Appendix 4-3 Kadua parvula Scientific name: Kadua parvula (A. Gray) Fosb. Hawaiian name: None Family: Rubiaceae (Coffee family) Federal status: Listed Endangered October 29, 1991 Requirements for MIP Stability – 3 Population Units (PU) – 50 reproducing individuals in each PU – Stable population structure – Threats controlled – Complete genetic representation of all PUs in storage Description and biology Modified from Wagner et al. 2005 Habit- Erect to sprawling perennial shrub with branches measuring 10-30cm long. Glabrous, many- branched with stems 4-angled or 4-costate. Leaves- Leaves opposite, usually overlapping and closely spaced, not becoming reduced above; lanceolate to ovate-cordate. Blades are 1-4 cm long, 0.7-2.3 cm wide, and glabrous with strongly ascending lateral veins. Margins slightly revolute, with petioles 0-0.2cm long. Stipules strongly carinate, 2-3mm long, apex mucronate. Flowers-Pistillate (possessing only female flowers) or perfect (possessing both male and female parts), in narrow corymbose inflorescences, sometimes appearing as one inflorescence when several flowers are found on contiguous branches. Flowers’ corollas usually have four lobes which are white and tinged purplish-pink towards the tips, fleshy, apex depressed and 5-6mm long. Stamens are attached slightly below the corolla throat and sessile. Upper part of the style is enlarged and woolly pubescent near the middle. Fruit- Capsules are almost round and subglobose, and measure 3.3-4.0mm long and 3.5-4.0mm in diameter. Seeds- Small and dull brown, subpeltate, and bluntly angled. Distribution and Habitat- Endemic to the Waianae Mountains on Oahu, formerly nearly throughout the Waianae Mountains. Now restricted to the southern end of the Waianae Mountains from Palehua to Makaleha at elevation ranging from 715-725m. Found in mesic vegetation and only known from ledges, rocky outcrops, and on the base of cliff faces. Pollination and dispersal- The flowers of K. parvula are white or light purplish-pink colored, and are prominently displayed above the plant, similar to other cliff species. The flower arrangement suggests night-flying moths as primary pollinators, however little is known about K. parvula's breeding system and seed dispersal agents. Taxonomic background: There are noticeable morphological differences among herbarium specimens of K. parvula. These differences may be genetically based. K. parvula forma sessilis is a form that was described based on its leaf shape (Fosberg 1943). It was thought that the plants from the southern Waianae Mountains represented this form, whereas the plants from the northern Waianaes represented the typical form K. parvula forma parvula. Findings from additional studies of the morphological differences within the species may result in future alterations of the taxonomy. Table 1. Historic collections of Kadua parvula on Oahu. Data compiled from Bishop Museum Herbarium Records provided by Bishop Museum, 2019. Area Year Collector Puu Kaua 1936 O. Degener Below Palehua 1946 O. Degener Puu Kanehoa 1954 H. St. John Makaleha 1980 S.L. Montgomery Makaleha 1985 J.K. Obata Nanakuli and Lualualei 1992 K.R.Wood Ohikilolo 1993 S. Perlman Table 2. Reproductive Biology Summary of K. parvula. Observed Phenology* Reproductive Biology Seeds Population Flower Immature Mature Breeding System Suspected Average Dormancy Unit Fruit Fruit Pollinator # Per Fruit (viable) Ekahanui Feb- Feb-June June Hermaphroditic Bird or N/A None June None Halona Nov- June-Dec July- Hermaphroditic Bird or 17± 18 None June Dec None Ohikilolo May- March- Apr- Hermaphroditic Bird or 36± 37 None Oct Aug Oct None *Observed Phenology is based on field observations at each site. Actual duration of reproductive status is likely longer that those observed. Peak collection time is May-June. Plant morphology and habitat Figure 1. Flowers with typical whitish-pick color and buds. Figure 2. Flowers and immature fruit. Figure 3. Typical cliff habitat with immature fruit present on plants. Figure 4. Mature fruit. Figure 5. Buds and flowers. Figure 6. Outplanting habitat at Palikea reintroduction site. Figure 7. Palikea reintroduction site, outplanting on rappel. Figure 8. Ohikilolo reintroduction site. Table 3. Habitat characteristics of each Population. Average Annual Rainfall data is from the Rainfall Atlas of Hawaii (Giambelluca et al. 2013). All other data from OANRP observations. Int= Intermediate. PU Pop. Ref. Ele. Slope Canopy Topo. Aspect Average Average Code (feet) Cover Monthly Annual Max.Tem Rainfall p. (F) (mm) Ekahanui EKA-A Upper 2651 Steep Open N 75.01 1217.6 reintro Slope Halona HAL-A Upper 2343 Steep Int. N 74.98 1177.3 in situ Slope Halona HAL-B 2648- Upper Vertical Int. N 74.55 1153.0 in situ 2687 Slope Halona PAK-A Upper 2748 Steep