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Chondrichthyes 8.3.2017 RYBOVITÍ OBRATLOVCI CHONDRICHTHYES (chiméry, žraloci, rejnoci) PRAKTIKA - UKÁZKY říše: živočichové (Animalia) TRIBLASTICA (živočichové se 3 zárodečnými listy) vývojová větev druhoústí (Deuterostomia) kmen: strunatci (Chordata) třída: sliznatky (Myxini) třída: mihule (Cephalaspidomorpha) třída: nozdratí (Sarcopterygii) třída: paryby (Chondrichthyes) MILOSLAV PETRTÝL – [email protected] třída: paprskoploutví (Actinopterygii) (příště) RYBOVITÍ OBRATLOVCI CHONDRICHTHYES –„PARYBY“ HOLOCEPHALII SYSTÉM CHONDRICHTHYES - Chimaeriformes EUSELACHII ELASMOBRANCHII (= NEOSELACHII) CHONDRICHTHYES – paryby SELACHII (žraloci) Galeomorphi - Heterodontiformes (různozubci) HOLOCEPHALI – chimérovci - Orectolobiformes (malotlamci) - Lamniformes (obrouni) - Carcharhiniformes (žralouni) ELASMOBRANCHII - příčnoústí –rejnoci –žraloci Squalomorphi - Hexanchiformes (šedouni) - Squaliformes (ostrouni) - Echinorhiniformes (drsnotělci - Squatiniformes (polorejnoci) - Pristiophoriformes (pilonosi) BATOMORPHI (rejnoci, trnuchy, manty) Torpediniformes (parejnoci) Rajiformes (rejnoci) Pristiformes (pilouni) Myliobatiformes (trnuchy) Nelson, 2016: Fishes of the world 1 8.3.2017 HOLOCEPHALI - celohlaví čeleď : Chimaeridae (chimérovití) Rafinesque 1815 2 - 20: Chimaera, Hydrolagus CHIMAERIFORMES - chimérotvaří celosvětově, ♂head clasper, toxic D spine ♂ •Dvě hřbetní ploutve, první s erektilním trnem • Nemají žebra, žaludek, spirákulum čeleď : Callorhinchidae (chimérovkovití) Garman 1901 • Holostylní lebka – autapomorfní znak: „holocephali“ horní čelist 1 - 4 pevně spojena s lebkou jižní polokoule, morfologicky nejpůvodnější chiméry. • Pohlavní dimorfismus (pterygopody, tentaculum samců) • Deskovité (nevýměnné) zuby – bentos •Vnitřní oplození, vejcorodí • Kožní žaberní víčko čeleď : Rhinochimaeridae (pachimérovití) Garman 1901 • Trn s jedovou žlázou 3 - 6: Harriotta, Neoharriotta, Rhinochimaera celosvětově • Velikost do 1,5 m Vajíčko chiméry s „kožovitým“ obalem CHIMAERIFORMES - chimérotvaří Chiméra běloskvrnná Trn ve hřbetní ploutvi SAMICE Kožovité víčko samec tentaculum Samčí pářící orgán - Klaspery ELASMOBRANCHII - PŘÍČNOÚSTÍ •Přes 1100 druhů (Nelson, 2016) 520 druhů žraloků 640 druhů rejnoků. • Carcharhiniformes více než polovina druhů - obzvláště v tropických a subtropických pobřežních vodách. • Pelagické typy žijící na volném moři zahrnují Lamniformní druhy (mako, velký bílý, žralok liščí, žralok obrovský) • Squaliformní druhy – jsou úspěšní zejména v hlubších vodách oceánů severní polokoule. • Rejnoci skupiny Rajoidei jsou nejvíce rozšíření v hlubších vodách Heterodontiformes (různozubci) - jediní žraloci se 2 hřbetními ploutvemi, řitní ploutví • Myliobatoidei mají nejrozmanitější zastoupení v tropických a trny v ploutvích (trny mají i Squalimorfní žraloci, ale ti nemají řitní ploutev). pobřežních mělkých vodách. 