liabilities $2,381,- faction of the owner. The main offices 408.95. The full significance of these fig- are in the Yokohama Specie Bank ures will appear when it is remembered Building, with its mill and factory at that the laws of Hawaii provide that a South Street. Many of the leading busi- Trust Company may not transact a bank- ness buildings in Honolulu have been ing business. Mr. E. D. Tenney is pres- constructed under the direction of the ident and chairman of the board and Mr. Pacific Engineering Company. J. R. Galt is senior vice-president and Wright, Harvey & Wright, engineers manager. in the Damon Building, have a branch office and blue print shop at 855 Kaahu- The International Trust Company, manu Street. This firm does a general with offices on Merchant street, is, as surveying and engineering business, and its name indicates, a really Pan-Pacific has information pertaining to practical- financial organization, with leading ly all lands in the group, as this firm American and Oriental business men has done an immense amount of work conducting its affairs. Its capital stock throughout the islands. The blue print is $200,000 with resources of over department turns out more than fifty $500,000. It is the general agent for per cent of the blueprinting done in the John Hancock Mutual Life Insur- Honolulu. ance Company of Boston, and other in- surance companies. The von Hamm-Young Co., Ltd., Im- porters, Machinery Merchants, and lead- The Henry Waterhouse Trust Co., ing automobile dealers, have their offiecs Ltd., was established in 1897 by Henry and store in the Alexander Young Waterhouse, son of a pioneer, incor- Building, at the corner of King and porated under the present name in 1902, Bishop streets, and their magnificent Mr. Robert Shingle becoming president, automobile salesroom and garage just and Mr. A. N. Campbell treasurer of in the rear, facing on Alakea Street. the corporation. The company now has Here one may find almost anything. a paid-up capital of $200,000 and a sur- Phone No. 6141. plus of an almost equal amount. The The Chrysler Four and Six Cylinder spacious quarters occupied by the Henry Cars, the culmination of all past ex- Waterhouse Trust Co., Ltd., are on the periences in building automobiles, is corner of Fc'i t and Merchant streets. represented in Hawaii by the Honolulu The Bishop Trust Company, Motors, Ltd., 850 S. Beretania street. Limited, The prices of Four Cylinder Cars range is one of the oldest and largest Trust from $1200 to $1445 and those of the Companies in Hawaii. It now shares Six from $1745 to $2500. The Chryslers with the Bishop Bank its new home on are meeting with remarkable sales rec- Bishop, King and Merchant Sts., known ords as a distinct departure in motor as the S. M. Damon Building, jointly cars. ADVT. THE MID -PACIFIC 13

The Hawaiian Electric Co., Ltd., with There is one East Indian Store in Ho- a power station generating capacity of nolulu, and it has grown to occupy spa- 32,000 K.W., furnishes lighting and cious quarters on Fort Street, No. 1150 power service to Honolulu and to the Fort, Phone No. 2571. This is the head- entire island of Oahu. It also maintains quarters for Oriental and East Indian its cold storage and ice-making plant, curios as well as of Philippine embroid- supplying the city with ice for home eries, home-made laces, Manila hats, consumption. The firm acts as electrical Oriental silks, pongees, carved ivories contractors, cold storage, warehousemen and Indian brass ware. An hour may and deals in all kinds of electrical sup- well be spent in this East Indian Bazaar plies, completely wiring and equipping examining the art wares of Oriental buildings and private residences. Its beauty splendid new offices facing the civic center are now completed and form one The Royal Hawaiian Sales Co., of the architectural ornaments to the city. with agencies in Honolulu, Hilo and Wailuku, has its spacious headquarters Bailey's Groceteria is the big success on Hotel and Alakea streets, Honolulu. of recent years in Honolulu business. This Company is Territorial Distributors The parent store at the corner of Queen for Star and Auburn passenger cars. and Richard Sts., has added both a They are Territorial Distributors also meat market and a bakery, while the for International Motor Trucks, Delco- newly constructed branch building at Remy service and Goodyear Tires. Beretania and Piikoi is equally well equipped and supplied, so that the The Universal Motor Co., Ltd., with housekeeper can select all that is needed spacious new buildings at 444 S. Bere- in the home, or, in fact, phone her tania street, Phone 2397, is agent for order to either house. the Ford car. All spare parts are kept in stock and statements of cost of re- The Rycroft Arctic Soda Company, pairs and replacements are given in ad- on Sheridan Street, furnishes the high vance so that you know just what the grade soft drinks for Honolulu and amount will be. The Ford is in a class Hawaii. It manufactures the highest by itself. The most economical and grade ginger ale—Hawaiian Dry—from least expensive motor car in the world. the fresh roots of the native ginger. It uses clear water from its own artesian well, makes its carbonated gas from Hawaiian pineapples at the most up-to- date soda works in the Territory of Hawaii.

