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Midpacific Volume37 Issue1.Pdf /6.3— THE Vol. XXXVII. No. 1 LLID—PAC I 1I January, 1929 LIAGAZ IN/1 IDACIric ifraga,w?-1e. Old lolani Palace. now the Executive Building in Honolulu, where the First Pan-Pacific Food Conservation and other Conferences called by the Pan-Pacific Union were held. Cattle feed on cactus in Hawaii and get their drink from this succulent plant. In Australia the cactus is a dreaded pest, and steps were taken at the First Pan-Pacific Food Conservation Conference for its possible eradication and a way has been found. eire-aigavoraffory1I ~17 • • rremsaredvairervararesiyai • • • vemvetivarao • - 4. • ,%. outirr filth_trarifir maga3inr • CONDUCTED BY ALEXANDER HUME FO RD IX 01 Volume XXXVI1 Number 1 5 CONTENTS FOR JANUARY, 1929 ■ ■ i 1 5 N Plant Pathology 3 i I By Dr. C. L. Shear. Y. 1 Microbiological Investigations 11 • • By Arao Itano, Ph. D. ■ =• i The Termite Problem in the Pacific 17 "I By Thomas E. Snyder. • The Strawberry—A Gift of the Pacific 27 • By George M. Darrow. i • The Background of Hawaiian Botany 33 • By E. H. Bryan, Jr. • • The Economic Value of Plant Quarantine 41 • By L. A. Whitney, Associate Plant Inspector, Board of Coin. of y,-. Agriculture and Forestry. @ L- 13 II Government Forest Work in Hawaii 49 13 X" 1 h By C. S. Judd, Territorial Forester. i The Universal Calendar 53 :1:4 By B. Richmond. "3 Ei $ Geography of the Island of Maui 57 -. By Lawrence Hite Daingerfield. • p • 0 4 Pan-Pacific Youth. Vol. I, No. 11. i Eh Bulletin of the Pan-Pacific Union, New Series No. 108. • o.q,,., • a) • Mir ftlib-farifir itlagazinr • Published monthly by ALEXANDER HUME FORD, Alexander Young Hotel Building, Honolulu, T. H. • kI Yearly subscription in the United States and possessions, $3.00 in advance. Canada and pi Mexico, $3.25. For all foreign countries, $3.50 Single copies, 2c. Entered as second-class matter at the Honolulu Postoffice. • tY. Permission is given to publish articles from the Mid-Pacific Magazine. •,. 1.011WANA PIAMMAP1 • _ >up 09,10ymi •,, • : • MIPMP,1 IV ./ , • •KLAP1 IPC. MAP MALI • • Piinted by the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Ltd. THE MID-PACIFIC 'I chestnut tree in the Eastern States of America that has been nearly killed by the blight. Blight resistant chestnuts are being introduced from the Orient to replace the American species. THE MID-PACIFIC 3 7") nunamaktummtwiwo)mktutmuvmmuwakt 13 ti ;51 • .4.i 1 Plant . • Pathology , By DR. C. L. SHEAR (• (Before the Pan-Pacific Research 1 . `) Institution) 14, *1 avneamormwthria atovi • • n Plant pathology is that branch of botany which treats of the diseases of plants. The history of plant pathology as a science is rather brief. The earliest known references are to be found in ancient Chinese literature. Coming down the ages to the time of the early He- brews, we find various passages in the Bible in which terms are used which are interpreted as referring to diseases of the cultivated crops. There are also ref- Dr. C. L. Shear, Plant Pathologist. erences in Greek literature by such men as Aristotle and Theophrastus, who de- eases. In none of these early descriptions scribed in a general way certain diseases of plant diseases is there any evidence of of crops, especially the scab and rot of a knowledge of the real cause of the dis- figs and canker, mildew, and rust of eases. In most of those early cases, es- cereals. pecially among the Hebrews and Greeks There is reason to believe that some of and Romans, a blight of their grain or our common diseases of plants are as old other crops was taken to be a punishment as cultivated plants ; that is, the first hu- by God for some sin or other error which man beings who cultivated plants had they had committed, and they attempted trouble with some of these diseases, which to remedy it by making sacrifices or of- were natural to the plants and were found fering prayers. upon them before the plants were brought During the Middle Ages the generally tinder cultivation. prevailing idea among gardeners, orch- The Romans also published descrip- ardists, and farmers was that plant dis- tions of some of the common diseases of eases were due in some way to the in- plants. Such records are found in the fluence of the moon or stars. If crops works of Pliny. Coming down to the were not planted or trees grafted in the Middle Ages, there was an Arabian by right phase of the moon, they were likely the name of Ibn-al-Awam of Seville. to have some trouble. Even today such Spain, who really gave the first accurate ideas prevail in certain parts of the coun- account of some of the plant diseases try among ignorant people. It is only common at the time in that region. But when we reach the 18th century that it was not until we get down to the 17th we begin to find careful