Open NE 74.54 1154.4 reintro Slope Ohikilolo MMR-D 2957 Steep Open Upper N 74.17 1527.7 reintro Slope Ohikilolo MMR-C 2465- Upper Steep Int. N 73.61 1584.5 in situ 2730 Slope Ohikilolo MMR-D Upper 2957 Steep Open N 74.17 1527.7 reintro Slope Ohikilolo MMR-E Upper 2625 Steep Int. N 74.87 1276.6 reintro Slope Table 4. List of Associated Species (six letter code = first three letters of genus, followed by first three letters of species) for each Population Unit for both canopy and understory. Species observed by OANRP staff are listed in alphabetical order. PU PRC Canopy Understory Ekahanui EKA-A reintro GreRob, MetPol, AgeAde, AgeRip, AlySte, BidTor, MyrSan, SchTer CarWah, DiaSan, DubLax, ElaPal, EraGra, GreRob, LobYuc, MelMin, MetPol, MyrSan, PepTet, PlePar, SadCya, SchTer, SphChi, TetLepLep, VacRet Halona HAL-A in situ DodVis, GreRob, AgeAde, AgeRip, AlySte, ArtAus, MetPol, MorFay, BidTor, BleApp, CarMey, CarWah, SchTer ConBon, CycPar, DorDec, EpiNoc, EpiOrb, EraGra, EriKar, EupCelAmp, EupMul, HymUni, LepArb, MelMin, OxaCor, PepTet, PhyTen, PlePar, RumAlb, RumGig, SchLig Table 4 (continued). PU PRC Canopy Understory Halona HAL-B in situ GreRob, MorFay, AgeAde, AgeRip, ArtAus, BidTor, MyrLes, MyrSan, BleApp, CarWah, EraGra, EriKar, , SchTer, SopChr EupMul, GahBee, LysHil, MelMin, PasSub, PepTet, PlePar, RubRos, RumAlb, SchLig, SteKaa, VioChaCha Halona PAK-A reintro Metpol, MorFay, AgeAde, DiaSan, Diclin, EriKar, CryJap MelMin, Metpol, SphChi, VacRet, Ohikilolo MMR-A in situ GreRob, LanCam, AgeCon, AgeRip, BidTor, CarMey, MetPol, MetTre, CarWah, CenEry, CerFon, DorDeci, Schter DubHer, DubShe, EraGra, EraVar, LinTri, LysArv, MelMin, MelTenf, MetPol, PhyTen, SchSeb, SchTer, SetPar, StaAus, StaCay, SteMed, TetFil, WikOahOah Ohikilolo MMR-C in situ DodVis, GreRob, AgeAde, AgeRip, ArtAus, BleApp, MetPol, MetTre, CarMey, EraGra, EriKar, , SchTer, WikOahOah EupCelAmp, MelMin, RumAlb, SetPar, SonOle, StaAus, VioChaCha Ohikilolo MMR-D reintro GreRob, MetTre AgeCon, AgeRip, BidTor, BleApp, LysHil, MelMin, MetTre, RumAlb Ohikilolo MMR-E reintro MetPol, MetTre AgeAde, AgeRip, BleApp, CayMey, KalPin, MelMin, MetPol, MetTre, RubRos, SphChi, StaAus Ohikilolo Ekahanui Halona Figure 9. Map of current and historic K. parvula locations. Current status The known population units of K. parvula in the Waianae Mountains have a total of 440 plants, consisting of mature and immature plants, and seedlings (Figure 10). This is an approximately 12% increase in total plants from 2018, largely the result of a new reintroduction site added to the Halona PU. About 53% of this total is represented by in situ plants, and the remaining 47% from reintroduced populations. Currently, only the Ohikilolo PU meets stabilization goals with more than 50 reproducing individuals. The total number of immature plants in the Halona and Ekahanui PU had previously been over 90 individuals each, however, these totals were the result of recent outplantings. Outplanting survival has been lowest at the Ekahanui PU, and along with a lack of seedling development, has led to a decrease in overall plant numbers to around 30 individuals. The two in situ populations in the Halona PU have not changed much over the past five years. A reintroduction site at Palikea was planted in the past year, so its long-term survival is undetermined. Based on past outplanting survival, additional plants will be needed to meet the stabilization goals for the number of reproducing individuals for the Ekahanui and Halona PU. 300 70 250 Ekahanui 200 Halona 44 150 115 46 Ohikilolo 100 50 0 2012 2016 2017 2018 2019 Figure 10. Total number of plants for each Population Unit over time. Arrows above line represent Reintroduction year and number of plants planted. Table 5. Population Units for K. parvula. MFS = Manage for Stability; GS = Manage for Genetic Storage. Population Unit Management PU Type Action Management Designation Area Units for Threat control Ekahanui MFS Reintro None Ekahanui Halona MFS In situ and Reintro None Palikea Ohikilolo MFS In situ and Reintro MMR Ohikilolo Table 6. Stabilization Goal Status. Yes/No/Partial refers to if control is in place for each PU. PU Stability Target MU Threat Control Genetic Storage Population 50 Stable Ungulate Slugs Rodent Fire Weeds % Completed Unit reproducing Population plants Structure Ekahanui No No Yes No Partial Yes Partial N/A Halona No No Partial No Partial No Partial 100% Ohikilolo Yes Yes Partial No Partial Yes Partial 100% Population trend and structure The MIP assumed K. parvula to live less than 10 years. However, monitoring data revealed that plants from in situ populations survive for up to 19 years, which is similar to closely related K. degeneri subsp. degeneri. Long-term data for reintroduced plants is limited, as outplantings