2 8.3.2017 HETERODONTIFORMES - různozubci Heterodontus portjacksoni RŮZNOZUBEC PORTJACKSONŮV •Dvě hřbetní ploutve s trny • Řitní ploutev přítomná • 5 žabeních otvorů • Drobné spirákulum •Různé typy zubů • Špíše menší druhy • Heterodontus portusjacksoni r. portjacksonský RŮZNOZUBEC PORTJACKSONŮV Orectolobiformes (malotlamci) - jediní žraloci se 2 hřbetními ploutvemi, bez trnů v ploutvích, kteří mají tlamu nedosahující k oku ORECTOLOBIFORMES - malotlamci ORECTOLOBIFORMES - malotlamci Stegostomatidae – pruhovcovití •Dvě hřbetní ploutve bez trnů Stegostoma fasciatum – ž. zebrovitý • Malá ústa, často vousky • Spirákulum přítomno Ginglymostomatidae - vouskatcovití • Ginglymostoma cirratum žralok vouskatý Zbarvení juvenilního jedince 3 8.3.2017 Žralok zebrovitý (Stegostoma fasciatum) ORECTOLOBIFORMES - malotlamci Rhincodontidae - veležralokovití Rhincodon Typus – žralok velrybí • aktivní filtrátor 12-18m •Největší vejce - 30x12cm ORECTOLOBIFORMES - malotlamci ŽRALOK VELRYBÍ 18 m Rhincodon typus - ž. velrybí ŽRALOK VELRYBÍ - KRMENÍ Lamniformes (obrouni) – podobní a příbuzní carcharhiniformům, od nichž je odlišuje nepřítomnost spodního víčka. 4 8.3.2017 LAMNIFORMES - obrouni LAMNIFORMES - obrouni •Dvě hřbetní ploutve bez trnů Alopiidae – liškounovití • řitní ploutev přítomná Alopias vulpinus - liškoun obecný • 5 žaberních štěrbin • malé spirákulum za okem • bez mžurky LIŠKOUN LAMNIFORMES - obrouni Cetorhinidae – obrounovití Cetorhinus maximus - žralok veliký ŽRALOK VELKÝ LAMNIFORMES - obrouni Mitsukirinidae – hlavorohovití • Mitsukurina owstoni – ž. šotek 5 8.3.2017 LAMNIFORMES - obrouni LAMNIFORMES - obrouni Megachasmidae - velkotlamovití Lamnidae – makrelcovití ocas sym. kýl+ • Megachasma pelagios – ž. velkoústý (1976) • Carcharodon carcharias –ž. bílý • Isurus oxyrinchus –ž. mako VELKÝ BÍLÝ Carcharhiniformes (žralouni) – podobní a příbuzní lamniformům, od nichž je odlišuje přítomnost spodního víčka, mají spodní víčko, tlamu dosahující k oku a hřbetní ploutev před břišními (řídké výjimky). CARCHARHINIFORMES - žralouni CARCHARHINIFORMES - žralouni •Největší skupina přes 270 druhů •Dvě hřbetní ploutve bez trnů •Máčka skvrnitá – hřbet. pl. posunutá dozadu •Přítomnost řitní ploutve •Pět žaberních štěrbin, tyčinky chybějí •Oko často s mžurkou, spirákulum někdy chybí Scyliorhinidae -máčkovití 6 8.3.2017 CARCHARHINIFORMES - žralouni CARCHARHINIFORMES - žralouni Triakidae – psohlavovití Carcharhinidae – modrounovití (mžurka+, spirak.-) • Mustelus mustelus – hladkoun obecný • Galeocerdo cuvieri – ž. tygří • Galeorhinus galeus – psohlav obecný • Carcharhinus leucas –ž. bělavý CARCHARHINIFORMES - žralouni CARCHARHINIFORMES - žralouni Prionace glauca - ž. modravý Sphyrna - kladivoun VÝRAZNĚ ODVOZENÝ TVAR LEBKY/HLAVY 7 8.3.2017 KLADIVOUN - LOV Klíč Batoidea Hexanchiformes (šedouni) - jediní žraloci s pouze jednou hřbetní ploutví a více jak 5 žaberními štěrbinami. Na rozdíl od ostatních Squalea mají řitní ploutev. HEXANCHIFORMES - šedouni HEXANCHIFORMES - šedouni •1 hřbetní, trn-, řitní pl.+, 6-7 žab.št. Hexanchidae – šedounovití • spir. malé daleko od oka • Heptranchias perlo – ž. sedmižábrý Chlamydoselachidae – štíhlounovití • Chlamydoselachus anguineus –ž. límcový ŽRALOK SEDMIŽÁBRÝ Batoidea Squaliformes (ostrouni) - jediní žraloci bez řitní ploutve kteří mají trny ve hřbetních ploutvích. 8 8.3.2017 SQUALIFORMES - ostrouni SQUALIFORMES - ostrouni Squalidae – ostrounovití Dvě hřbet. pl., řitní pl.