The Silent Service Understanding the Covert World of Canadian Operations During the Cold War.

Quinn Leitch: V00485756 History 394: Veterans and Oral History Submitted to: Dr. David Zimmerman Submitted on: December 1, 2008

The Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States along with their respective alliances, the Warsaw Pact and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, during the 1950s onwards was a serious matter at sea. During this timeframe, the Soviet Navy transitioned from a small coastal defence force into a large, general-purpose, ocean-going navy which was second only to the United States Navy in range of activities and apparent power. 1 This became a serious threat to Canada, an important NATO ally, for two reasons. Firstly, Soviet naval presence began to increase in the Pacific Ocean which, subsequently, led to increased Soviet naval activity such as long-range patrols by ballistic-missile , attack submarines and intelligence gathering ships off Canada’s West Coast. 2 Secondly, Canada’s Arctic Islands could serve as alternate routes for Soviet submarines heading north or south between the Atlantic Ocean and the

Arctic. 3 Due to the surmounting threats of the Soviet Union, the Canadian Submarine Service re-emerged as a strategic and tactical asset for the that would reinforce

Canada’s sovereignty and her commitment to NATO. Furthermore, the thorough and intense training received by Canadian submariners translated into repeated successes in clandestine operations, whether training exercises or covert operations, at sea. To fully understand this covert world, the utilization of Oral History is paramount since documentation of clandestine aspects of the Canadian Submarine Service is extremely limited; therefore, this paper will draw upon the interviews of three well distinguished Canadian Submarine Commanders: Captain

Wilfred Lund, Commander Lloyd Barnes, and Commander Maurice Tate.

1 Canada. House of Commons. The Canadian Submarine Acquisition Project. (Ottawa: House of Commons, 1988), 21. 2 House of Commons, The Submarine Acquisition Project, 22. 3 House of Commons, The Submarine Acquisition Project, 22.

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The Cold War was not the first time that the Canadian Submarine Service asserted

Canada’s sovereignty. During the beginning of the First World War the Premier of British

Columbia, Sir Richard McBride, ordered the Provincial acquisition of two American built submarines from the Chilean Government. 4 Neither the Liberal nor Conservative Governments

at the time formulated, and indeed even seriously considered, a separate defense policy for the

West Coast. 5 Furthermore, Liberal Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier and his cabinet agreed with the Colonial Defence Committee that they could not perceive any real threat to the West

Coast communities; therefore, they would not commit resources to a West Coast defensive strategy. 6 Premier McBride did not agree with the Federal Government as he was motivated by the possibility of German warships raiding British Columbia’s Coal stocks, thriving fishing and lumber industries as well as shipping facilities. 7 Moreover, both submarines were commissioned

by the Royal Canadian Navy on August 6, 1914 as HMCS CC-1 and HMCS CC-2 along with

praise from the Federal Government. 8 Both submarines were decommissioned shortly after the war; however, the Canadian Government would not make the same mistake twice regarding the acquisition of submarines.

Beginning in the early 1960s, the Canadian Government paved the way for the re- emergence of the Canadian Submarine Service. Unlike the previous disapproval by Parliament in 1914, Prime Minster John Diefenbaker’s Conservative Government supported the re- emergence of the Canadian Submarine Service since “submarines in the hands of an aggressor are more dangerous today then they were in either of the world wars. To meet the challenge, the

4 Dave Perkins, Canada’s Submarines 1914 – 1923 (Erin, ON: Boston Mills Press, 1989), 23. 5 Perkins, Canada’s Submarines, 17. 6 Perkins, Canada’s Submarines, 20 . 7 Perkins, Canada’s Submarines, 17, 19. 8 Perkins, Canada’s Submarines, 23.

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Royal Canadian Navy now needed its own submarines to improve the existing anti-submarine operational capability.” 9 Furthermore, Pierre Sevigny, Canadian Associate Minister of Defence,

outlined the importance of this rebirth because “with the Soviet and satellite navies gaining

strength and destructive potential, the threat to the security of the seas has assumed greater and

more menacing proportions.” 10

Beginning on the West Coast the first submarine to join the new Canadian submarine

squadron was HMCS Grilse , previously the United States Navy submarine named USS Burfish ,

was commissioned on 11 May 1961. 11 A Second World War Balao class submarine that was

designed for operations in the Pacific theatre, HMCS Grilse had electronic weapon systems that were not up to date with current anti-submarine warfare. 12 However, the submarine was in beautiful shape and was further used to attract new recruits to enter the submarine service. 13