A monument to the pluck and energy of Mr. C. K. Ai and his associates is the City Mill Company, of which he is treasurer and manager. This plant at Queen and Kekaulike streets is one of Honolulu's leading enterprises, doing a flourishing lumber and mill business. ADVT. 14 THE MID-PACIFIC

Wonderful New Zealand Scenically New Zealand is the world's wonderland. There is no other place in the world that offers such an aggrega- tion of stupendous scenic wonders. The West Coast Sounds of New Zealand are in every way more magnificent and awe- inspiring than are the fjords of Norway. New Zealand was the first country to perfect the government tourist bureau. She has built hotels and rest houses throughout the Dominion for the bene- fit of the tourist. New Zealand is splen- didly served by the Government Rail- ways, which sell the tourist for a very low rate, a ticket that entitles him to travel on any of the railways for from one to two months. Direct information may be secured by writing to the New Zealand Department of Tourist and Health Resorts, Wellington, New Zealand. An ancient Maori stockade SOUTH MANCHURIA RAILWAY COMPANY

Tangkangtzu Hot Springs. HOT SPRINGS IN SOUTH MANCHURIA paths of the near-by mountains as an induce- ment for occasional picnics and rambles. Tangkangtzu ("Hot Water Hill"), is an at- tractive pleasure resort, possessing the typical Wulungpei (Lit., "Five Dragons' Back") is characteristics of Manchuria. It is visited by a good health resort at all seasons. It is increasing numbers of people annually, who go beautifully situated in park-like surroundings. there for the baths and for the views on Thirty per cent reduced fare return tickets Chien-shan, one of the beauty spots of Man- to these spas issued at the principal S. M. R. churia. Within a day's walk of this spa is stations. more delightful scenery than is found in any Write for illustrated booklets and for infor- other district of the province. mation generally (post free). Hsungyaocheng (Lit., "Bear Mt. Castle"), has not only hot springs, but also has the SOUTH MANCHURIA RAILWAY added attraction of pleasant nooks along the Dairen Tokyo Shanghai Peking New York ADVT. THE MID -PACIFIC 15

The Los Angeles Steamship Company visitors are welcomed to the gardens at maintains a fortnightly palatial fast all times. Adjoining these gardens are steamship service between Honolulu and the wonderful Liliuokalani gardens and Los Angeles. Its steamers also visit the series of waterfalls. Phone 5611. Hilo, Hawaii, permitting a visit to the Volcano. This is the tourist line par excellence to Hawaii, and through tick- Burgess & Johnson, Ltd., now occupy ets may be booked in any city of the their new building at the corner of King United States. Stopovers in Honolulu and Alakea Streets. Here are displayed by Australasian and Oriental travellers the machines for which they are agents, may be made with rebookings from Ho- —the New Hupmobile Century Eight, nolulu to Los Angeles by this line. as well as the Marmon, both outstanding cars that are becoming better known and used in Hawaii. The Matson Navigation Company, the The firm still maintains its repair shop pride of Hawaii, maintains regular on Beretania Street, but at the new loca- weekly ocean greyhound service be- tion on King and Alakea the new dis- tween Honolulu and San Francisco. It play rooms located at the very cross- has recently inaugurated a Honolulu, roads of Honolulu's human traffic offer Portland, Seattle fast steamer service a tempting invitation to anyone to enter and is building new palatial greyhounds and examine the latest there is in auto for its San Francisco, Honolulu, Aus- cars.- tralasian passenger and freight service.