-, 5 žab. st, světélkování Squalus acanthias – ostroun obecný Dalatiidae –světlounovití Isistius brasiliensis –žraloček brazilský Jedinec 47cm z hloubky 2000m – foto © Digital Fish Library SQUATINIFORMES - polorejnoci • ploché tělo, oči navrch hlavy, dvě hř.p. trny- • řitní-, 5 žab.št. velké spir., koncová ústa Batoidea • Squatina squatina – polorejnok křídlatý Squatiniformes (polorejnoci) - žraloci bez řitní ploutve se silně stlačeným rejnokovitým tělem, prsní ploutve ale narozdíl od rejnoků nejsou přirostlé k hlavě. PRISTIOPHORIFORMES - pilonosi •dvě hřbet. pl., trny-, dlouhý rypec se zuby, řitní p.- • spirákulum velké Batoidea • Pristiophorus cirratus – pilonos vouskatý Pristiophoriformes (pilonosi) - žraloci bez řitní ploutve s pilovitým rostrem. Zaměnitelní s Pristiformes (pilouni) ale odlišní v: pár vousů na rostru, zuby na rostru alternující malé a velké, zuby obměňovány, žaberní štěrbiny na boku hlavy. 9 8.3.2017 BATOIDEI - rejnoci Řád: TORPEDINIFORMES - PAREJNOCI Disk vepředu kulatý (Narcinidae) nebo rovně uťatý až vchlípený (Torpedinidae). • Zploštělý tvar těla - dorzoventrálně Čelisti mohutné (Narcinidae) až velmi •Většinou bentické druhy tenké (Torpedinidae). •Příčná ústa na spodní straně V hlavě silný a mohutný párový Narcinidae • Obvykle 5 žaberních štěrbin elektrický orgán (220 V) vzniklý ze • Výrazné spirákulum, napomáhá dýchání u dna žaberní svaloviny Disk je díky elektrickým orgánům velmi silný a neumožňuje vlnění prsních ploutví. Pohyb je tak převážně vlněním těla a ocasní ploutví jako u žraloků. Hřbetní ploutve 0-2. Torpedinidae elektrický orgán samice vyměšuje mléčnou substanci. Cá 65 druhů PAREJNOK ELEKTRICKÝ - LOV Parejnok elektrický - Torpedo marmorata Lze z fotky určit pohlaví jedince? Řád: PRISTIFORMES - PILOUNI Cá 63 druhů v řádu PRISTIFORMES Pilohřbet obecný – Rhinobatos rhihobatos zuby jednotné velikosti • Rhinobatidae chybí vousy žaberní štěrbiny ventrálně • Rhinidae Výrazná ocasní + 2 hřbetní ploutve Rostrum dlouze protažené, lemované po stranách zuby - zuby po vypadnutí nejsou nahrazeny Kytarovec jemenský - Rhynchobatus djiddensis - žaberní štěrbiny pouze na ventrální straně hlavy Piloun mnohozubý – Pristis pectinata (jako u všech rejnoků). Hlava plochá, tělo více méně připomíná žraloka. Velké paryby (7 m) příbřežních vod, ústí řek. • Pristidae Mláďata se rodí s pilou potaženou kůží, rostrum je měkké a ohebné, kalcifikuje až po narození. 10 8.3.2017 Pristis pristis - funkce „pily“ RAJIFORMES - REJNOCI hlavně Rajidae Břišní ploutve rozdělené do dvou laloků. Ocas mohutný, bez jedových trnů. Na ocase u většiny dvě malé hřbetní ploutvičky a malá ocasní ploutvička. Mnoho druhů trnovité šupiny podél středové linie zad Samci mají řady zvětšených šupin poblíž očí a konců „křídel“ RAJIFORMES Rajidae Kráčivá přední ½ břišní ploutve RAJIFORMES - rejnoci Rajidae – rejnokovití 200 dr. Kráčivá přední ½ břišní ploutve, Pterygopody • Raja clavata – r. ostnatý pozor na záměnu s pářícími - vždy na caud. konci bř. plouve orgány samců Gurgesiella atlantica Kráčivá přední ½ břišní ploutve • Raja batis – r. hladký Sympterygia bonapartii Rajiformes MYLIOBATIFORMES - TRNUCHY Hlavně: Dasyatidae + Potamotrygonidae Břišní ploutve Břišní ploutve jen jednolaločné. srovnání Ocas úzký a bičovitý, často dlouhý s jedovým trnem. Ocas většinou bez hřbetních ploutviček,
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