Furthermore, HMCS Grilse provided a valuable training role as “clockwork mouse” for the anti- submarine warfare training of all West Coast naval ships as well as the flight crews of 407

Squadron and some U.S. aviators. 14 Since HMCS Grilse was leased from the US Navy, the

Royal Canadian Navy returned the submarine after their second five year lease expired; consequently, replacing her with HMCS Rainbow commissioned on 2 December 1968. 15

Formerly USS Argonaut , this Tench class submarine had the necessary anti-submarine warfare

electronic weapon systems which HMCS Grilse was lacking. 16 However, when HMCS Rainbow operated her diesel engines on the surface and at periscope depth, the ship was extremely noisy;

9 Marc Milner, Canada’s Navy: The First Century (Toronto, On: University of Toronto Press, 1999), 228. 10 Department of Defence, “HMCS Grilse,” The Crowsnest (May 1961), 6. 11 Milner, Canada’s Navy, 228. 12 Milner, Canada’s Navy, 228. 13 Captain Wilfred Lund Interview, 24 October 2008, Victoria BC, 1:12:17. 14 Julie H. Ferguson, Through a Canadian Periscope: the Story of the Canadian Submarine Service (Toronto, ON: Dundurn Press, 1995), 257. 15 Ferguson, Through a Canadian Periscope, 273. 16 Captain Wilfred Lund Interview, 24 October 2008, Victoria BC, 1:12:17.

3 furthermore, Commander Barnes joked that “when Rainbow operated its main engines, either

snorkeling or on the surface, the whole Pacific could hear it.” 17

On the East Coast, the Canadian Government approved the construction of three new

Oberon Class submarines on 5 November 1963 which were built at the British naval dockyard in

Chatham. 18 The three new submarines included: HMCS Ojibwa commissioned on 23 September

1965, which originally was being built as HMS Onyx until the Canadian purchase, HMCS

Onondaga commissioned on 22 June 1967, and HMCS Okanagan commissioned on 22 June

1968. 19 The Oberon Class submarine had many advantages such as speed, low noise creation,

and electronic systems. Firstly, the Oberon class submarine could achieve speeds up to 18 knots

underwater if its batteries were put in series; however, it would use a lot of battery power. 20

Therefore, if the submarine traveled at slow speeds underwater the boat could stay submerged for a couple of days until it had to surface to recharge its batteries. 21 Secondly the Oberon Class

submarines were very quiet, as American submariners discovered the hard way during training.

The American nuclear powered submarines were noisier than the Canadian’s conventionally

powered Oberon class submarines. 22 Thirdly, the Oberon class submarines were equipped with good electronic systems: long range , short range attack sonar, and a Scanner which detected anything close range that was making noise. 23 However, the electronic countermeasures

to detect aircraft as well as radar used for navigation were not very reliable. 24 Furthermore, one

17 Commander Lloyd Barnes Interview, 28 October 2008, Victoria BC, 00:47:00. 18 Julie H. Ferguson, Through a Canadian Periscope: the Story of the Canadian Submarine Service (Toronto, ON: Dundurn Press, 1995), 265. 19 Ferguson, Through a Canadian Periscope, 265. 20 Commander Lloyd Barnes Interview, 28 October 2008, Victoria BC, 00:36:23. 21 Commander Lloyd Barnes Interview, 36:23. 22 Commander Lloyd Barnes Interview, 36:23. 23 Commander Lloyd Barnes Interview, 36:23. 24 Commander Lloyd Barnes Interview, 36:23.

4 of the major challenges with the Oberon class submarines was with their habitability. 25 Not only

was there little cabin space for sailors to live in, but also the submarines could only produce 700

gallons of water a day which was barely adequate to address the sailors’ needs. 26 Captain Lund

summed the situation up well: “it was basic camping in the O-Boats.” 27 However, despite the

different challenges of both the American leased submarines and the Canadian owned Oberon

class submarines, the thorough and intense training received by Canadian submariners overruled

these pitfalls.