observations and Century that we find descriptions that are more rational explanations. sufficiently detailed to identify the dis- Tournefort, a French botanist in 1705, 4 THE MID-PACIFIC These pictures show bitter rot on the leaves of citrus; bitter rot destroying figs; a fungus gall on pine; and chestnut blight cankers. THE MID-PACIFIC 5 divided plant diseases into two groups, the descriptions of species which were dis- external and internal. The most com- covered, including, of course, not only the mon diseases generally known at that time parasitic forms but the saprophytic forms. were so divided. If a canker, excres- Fungi vary greatly in their character- cences or other malformation affected a istics and mode of life. Many of them are plant, it was an external disease. If a purely saprophytic ; that is, they will grow plant wilted down or died suddenly with- on dead or decaying matter of almost any out external evidence of injury, it was kind. Others, which are called obligate considered internal. parasites, grow only on living plants. The next investigator of note who stud- Examples of such are the rusts of grain, and discussed plant diseases was Fabricius, and smuts of corn, wheat, and barley and a Dane, in 1774. He was primarily an various other cultivated crops. The idea entomologist. He recognized that some became prevalent that the fungi could of these troubles, such as blights and therefore readily be divided into two rusts and smuts, were not due to the groups, saprophytes and parasites, and causes previously supposed, as the in- could be separated in that way ; but as we fluence of the heavenly bodies or the learn more about these organisms we find displeasure of Deity, but that they were there is no definite line of demarcation due to vegetable parasites, minute organ- between the two groups. Some fungi are isms commonly called "fungi." Not- parasitic during one portion of their life withstanding the work of Fabricius and and saprophytic during the other part. others there were still students of plant It was not, however, until about 1850 diseases as well as horticulturists who that plant pathology began to be placed maintained that fungous troubles were upon a really scientific basis. Some im- due to "souring of the sap," or some kind portant contributions to the subject were of internal nutritive disturbance which made by the mycologists who described caused cankers or other eruptions, and these fungi and recognized them as that the filaments of fungi found in the specific organisms which were able to live diseased tissue were secondary and had on other plants and cause diseases and no casual relation to the diseases. malformations of various kinds. About During the 19th century there was this time, two great investigators appear- great activity in all lines of research and ed on the scene and laid the foundation investigation of plants and animals. The for the future development of plant pa- Germans especially began to make care- thology. These were Pasteur and de ful studies and observations on the var- Bary. Pasteur you all know on account ious common diseases of cultivated plants. of his work in microbiology and especially They described them more accurately his final overthrow of the idea of spon- and in many cases determined the para- taneous generation. In Pasteur's day site causing them. there was a great discussion between bio- Improvements in the microscope and its logists in regard to spontaneous genera- more general use in botanical investiga- tion. He finally demonstrated conclu- tion aided greatly in increasing the knowl- sively that the cases cited as evidence edge of plant diseases and parasitic fungi. were due to imperfect sterilization or Another contribution to the knowledge contamination of cultures. His work in of this subject was made by the mycolo- biology and bacteriology in which he de- gists, botanists who make a special study vised methods of cultivating micro-or- of these microscopic plants aside from ganisms made it possible for other in- any relation they might have to plant dis- vestigators to isolate and grow them in eases. Such men as Persoon, Fries, and pure culture and determine their char- many others made extensive studies of acteristics, thus laying the foundation for the various fungi and filled volumes with all subsequent work along these lines. 6 THE MID-PACIFIC DeBary, who was primarily a botanist, of these plant pathological problems, made a very thorough study of the life which appeared rather simple at first, are histories of some of the parasitic fungi, far more complicated than was supposed, especially the rusts. He demonstrated and we still have very inadequate concep- for the first time that some of these or- tions of the complexity of the subject.
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