Honolulu Paper Company, successor Benson Smith's pharmacy is located to "The Hawaiian News Co.," deals in at Honolulu's business corner, Fort and Books of Hawaii. At Honolulu's largest Hotel Streets. Here the prescriptions and most fashionable book store, in the of the medicos are carefully prepared Alexander Young Building, all the latest and here all the latest magazines may be books may be secured, especially those procured. Sodawater and candies may dealing with Hawaii. be enjoyed at Benson Smith's, Hono- Here the ultra-fashionable stationery lulu's oldest and most reliable drug of the latest design is always kept in store. stock together with the Royal and Co- rona typewriters, Merchant calculators Jeff's Fashion Company, Incorporated, and Sundstrand Adding Machines. at Fort and Beretania Streets, is Hono- Here, also, music lovers will find a lulu's leading establishment for women home for a complete line of musical in- who set the pace in modern dress. At struments, including the Edison Phono- "Jeff's" the fashions in woman's dress graph and records. in Honolulu are set. Here the resident and tourist may outfit and be sure of acquiring the latest styles. "Jeff's" has The Office Supply Co., Ltd., on Fort its branch and a work shop in New street near King, is as its name denotes, York City. the perfectly equipped store where every kind of office furniture and supplies are on display. This is the home of the Ishii's Gardens, Pan-Pacific Park, on Remington typewriter and of typewriter Kuakini Street, near Nuuanu Avenue, repairing. Offices are completely out- constitute one of the finest Japanese tea fitted at quickest notice. The Company gardens imaginable. Here some wonder- also maintains an up-to-date completely ful Japanese dinners are served, and stocked sporting goods department.

ADVT. 16 THE MID-PACIFIC

The Royal Hawaiian Hotel at Waikiki Beach will be headquarters for the Pan-Pacific Surgical Congress in July. This palatial hotel and the Moana adjoining it, both facing the ocean, are conducted by the Territorial Hotel Company, Ltd.

Gray's By-the-Sea is the wonderfully The Sweet Shop is the name of the located seaside hotel at Waikiki where leading downtown popular priced res- the very best sea bathing is right at the taurant, opposite the Young Hotel on door ; you put on your bathing suit in Hotel Street and adjoining the Central your own room. The rates are moderate, Y. M. C. A. On the street floor is the and in the main building all are outside main restaurant, soda and candy coun- rooms. There are a number of cot- ter, while downstairs is the cozy "Den," tages on the grounds. You should visit popular as a luncheon meeting place for Gray's Beach first, American plan, ex- clubs and small groups that wish to cellent cuisine. confer in quietude.

The Pleasanton Hotel, at the corner of Dominis and Punahou Streets, was The Consolidated Amusement Com- the home of Jane Addams during the pany brings the latest drama films to Pan-Pacific Women's Conference. It in- Hawaii to provide evening entertain- vites the delegates to all the confer- ment. Its leading theatres are the New ences called by the Pan-Pacific Union to Princess on Fort Street and the palatial correspond. There are spacious cot- Hawaii Theatre nearer the business dis- tages on the grounds, tea rooms and trict. Those and the outlying theatres wide grounds. The rates are reasonable, served by the Consolidated Amusement either American or European plan. The Company keep the people of Honolulu Pleasanton is a pleasant home while in and its visiting hosts entertained, Honolulu. matinee and evening, phone for seats.

ADVT.

FOURTH EDITION

"Mr. Westervelt knows how to write of these things, and this book has not only the quality of entertainment, but the quality of historical importance, which will make it neces- sary for all American libraries concerned with the histori- cal background of our few islands."—Boston Transcript. By W. D. WESTERVELT •

The late Luther Burbank, the gift to the world from the Pacific of a great horticulturist.