The thorough and intense training received by Canadian submariners began with basic

submarine training courses for both officers and crew. At the time the United States Navy and

the British provided two streams of training that both officers and men were sent to,

regardless of their personal preference. 28 The Royal Navy Basic Officer Submarine Qualifying

Course, which was held in Britain, was far shorter than the US Navy’s course on land; however, more time was spent on board a Royal Navy submarine in order to qualify in submarines. 29

Commander Barnes was sent to the Royal Navy stream and he spent one year with HMS

Opossum, where he qualified in submarines in autumn of 1966.30 Captain Lund and Commander

Tate both were assigned to the United States Navy stream to complete the Basic Submarine

Officer Training Course, which took place in New London, Connecticut. 31 The course lasted six months where students were trained in all sea disciplines; therefore, they had to qualify in areas such as engineering, electrical, weapons, and navigation, to name a few. 32 To further illustrate

25 Captain Wilfred Lund Interview, 24 October 2008, Victoria BC, 1:12:17. 26 Captain Wilfred Lund Interview, 24 October 2008, Victoria BC, 1:22:17. 27 Captain Wilfred Lund Interview, 1:22:17. 28 Captain Wilfred Lund Interview, 10:30. 29 Captain Wilfred Lund Interview, 10:30. 30 Commander Lloyd Barnes Interview, 28 October 2008, Victoria BC, 2:00. 31 Captain Wilfred Lund Interview ( 24 October 2008) and Commander Maurice Tate Interview (5 November 2008). 32 Captain Wilfred Lund Interview, 10:30.

5 the thoroughness of the training, Captain Lund recalled an exercise where students had to strip down a submarine diesel engine and reassemble it. 33 Furthermore, the training facility was

equipped with a pond where students practiced ship handling with model submarines that acted

like real ones. 34 After the six month training course, successful students were sent off to sea on a

US Navy submarine to finish their qualification course. 35 Commander Tate qualified in submarines with USS Conger in 1959 and was posted to HMCS Grilse, whereas Captain Lund qualified in submarines on board USS Hardhead in1966 and was posted to HMCS Grilse as well. 36 Once posted in a Canadian submarine crew, members had to complete additional qualification programs, similar to programs during training, which lasted another year until the student was an officially qualified submariner. 37 The thorough training proved that “everyone really knew their jobs” in submarines which translated into many successful operations; however, another crucial aspect of operational success was the training process for commanding officers. 38

The Submarine Commanding Officers Qualifying Course, or Perisher for short, was the

most intense and thorough training program a submariner could experience. Perisher was so

intense that prospective candidates had to prepare for the course years in advance because failure

of Perisher marked the end of that candidate’s submarine career. 39 However, Canadian

submariners had an advantage due to submarine Captains giving their Executive officers and

junior officers more experience in ship handling where other navies gave their officers the odd

33 Captain Wilfred Lund Interview, 10:30. 34 Captain Wilfred Lund Interview, 24 October 2008, Victoria BC, 10:30. 35 Captain Wilfred Lund Interview, 10:30. 36 Captain Wilfred Lund Interview (24 October 2008) and Commander Maurice Tate Interview (5 November 2008). 37 Captain Wilfred Lund Interview. 38 Captain Wilfred Lund Interview, 15:35. 39 Commander Lloyd Barnes Interview, 28 October 2008, Victoria BC.

6 try. 40 Nevertheless, “everybody was scared to death,” as the failure rate was between thirty and thirty-five percent. 41 Time Magazine even deemed The Perisher as “the most difficult course in

the world,” to undertake. 42 Also Commander Barnes concurred that “Perisher is such a demanding course, it makes virtually everything else you do in life, whether it has to do with the

Service or not, routine.” 43 However, The Perisher was the be-all end-all to a junior officer’s existence in the submarine service; therefore, even though it was the greatest challenge a submarine officer will ever face in peacetime, successful completion would be the greatest personal triumph in his career. 44

Perisher instilled its corporate knowledge, experience and tactics in every student based on its long tradition dating back to 1917. 45 The course’s curriculum focused on three main

objectives: it taught how to be safe in various environments, how to get out of trouble utilizing

countermeasures, as well as how to accomplish missions whether it was submarine verses

submarine(s), submarine versus surface ship(s), and mine laying. 46 Also, it included surveillance and covert operations which included intelligence gathering through photographic and electronic means of shore based and/or naval targets as well as landing and recovering Special Forces. 47 A

submarine commander in the British Royal Navy would be chosen to be the Teacher, and only

referred to by the students as “Teacher,” of the Perisher due to his tactical expertise and broad

40 Commander Lloyd Barnes Interview. 41 Captain Wilfred Lund Interview, 49:02. 42 Julie H. Ferguson, Through a Canadian Periscope: the Story of the Canadian Submarine Service (Toronto, ON: Dundurn Press, 1995), 285. 43 Commander Lloyd Barnes Interview, 28 October 2008, Victoria BC, 35:15. 44 Ferguson, Through a Canadian Periscope, 286. 45 Captain Wilfred Lund Interview, 24 October 2008, Victoria BC. 46 Captain Wilfred Lund Interview. 47 Captain Wilfred Lund Interview.

7 understanding of submarine operations. 48 Furthermore, Teacher would guide and instruct the students through the four phases of Perisher and be the one who either qualified of failed them. 49

Phase One primarily focused on the orientation of the students: getting to know each other as well as a general introduction to the course. 50 Two weeks were spent at the submarine school at HMS Dolphin at Portsmouth, United Kingdom where the students visited training

facilities as well as manufacturers of submarine parts and electronics. 51 Phase Two began the

formal training process where six weeks were spent at HMS Dolphin where students learned

about submarine tactics as well as spent time in the submarine trainer. 52 Phase Three began the at sea portion where students would conduct their attacks in a submarine against real naval assets, usually a Royal Navy Destroyer or Frigate. 53 Each student had a chance at launching the attack as Captain of the submarine since everyone rotated through the various positions such as executive officer and torpedo fire control officer.54 Concluding each day Teacher discussed the

lessons to be learned of the day before he dismissed the students; however, back on shore the

students were kept up late at night with debriefings as well as entertaining their hosts. 55

Furthermore, the Perisher purposely sleep deprived their students to add to the physical and psychological demands of the course. 56 As each week passed the students had to attack an

additional target, whereas week one there was one destroyer, and week four there was four

48 Captain Wilfred Lund Interview. 49 Captain Wilfred Lund Interview. 50 Commander Lloyd Barnes Interview, 28 October 2008, Victoria BC. 51 Commander Lloyd Barnes Interview. 52 Captain Wilfred Lund Interview, 24 October 2008, Victoria BC. 53 Commander Lloyd Barnes Interview. 54 Commander Lloyd Barnes Interview. 55 Commander Lloyd Barnes Interview (28 October 2008) and Commander Maurice Tate Interview (5 November 2008). 56 Captain Wilfred Lund Interview.

8 destroyers that had to be successfully sunk. 57 Also, Teacher set-up the scenario so the student

could not win; therefore, he not only reported the submarine’s position to the surface ships, but

also instructed the surface ships to act less predictable and more innovatively to always produce

a unique situation. 58 Finally, Phase Four taught how to conduct a successful submarine operation

which ranged from navigating a minefield, conducting surveillance on a target and to insert and

recover Special Forces into a specific area. 59 Once Phase Four was successfully completed the

students passed The Perisher. During the entirety of Perisher, Teacher never gave any indication

to how well the students were doing; however, the only indication given was when a student was

told he failed, which led to his immediate departure from the submarine whether by helicopter or

surface ship. 60 Nevertheless, the thorough and intense training that The Perisher provided

Canadian submarine commanders was exemplified during operations they conducted.

Submarine Operations conducted by Canadian submariners tested their abilities and knowledge gained through training which translated into repeated successes; furthermore, displaying their outstanding level of expertise. Canadian submarine clandestine operations included two facets: training exercises and actual covert missions. Training operations, conducted with the United States Navy and the British Royal Navy, focused primarily on increasing battle readiness as well as practicing Anti-Submarine Warfare techniques in a large scale scenario. 61 Covert missions included sovereignty patrols, general intelligence gathering

and fishery enforcement where submarines would take photos and record sound tapes of

intercepted radio transmissions of fishing vessels to ensure their compliance with Canadian

57 Commander Lloyd Barnes Interview. 58 Captain Wilfred Lund Interview (24 October 2008) and Commander Lloyd Barnes Interview (28 October 2008). 59 Captain Wilfred Lund Interview (24 October 2008) and Commander Lloyd Barnes (28 October 2008). 60 Commander Maurice Tate Interview, 5 November 2008, Victoria BC, 5:05. 61 Commander Lloyd Barnes Interview, 28 October 2008, Victoria BC, 1:03:45.

9 regulations. 62 Furthermore, Commander Barnes asserted that “submarines always had an

operational mission;” therefore, whether Canadian submarines were conducting training

exercises or actual covert missions Canadian submarines could do anything that the government

wanted them to do. 63 The operations that Captain Lund, Commander Barnes, and Commander

Tate conducted clearly illustrated this point.

Captain Lund successfully completed many clandestine operations with HMCS

Onondaga, while on exchange with the Royal Navy. Every year the Royal Canadian Navy sent one submarine on exchange to the Royal Navy to complete work-ups as well as to participate in

Royal Navy operations. 64 Captain Lund completed three covert operations between 1976 and

1978 that he could disclose. First, he conducted surveillance on an East German Trawler which was smuggling weapons into Northern Ireland; therefore, due to his successful efforts the weapons were intercepted before the cargo made landfall. 65 Second, he was tasked at conducting

surveillance on a small Soviet Frigate which came out of the Baltic Sea which surprised the

Royal Navy. 66 Third, he landed British Special Air Service operatives in Northern Ireland. 67

Captain Lund celebrated a great operational victory with HMCS Onondaga during a

NATO training exercise. In the spring of 1978 during the Safe Pass training exercise, which

involved the entire East Coast of the United States, Captain Lund skillfully snuck up on the

British carrier HMS Hermes and successfully sunk her at 1500 yards. 68 When the announcement was made during the debriefing that HMCS Onondaga successfully sunk HMS Hermes, the

62 Commander Lloyd Barnes Interview, 1:03:45. 63 Commander Lloyd Barnes Interview, 28 October 2008, Victoria BC, 1:00:15. 64 Captain Wilfred Lund Interview, 24 October 2008, Victoria BC. 65 Captain Wilfred Lund Interview. 66 Captain Wilfred Lund Interview. 67 Captain Wilfred Lund Interview. 68 Captain Wilfred Lund Interview.

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British Admiral did not believe his ears and asserted that there was not a submarine within one hundred miles of the carrier. 69 However, cheers erupted in the room from the submariners when

a photo, taken by Captain Lund, was tabled to disprove the Admiral’s assertion. 70

Commander Barnes conducted an interesting covert operation off the coast of Labrador in

autumn 1975. 71 Commander Barnes’s squadron commander tasked him with gathering intelligence on a Soviet Trawler which was operating off the coast of Labrador near the ballistic missile warning lines between Greenland and North America. 72 Also, it was believed that the

Soviet Trawler possibly had a mini-submarine, or Deep Submerged Rescue Vehicle, capability

which had to be ascertained. 73 Furthermore, Commander Barnes in HMCS Ojibwa located the trawler and gathered intelligence by taking photos and recorded radio and radar information on the vessel for six days until he returned to port to report his findings. 74 Intelligence gathered by

Commander Barnes indicated that the Soviet trawler was actually fishing; however, this mission clearly illustrated the capability that Canada possessed to ensure the integrity of her sovereignty. 75

Commander Barnes also recalled a great victory during a training exercise in Pearl

Harbor in 1973. 76 While participating in the RIMPAC training exercise with HMCS Rainbow,

Commander Barnes snuck up on a US Carrier, USS Kitty Hawk, where he launched a successful attack. 77 This victory clearly portrayed the skill of Canadian submariners as it was mentioned

69 Captain Wilfred Lund Interview. 70 Captain Wilfred Lund Interview, 24 October 2008, Victoria BC. 71 Commander Lloyd Barnes Interview, 28 October 2008, Victoria BC. 72 Commander Lloyd Barnes Interview, 1:05:50. 73 Commander Lloyd Barnes Interview. 74 Commander Lloyd Barnes Interview. 75 Commander Lloyd Barnes Interview. 76 Commander Lloyd Barnes Interview. 77 Commander Lloyd Barnes Interview.

11 before that HMCS Rainbow was an extremely noisy ship; however, due to excellent training this apparent shortcoming was rendered non-existent since the USS Kitty Hawk and her escorts did

not detect HMCS Rainbow.

Commander Tate recalled two specific successes during training exercises which he

conducted. Firstly, during the at sea phase of his Perisher course, Commander Tate took charge

to save his submarine from a serious collision. After an attack there would be a pause which

allowed enough time for the target frigates to move away as well as for Teacher to debrief the

students regarding the attack. 78 While waiting for the next attack, Commander Tate decided to

grab the periscope to observe his surroundings when he noticed one of the target frigates was

charging in on the submarine’s position. 79 Commander Tate quickly took charge and ordered the submarine to dive, which caught Teacher off guard. 80 As the dive commenced Teacher demanded an explanation from Commander Tate; furthermore, as the explanation was given the sound of the frigate roaring overhead was heard which was followed by Teacher positively recognizing his actions. 81 Secondly, as Executive Officer of HMCS Grilse he aided his commanding officer in a nail-biting maneuver during a training exercise off the coast of

Southern California with the United States Navy Amphibious Group. 82 The Commanding

Officer of HMCS Grilse, Captain Morris, wanted to show off the expertise of his crew by entering the anchorage at night submerged and undetected. 83 As the sound of anchors dropping

was heard all around the submarine, HMCS Grilse successfully navigated down the line of 5 to 8

78 Commander Maurice Tate Interview, 5 November 2008, Victoria BC, 10:30. 79 Commander Maurice Tate Interview, 10:30. 80 Commander Maurice Tate Interview. 81 Commander Maurice Tate Interview. 82 Commander Maurice Tate Interview. 83 Commander Maurice Tate Interview.

12 surface ships while firing green grenades which indicated a torpedo attack in training. 84 This

caught the US Navy completely off guard; furthermore, overtly demonstrating the expertise of

Canadian submariners. 85

Clandestine submarine operations was not the only way in which the expertise of

Canadian submariners were displayed, but also appointments of submariners into highly specialized job positions also depicted their expertise. Commander Tate, after serving as squadron commander of the Oberon class submarines, became the Naval Attaché to Moscow,

Poland, and Finland. 86 Working as a “trained diplomatic spy,” Commander Tate’s job was to gather intelligence on Soviet Naval assets and activities; furthermore, he would observe and collect information by visiting ports in such locations as Leningrad, Warsaw, and Kiev to name a few. 87 Covert operations were conducted with the United States and Britain where the goal was to gain as much intelligence as possible, then share the results with each other. 88 After three to four years of diplomatic service, Commander Tate became the Intelligence Liaison Officer representing Canada on the High Commission in London for three years. 89 He attended high level meetings where intelligence was shared between various nations that were represented. 90

Commander Barnes also held an interesting job after serving in submarines. He served at

NATO Headquarters - Naval Forces Baltic Approaches in Denmark as the Staff Officer for Plans

for Amphibious Warfare. 91 He also served as the Nuclear Weapons Release Procedures Officer

84 Commander Maurice Tate Interview. 85 Commander Maurice Tate Interview, 5 November 2008, Victoria BC. 86 Commander Maurice Tate Interview, 26:50. 87 Commander Maurice Tate Interview, 26:50. 88 Commander Maurice Tate Interview, 26:50. 89 Commander Maurice Tate Interview. 90 Commander Maurice Tate Interview. 91 Commander Lloyd Barnes Interview, 28 October 2008, Victoria BC, 1:26:06.

13 during the same time. 92 His job was to explain to various Admirals exactly what certain messages from NATO Headquarters meant during nuclear weapons simulations. 93 The appointments of both commanders illustrated the recognition of the expertise of Canadian submariners due to their appointments to high level, top secret job positions.

The thorough and intense training received by Canadian Submariners translated into

repeated successes in clandestine operations which reinforced the re-emergence of the Canadian

Submarine Service as a strategic and tactical asset for the Royal Canadian Navy; furthermore,

reinforced Canada’s sovereignty and strengthened her commitment to NATO. If the Cold War

became a “Hot” War, it can be argued that Canada had the most skilled submariners that would

perform extremely well during wartime situations due to their thorough and intense training

programs as well as participating in many training exercises. Furthermore, the use of Oral

History to ascertain these conclusions was paramount as “The Silent Service,” which Captain

Lund described the Canadian Submarine Service as, acquired a noise that the academic sonar

could record and analyze in order to achieve more insight into the covert world of submarines.

92 Commander Lloyd Barnes Interview, 1:26:06. 93 Commander Lloyd Barnes Interview, 28 October 2008, Victoria BC, 1:26:06.

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Bibliography

Captain Wilfred Lund Interview, 24 October 2008, Victoria BC Commander Lloyd Barnes Interview, 28 October 2008, Victoria BC. Commander Maurice Tate Interview, 5 November 2008, Victoria BC. Canada. House of Commons. The Canadian Submarine Acquisition Project. Ottawa: House of Commons, 1988. Department of National Defence. “HMCS Grilse.” The Crowsnest (May 1961 ), 1-28. Ferguson, Julie H. Through a Canadian Periscope: the story of the Canadian Submarine Service (Toronto, ON: Dundurn Press, 1995). Milner, Marc. Canada’s Navy: The First Century (Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press, 1999). Perkins, Dave. Canada’s Submariners 1914 – 1923 (Erin, ON: Boston Mills Press, 1989).

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